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    <timestamp>20260605092230341</timestamp>
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    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS</full_title>
        <issn media_type="print">1109-2777</issn>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2224-2678</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>An Enhanced Spatiotemporal Deep Learning Model for Anomaly Detection in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and Smart Parking Systems</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Khadija</given_name>
            <surname>Mouatassim</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Chouaïb Doukkali University, ESTSB, ELITES Lab, El Jadida, MOROCCO</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Abdelfettah</given_name>
            <surname>Mabrouk</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Chouaïb Doukkali University, ESTSB, ELITES Lab, El Jadida, MOROCCO</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Chaimae</given_name>
            <surname>Ouchicha</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Management Assistance Techniques, Hassan 1st University (UH1), ENCG, FAMISDS Lab, Settat, MOROCCO </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract xml:lang="en">
          <jats:p>Smart parking and traffic management are some of the major problems faced during the development of a smart city. There exist numerous challenges when trying to develop systems to solve the above-mentioned problem since Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) produce a large volume of spatiotemporal data (vehicle speed, direction, and GPS position) in real-time. Nevertheless, due to their complexity, it is difficult to detect the existence of any abnormal events rapidly and reliably. In order to tackle such challenges, we suggest developing a hybrid deep neural network model, integrating Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network capable of capturing long-term dependencies and Squeeze-and-Excitation block (attention mechanism) highlighting important features. The proposed model is tested on AV-GPS-Dataset, containing GPS tracks of real vehicles as well as attack instances. Experiments show excellent results (accuracy equals to 99.81%, precision to 99.81%, recall to 99.73%, and F1 score to 99.74%), which outperform traditional methods significantly. Our results confirm that spatiotemporal data plays a vital role in solving problems stated.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>05</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>05</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>393</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">31</item_number>
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          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
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          <doi>10.37394/23202.2026.25.31</doi>
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          <citation key="ref1">
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          <citation key="ref2">
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          <citation key="ref3">
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          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>Abrar, M. M., Youssef, A., Islam, R., and Hassan, M. K. GPS-IDS: An Anomaly-based GPS Spoofing Attack Detection Framework for Autonomous Vehicles. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2405.08359, 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.08359 (Accessed: May 14, 2024)</unstructured_citation>
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