Abstract: Critical decision-making during ambiguous and stressful situations is critical for effective emergency response. The author proposes agent-based simulation (ABS) with advanced cognition as a technique for simulating behavior and decision patterns and stress response of individuals engaged in live emergency situations. Cognitive agents in the model play the roles of emergency responders, civilians, and managers capturing the psychological and emotional drivers that force people to behave in the world-by the panic, hesitation, and collaboration typologies. Architecture allows belief-desire-intention (BDI) modeling to demonstrate rational and irrational decision-making, stress and cognitive load models to capture why individuals act when in pressure. Integrates GIS and IoT sensor data into the simulation environment to update and report on real-world conditions; hence, allows more realistic modeling of urban and disaster areas. Machine learning algorithms also improve response strategy with time since agent learning makes use of simulated and real-world data. Testing and optimization of evacuation routes, resource allocation, and coordination protocols can now be undertaken by emergency planners under near reality, data-driven conditions. In addition, its architecture brings in "what-if" scenarios where different response strategies can be tried out to identify potential bottlenecks or vulnerabilities. This cognitively enhanced ABS framework is a good foundation for building emergency preparedness and resilience, enhancing the safety and efficiency of responses in varying crisis situations. This method is advantageous not only to strategic planning but also in unlocking opportunities for the development of better adaptive, cooperative, and human-centered systems for emergencies in harmony with the operational complexities of the contemporary world.

Keywords: Agent-Based Simulation (ABS), Emergency Response Systems, Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) Models, Stress Modelling and Cognitive Load, Adaptive Decision-Making, Evacuation Routing, Inter-Agent Communication and Coordination

Pages: 155-171

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