Disability to Improve the Quality and Effectiveness of Its Roles and
Functions: Formidable Policy Challenges
PRAPTINING SUKOWATI1, SUKARDI SUKARDI1, VECKY NELWAN2,
DURRATUN NASHIHAH1
1Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
University of Merdeka Malang,
Dieng, Street 62-64, Klojen Malang,
INDONESIA
2Faculty of Psychology
University of Wisnuwardhana Malang
Dieng, Street 62-64, Klojen Malang,
INDONESIA
Abstract: - This study aims to examine disability policies in Indonesia. Apart from that, a comparison is also
made here regarding disability policies in Indonesia with other countries. The research uses a qualitative
approach, namely the systematic literature review method, using previous research and existing legal
documents. The results of the study show that 11 rights must be protected for persons with disabilities,
including the right to education, the right to accessibility, the right to be free from stigma, the right to be free
from discrimination, neglect, torture, and exploitation, the right to habilitation and rehabilitation, the right to
justice and legal protection, right to health, social welfare rights, job rights, entrepreneurship and cooperatives,
disaster protection rights, and political rights. All of these rights have also been listed and explained in detail in
Law No. 8 of 2016. It is hoped that this research can become material for consideration for the government or
even stakeholders in efforts to implement quality and effective disability policies.
Key-Words: - Disability, Policy, Social Welfare, Disability Rights
Received: October 29, 2022. Revised: July 14, 2023. Accepted: August 28, 2023. Published: September 28, 2023.
1 Introduction
As you can see from the title of the paper you must
One of Indonesia's five guiding principles is social
welfare. To live decent lives, be able to develop
personally, and carry out their social tasks, all
people must be supported in terms of their material,
spiritual, and social needs. The prerequisite for
social welfare has been analyzed before, 1. People
with disabilities, who have the same legal standing
and human rights as everyone else, are one of the
community groups that need social welfare services,
and social welfare development in Indonesia is
carried out using a selectivity strategy that is
targeted at them, 2.
To maintain the current level of social welfare
and guarantee that all inhabitants can enjoy an
acceptable standard of living, ongoing efforts must
be made to offer protection and services, 3. The
central government, local governments, and the
community collaborate to achieve social welfare as
a directed, integrated, and sustainable endeavor,
with the primary objective of meeting every citizen's
basic requirements. An indication of effective
national development is an increase in social
welfare for individuals, groups, and communities.
To enhance social welfare, the government must
therefore establish policies that motivate citizens to
participate as actively as feasible.
Disability is a subject that society cares about
since it is a part of the human condition, 4. People
with disabilities must be citizens and an essential
component of society to enjoy just lives and grow in
it, 2. In fact, due to restrictions, difficulties, and
rights concessions, the majority of individuals with
disabilities continue to live in unsafe,
underdeveloped, and/or inadequate conditions.
People with impairments have difficulty
obtaining an education since they are commonly
undervalued, 5], [6], [7], [8. The paradigm of
society toward disabled persons is commonly
likened to a person's lack of medical competency,
creating the idea that a person with a disability is a
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sick person who requires continual support and
cannot complete education, let alone work as
humans in general. People with physical disabilities
frequently experience social undervaluation, which
makes it challenging for them to get a job because
they are perceived as being less productive, 9.
Due to a lack of social acceptance by their non-
disabled peers, employees with disabilities regularly
leave regular companies for brief periods. Several
studies have studied the challenges faced by people
with impairments in the workplace, 9], [10], [11.
The study shows that coworker characteristics,
characteristics of individuals with impairments, and
characteristics of employers or organizations all
affect how loved employees with disabilities are.
Most studies include information like demographics
that may influence how coworkers or employers feel
about employees with impairments.
As a result, this study considers awareness of
disability among people as a cornerstone for
building more equitable societies. The integration
of people with disabilities into families and
communities must therefore be encouraged to
become a policy. The government also has a
responsibility to foster an environment that is
welcoming to people with disabilities to maximize
each disability's potential and strength and to
facilitate the formation of strategic relationships
within the community.
2 Literature Review
Worldwide programs and therapies for kids with
developmental issues have long been hampered by a
lack of population-level data, 12. The Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) 13], [14 and the
Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as
the current Disability Resolution of the World
Health Assembly, codify political support for
international actions to reduce this health inequity.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the
World Health Assembly's current Disability
Resolution, and the Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities.
Enhancing interprofessional collaboration
received top priority throughout the Children &
Families Act reforms. The relationships between the
volunteer and community sectors are also covered,
in addition to the three main systems of education,
health, and social care. This article specifically
covers collaborative cooperation, which has
regularly been identified by parents, educators, and
administrators as a source of unhappiness due to its
purported deficiency, 15. All children in Scotland
at the time this study was conducted were routinely
evaluated by Health Visitors for developmental
delay between the ages of 27 and 30 months (this
has subsequently been expanded to include
additional evaluations at 13-15 months and 4-5
years). Pediatricians frequently conduct additional
research on patients for whom developmental
difficulties have been identified. Pediatricians are
well-positioned to assist with the official diagnosis
of intellectual disability in developmental clinics,
15, but it is necessary for applied psychologists
who have the necessary training to conduct
assessments of cognitive and adaptive functioning to
do so, 16.
Every individual needs knowledge and
awareness to function. More crucially, it is thought
that the key to altering behavior is to raise one's
level of awareness. 17, asserted that consciousness
affects both human action and behavior. According
to, 18, a person's conduct is influenced by their
knowledge, leading them to act more consistently
and faithfully to cultural norms. A person's level of
awareness influences their attitudes, behaviors, and
beliefs, 18. The awareness of impairment is among
the most crucial kind of awareness in human life. It
is described as educating the public about
impairments and those who have them from a
variety of perspectives, such as their legal status, the
need for proper care, and how to treat them as
fellow citizens.
In every community, there are always people
with disabilities. As a result, a society's capacity to
advance and defend the fundamental human rights
of each of its constituents rests on its capacity to
increase its level of impairment awareness. In
reality, several studies 19], [20, including the
social model of disability, claim that society
frequently creates disabilities. Both individuals and
institutions need to be aware of disabilities. To
promote positive perspectives and acceptance of
disability and individuals with disabilities among
the general public, disability awareness campaigns
aim to expand the availability of disability
information, 22], [23.
People with impairments may find it
challenging to exercise their fundamental human
rights, 24, [25], [26. They experience physical
impairments, neglect, unfavorable opinions,
repression, discrimination, and general contempt. It
is necessary to respect and uphold the rights of
individuals with disabilities utilizing a variety of
instruments, including laws, rules, and societal
norms. These instruments include respect,
acceptance, involvement, education, empowerment,
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and equality. These resources can help people of all
ages, genders, and educational backgrounds gain a
better understanding of impairments. While these
methods may help to maintain the rights of people
with disabilities, it is primarily the community's
knowledge of the needs and rights of this segment
of society that gives them a sense of belonging.
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Study Design and Data Collection
The objective of this study was to provide a recent
synthesis of studies that describe disability.
Therefore, we made an effort to select studies that
used empirical data and were published between
2010 and 2022 in international scientific peer-
reviewed publications. With the help of the
browser's search function, 20 references were
located. A study had to satisfy the following criteria
to be considered relevant for this review:
1. Evaluations of the literature on the subject of
standardizing services for those with physical
limitations from diverse sources
2. Carry out all administrative responsibilities
necessary for data collection and the provision
of uniform services for people with physical
limitations.
50 papers were excluded from the database because,
based solely on their titles and/or abstracts, they did
not fully satisfy the selection criteria. The majority
of the study was excluded based on one criterion
(Table 1).
Table 1. Number of rejected studies according to the
selection criteria, first filtering
Criteria
n
Did not focus on
disability to improve
the quality and
effectiveness of its
roles and functions
30
Did not focus on
disability in Indonesia
10
Did not focus on
formidable policy
challenges
10
Total
50
The requirement wasn't met. After the initial
filtering, 50 studies were considered for further
investigation. Four of the studies could not be found
(either online or at a library, for example), which led
to the creation of a database of studies. The search
of the journals turned up no fresh research. After
carefully reading the 50 papers, 30 articles were
taken out of the database because they didn't fit the
criteria. Some studies lacked concrete data.
Additionally, because identical data was presented
in two researches, we decided to omit it. Finally, a
trustworthy psychometric tool was absent from 10
investigations. By eliminating the 10 papers, a final
database of studies was produced.
3.2 Analysis of Studies
The methodology used includes doing a study of the
literature utilizing recently released materials, such
as scientific papers, reports, news, and documents
relevant to the challenging policy challenges linked
with the handicap. The literature study had an
impact on the continuous and intertwined
procedures utilized in, 27, research design for data
collection and analysis. We initially decide on the
review scope based on the study objectives to clarify
the focus. To connect past findings to the research
framework, the desired topic is conceptualized in
the second step. Locating genuine databases is done
in the third step to gather relevant data sources. The
last step also included conducting a literature
review. It should be stressed that the necessity of
cogent data and information necessitated iterative
processes for selecting and analyzing the literature.
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 Qualitative Synthesis
Twenty English-language articles were identified in
the search results. Additionally, a decision was
based on standards linked to policies for people with
disabilities. Several periodicals talk about disability
policies every year. This demonstrates that disability
policy-related research has remained important in
recent years. Then, as shown in Table 2 (Appendix),
a qualitative synthesis of the 20 articles that were
chosen is produced.
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4.2 Different Disability Policy Regimes:
Between Universalism and Needs-Test
4.2.1 Main Disability Legislations in Japan
Japan has a long history of emphasizing
rehabilitation in key ways. From the perspective of
his rehabilitation paradigm, which sees disability as
a personal matter, analyzes this. Alter (or roughly
alter) your manner of life. As a result, rehabilitation
models usually only provide social assistance to
those people with disabilities who are deemed
capable of contributing to the labor force and the
economy. For those with intellectual disabilities, the
Employment Promotion of Persons with Disabilities
Act (EPAPD) offers extensive employment
assistance and vocational rehabilitation programs.
Quota systems, tax and subsidy systems, and other
financial incentives are strongly dependent on the
encouragement of the employment of individuals
with disabilities in this setting. Businesses that fail
to hire enough disabled people must pay a levy to
promote the hiring of more disabled people overall
and improve working conditions. Medical
viewpoints on disability have led to exclusive
government regulations, separated jobs and
educational facilities, and high-tech, segregated
welfare and rehabilitation facilities. Such legal
developments appear to place a higher priority on
special needs than on equality and inclusion, 28],
[29.
Providing services (or additional funding) that
are required because of a person's handicap is the
goal of social welfare. For instance, Japan's Special
Child Dependent Allowance (Special Child
Dependent Allowance) pays qualifying parents and
caregivers of children with disabilities, based on the
severity of the disability. This is due to the
economic disadvantage faced by people with
impairments in Japan. In that it provides financial
assistance for living expenses, medical facilities (for
conditions of disability), specialized equipment, and
the value of rehabilitation, the Disability Benefits
Act is commonly compared to Sweden, 30], [31.
4.2.2 Main Disability Legislations in Sweden
The Swedish welfare policy change towards social
security and welfare services that are available to
everyone and encourage inclusion and engagement
in all parts of community life shouldn't put people
with severe disabilities at a disadvantage was
proposed. Instead of being integrated into society,
people with needs that could not be met by regular
services or with paid work income assistance
(because they had never worked) were ostracized.
The 1950s social democratic welfare measures were
upheld by segregation. The strategy is more
concerned with lowering poverty among big
employee groups (blue-collar workers and the
middle class) than it is with improving living
conditions for people with disabilities. I did. serious
illness and protracted disability. Extended disability
payments were first implemented in the middle of
the 1970s to help pay for the additional costs of
daily care and living expenditures for people with
impairments (including compensation for family
members of impaired children).
During the economic crisis of the 1990s, stricter
eligibility standards for social services and social
security benefits were established, and "ethics of
merit" garnered more emphasis. The civil rights of
those with impairments were, nevertheless,
strengthened at this time, 31. The Disability
Reform of 1994 established ten different social
rights for those with severe disabilities. The most
significant of them is personal assistance, which
denotes a shift from a medical to a social
understanding of disability. The Special Assistance
and Benefits Act for Persons with Disabilities, LSS,
and the Assistance Benefit Act, LASS represented a
substantial attempt at reform at the time. The target
population was open to anyone with disabilities who
"had serious and persistent trouble functioning with
everyday life."
4.2.3 Main Disability Legislation in Indonesia
The current policies relating to the defense and
fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities
in Indonesia are listed in the law that expressly
regulates people with disabilities. Law No. 4 of
1997 Concerning Persons with Disabilities, which is
the original version of this law, was released in
1997. Articles 5, 6, and 14 of Government
Regulation 43/1998 also lay forth guidelines for
Indonesians with disabilities. Additionally, there are
regulations about disabilities (article 29) in the laws
controlling building construction (Law 28/2002,
Article 27), public services (Law 25/2009), and
human rights (Law 39/1999, Article 41, Paragraph
2). This law employs an outmoded approach,
particularly the health approach. This approach
treats those who have disabilities like patients. In
addition, Indonesia amended it in 2016 to become
Law No. 8 of 2016 Concerning Persons with
Disabilities. A method based on social justice and
human rights was used to change this statute. As a
result, people with disabilities are currently accepted
as a diverse group of people with equal and
fundamental human rights. The rights of people with
disabilities have been completely controlled by Law
No. 8 of 2016 Concerning Persons with Disabilities.
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According to Law No. 8 of 2016, a person with
a disability is anyone who encounters long-term
barriers to fully and productively interacting with
other citizens based on equal rights due to physical,
mental, intellectual, or sensory limitations. Law No.
8 of 2016's major components cover the various
categories of individuals with disabilities, their legal
rights, and how those rights are implemented in
terms of respect, protection, and fulfillment. The
passage of this legislation expands the opportunities
and rights available to those with disabilities.
Consider the rights to life, a respectable job, better
education, unrestricted access to public areas, and
other rights as a starting point.
Education, accessibility, freedom from stigma,
freedom from discrimination, neglect, and
exploitation, habilitation and rehabilitation, justice
and legal protection, health, social welfare rights,
employment rights, entrepreneurship and
cooperatives, disaster protection rights, and political
participation are among the 11 categories, 32, use
to group the rights of people with disabilities. Each
of these rights is fully listed and explained in Law
No. 8 of 2016.
The laws governing people with disabilities
manage the rights of individuals with disabilities in
their lives as citizens, taking into account current
policies. This demonstrates that enforcing the rights
of those with disabilities has a strong base and clear
indicator. Based on this law protecting them, it
should be feasible to achieve the rights of those with
disabilities in Indonesia. Thus, it can be concluded
that in practice, Indonesian governance should be
founded on the law on people with disabilities, be
inclusive and non-discriminatory, and be able to
meet all of society's rights, 32.
4.3 Policy Outcomes-Issues and Challenges
It is a global obligation for all countries to defend
the rights of those with disabilities. The United
Nations (UN) Resolution No. 61 of 2006, which
addressed the Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities (CRPD), has resulted in a paradigm
shift in how persons with disabilities are perceived.
More than ever, defending the rights of individuals
with disabilities entails defending human rights,
which also include the rights of citizens. Even
though 166 countries have ratified the CRPD, more
work has to be done to conform the country's
internal policies and regulations to the CRPD.
There is a striking disconnect between the vision set
out in the CRPD and the reality experienced by the
majority of persons with disabilities in the world,
33.
One of the rights that people with disabilities
are unable to exercise is the ability to work.
Although employment rates for people with
disabilities are sometimes more than 20 percentage
points lower than those for people without
impairments, according to estimates from the World
Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 15% of people
globally have a serious handicap. Additionally,
several studies have shown that people with
impairments still make much less money even after
accounting for variations in features, 34], [35],
[36. Individuals without impairments often earn
more money on average per hour and put in fewer
hours at work than Indonesians with severe
disabilities, while people with mild impairments
earn somewhat more money on average per hour
and put in fewer hours at work. This demonstrates
that the government still struggles to uphold the
rights of people with disabilities who demand that
they be treated equally with everyone else.
Along with the right to employment, additional
rights that the government works to preserve and
that remain unmet are the right to accessibility and
the right to education. The majority of Indonesians
who would benefit from accessibility aids or
assistive technology like glasses or hearing aids do
not have access to them. Despite having legal rights,
many disabled children drop out of school because
facilities are inaccessible, leaving them with
educational gaps that linger into adulthood. The UN
Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (UNCRPD) was adopted by Indonesia
in 2011, however, its implementation has been
hampered by strict regional and national laws. These
rules legalize the incarceration of people with
disabilities without a trial and allow family
members to make decisions without the
handicapped person's agreement. They also prevent
persons who "have an illness that causes unrest in
the community" from appearing in public. The
Indonesian Government Regulation No. 43 of 1998
on Efforts to Improve the Social Welfare of the
Handicapped established a hiring quota for people
with disabilities, mandating that one out of every
100 employees have a disability, 38.
Additionally, regional restrictions control the
social assistance services that are available to
Indonesians with impairments. However, the fact is
that due to restrictions, difficulties, problems, and a
reduction in or elimination of their rights, the
majority of individuals with disabilities continue to
live in precarious, underdeveloped, and/or
disadvantaged situations. As a result of this urgent
problem, it is crucial to develop a setting that can
act as a platform for social rehabilitation to fully
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integrate persons with disabilities into families and
society. A supportive environment for people with
disabilities can be created by improving family
dynamics, and by doing so, we can maximize the
potential and advantages of each disability to
establish strategic alliances in society.
A social service program in House is just one of
the initiatives the Social Service uses to protect the
rights of individuals with disabilities. According to
the features of each handicap, the Social Service in
this place has a Technical Implementation Unit.
This procedure complies with Law No. 8 of 2016
for People with Disabilities and Law No. 11 of 2009
concerning Social Welfare. The social welfare
service system established through the system in
this institution is an alternative service that enables
people with disabilities to be able to carry out their
social functions properly in community life through
a variety of service activities and social
rehabilitation programs. This service is available if
the roles and responsibilities of the family and
community are unable to meet the needs of its
members. The social welfare of those with
disabilities has not been realized since the Social
Service Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) has
not yet standardized services for those with physical
disabilities.
4.4 From Policies to Practices: Implementing
Support for Persons with Disabilities
Disability, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO), is "A restriction or inability to
perform an activity in the manner or within the
range considered normal for a human being, usually
resulting from the impairment." According to the
WHO, a disability is a restriction or an inability to
do a task in a manner or within a range that is
considered normal for humans, usually as a result of
aging. In addition to a definition based on a
common understanding, WHO has proposed the
following definition of disability:
1. Impairment, which is incompleteness or
abnormalities coupled with repercussions
for particular functions. For instance, being
unable to walk on two legs due to lower-
body paralysis; and
2. Disability/handicap (disability/disability) is
a loss/limitation in some activities as a
result of social variables that take into
account persons with specific
"damages/weaknesses" little to no or not at
all, hence excluding these people from the
flow of social activity.
There are two types of disability interpretation
models: medical models and social models. These
medical models are Full-Essentialist Individual
Deficiency interpretation (FEID),
1. Interpretation of Part-Essentialist Individual
Deficiencies (PEID).
2. The social model incorporates two
interpretations of disabilities
3. The politics of disability (POD) and 2. The
social construction of disability (SCOD).
Table 3. Interpretation of the Medical Model (Medical Model) and Social Model (Social Model)
on Disability
Model
Interpretation
Understanding of Disabilities
Medical Models
1. Full essentialist individual
deficiency interpretation
(FEID)
Disability caused by persistent medical
characteristics were leading a life with deficiencies
and "abnormalities"
2. Part essentialist individual
deficiency interpretation
(PEID)
Disability is caused by medical characteristics where
some can be reduced and changed through the social
environment so that it is possible to live a normal life
Social Models
3. Politics of Disablement
Interpretation (POD)
Disability is caused by social practices that
systematically exclude persons with disabilities from
normal civic activities
4. Social Construction of
Disablement Interpretation
(SCOD)
Disability is caused by a deficiency that is defined
and linked to characteristics of fulfillment,
development, and social identity
Source: Kristiansen; Vehmas; and Shakespeare, 2009
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The rights of those with disabilities in
Indonesia are governed by the Law of the
Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2016
protecting Persons with Disabilities. The Law
of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 08 of
2016, defines a person with a disability as any
individual who, for an extended period,
experiences physical, intellectual, mental, or
sensory limitations in interacting with the
environment and may experience obstacles
and difficulties to participate fully and
effectively with citizens of other countries
based on equal rights. The Interpretation of
the Medical Model (Medical Model) and
Social Model (Social Model) on Disability is
presented in Table 3.
The rights of individuals with disabilities
generally include the following: the right to
life, the right to be stigma-free, the right to
privacy, the right to justice and legal
protection, the right to education, the right to
work in entrepreneurship and cooperatives,
the right to health, and the right to equal
opportunity.
The rights listed below are also applicable
to children with disabilities: (1) Special
protection from discrimination, neglect,
abuse, exploitation, and crimes involving
sexual violence; (2) Care and upbringing from
a family or substitute family to promote
optimal growth and development; (3)
Protected interests in decision-making; (4)
Humane treatment of children by their rights;
(5) Fulfillment of special needs; and (6)
Equality with other children.
The focus of this study is on the rights of
people with disabilities to social welfare,
education, and employment. These three
rights are the main issues that need to be
resolved for people with disabilities to obtain
their rights and welfare. Services for social
welfare are provided by the regional
government in four categories: social security,
social empowerment, and social
rehabilitation. Social rehabilitation is to assist
those who are experiencing social dysfunction
in growing and healing so they can carry out
their social roles successfully. The intention is
to make it easier and more effective for
persons with disabilities to carry out the
regular duties and roles they play in society.
In Indonesia, the development of social
welfare is carried out utilizing a selectivity
strategy that is directed at particular people
and groups of people that require social
welfare services. One of these groups is the
disabled community, who, even though the
majority of people without disabilities are not
regarded as members of the general public,
have the same legal standing and human rights
as Indonesian citizens and are an essential part
of the country's citizens and people. The
Minister is in charge of carrying out social
welfare, which is the responsibility of the
federal government. Meanwhile for the
Regional Government, at the provincial level,
it is carried out by the Governor, and at the
Regency/City level it is carried out by the
Regent/Mayor.
The social services and rehabilitation that
a blind UPT offers have value or significance
if, in practice, they successfully integrate all of
the elements of development, recovery, and
coaching through accommodations, guidance,
training, health, and therapy services as
support to make clients independent so that
their social functions can flourish in social life.
Up to this point, efforts have been undertaken
to improve client service programs,
specifically in coordinating and balancing
perspectives among all instructors from both
inside and outside the UPT regarding the
comprehension and application of social
guidance for people with visual impairments.
From admission to graduation, the mentoring
process for clients takes two to three years.
The implementation of targeted guidance and
training can be done by the target and the
skills guidance that the client received while
attending the UPT as working capital or
provision. for clients to be able to live
independently and respectably in society.
The Special Standards for Bina Netra
Social Institutions (Based on the Decree of the
Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of
Indonesia Number: 50 / HUK / 2004) are
presented in Table 4 (Appendix). People with
disabilities experience greater difficulty than
non-disabled individuals do in obtaining
public services such as those linked to
education, health, and employment. The
problems that people with disabilities deal
with typically include physical and mobility
restrictions in carrying out daily activities,
impaired productive work skills, susceptibility
to socioeconomic conditions, psychological
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and mental disorders such as low self-esteem,
isolation, and lack of confidence, and barriers
to performing social functions such as being
unable to get along with others,
communicating naturally, being unable to
participate, and being more dependent on
others. since of their limitations, people with
disabilities need the government's aid and
fulfillment in particular since they are unable
to carry out their activities successfully.
According to Article 10 of Law 8/2016,
which lays out the regulations governing this
right, the right to education for people with
disabilities must be safeguarded. The right to
education is the subject that garners the most
interest in academic literature. The realm of
education is where inclusive education and
disability rights interact the most. The
framework for policy research that is
employed in the literature on the right to
education applies to its implementation, scope,
and political context. Numerous studies using
the policy evaluation model have shown that
Indonesia's efforts to implement inclusive
education have not yet been successful
because of the nation's history of separate
education, the failure of regulations to be put
into place, a lack of monitoring, a lack of
funding, and insufficient awareness-raising
efforts. As a result, enrolling impaired pupils
in special schools remains difficult despite
Indonesia's efforts to promote inclusive
education, 39, looked at the environment to
identify the factors affecting educational
policy for people with disabilities. Among the
environmental trends in this model of policy
research that affect the implementation of
inclusive education are those related to
technology, schools, and disabilities. Thus, it
can be concluded that fulfilling the educational
rights of persons with disabilities can be done
by applying the inclusion method, with the
condition that you have to improve your
technical skills so that this can run smoothly.
The right to employment for people with
disabilities is also mentioned in Law 8/2016
Article 11, which also protects their rights to
work, entrepreneurship, and cooperatives.
Using a policy environment research technique
and the relevant literature, 40. measured and
compared the outcomes of the Indonesian job
market for individuals with disabilities. 41,
have investigated how to protect the rights of
individuals with disabilities to work in their
fields of expertise without risking such rights
using a policy content research paradigm. It is
hoped that persons with impairments will be
able to find work that pays fairly in this
situation.
5 Conclusion
The results of this study show that since Law
No. 8 of 2016 on disabilities was passed,
Indonesian policies towards disabilities have
developed. The three most commonly
discussed research trends, in terms of themes,
are the rights to social welfare, employment,
and to education. The effectiveness of the
government's implemented policies for people
with disabilities is expected to be improved.
The implementation of many rights related to
the benefits that people with disabilities get is
well covered by this policy for the disabled,
but it is still not ideal similar to the social
services' approach to social issue
rehabilitation. There is currently no
standardization of disability services in this
country, even though this is an essential
indicator for determining the efficiency of
social institutions for disabled persons that the
Social Service has built. Additionally, people
with disabilities have access to an inclusive
educational system, but in practice, this right is
still not being satisfied because of the
influence of technology and an unsuitable
atmosphere. Although Indonesians with severe
disabilities often earn less per hour and work
fewer hours per week than persons without
disabilities, they have the right to equal
treatment at work.
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APPENDIX
Table 2. List of Qualitative Articles and Synthesis
No
Year
Author
Title
Country
Purpose
1
2022
Mary McCarron,
Darren
McCausland,
Eimear
McGlinchey, Sarah
Bowman,
Michael Foley,
Margaret Haigh,
Eilish Burke, Philip
McCallion
Recruitment and
Retention In
Longitudinal Studies of
People With Intellectual
Disability: A Case Study
of the Intellectual
Disability Supplement to
the Irish Longitudinal
Study on Ageing (IDS
TILDA)
Ireland
In this project, older persons with
intellectual disabilities in Ireland are
recruited and kept as participants in a
longitudinal study of aging.
2
2022
Dr Bolajoko O
Olusanya,
Accelerating progress on
early childhood
development for children
under 5 years with
disabilities by 2030
Centre for
Healthy Start
Initiative, Lagos,
Nigeria
In light of the Sustainable
Development Goals agenda, this
study emphasizes the urgent need to
give early childhood development a
top priority for those recipients of
global child survival initiatives who
have lifelong disabilities, especially
in low-income and middle-income
countries.
3
2022
Lauren Delahunty,
Anne O’Hare,
Louise Marryat,
Tracy M. Stewart,
Karen McKenzie,
George Murray,
Nandita Kaza
Short Report: Exploring
the extent to which
Intellectual Disability is
undiagnosed within
children attending
developmental pediatric
clinics
School of Health
Sciences, Forth
Avenue,
Kirkcaldy KY2
5YS, UK
The goal of this study was to identify
the clinical traits and traits of children
with intellectual disabilities among a
group of 126 children aged 6 to 18
who attended pediatric developmental
clinics and were enrolled in
mainstream schools. According to
DSM-5, intellectual disability was
described (deficits in intellectual and
adaptive functioning, present during
childhood).
4
2022
Abdullah Madhesh
Awareness of disability
among Saudi university
graduates
Saudi University
This study aims to investigate the
degree of disability awareness and
experience among Saudi university
graduates as well as the degree of
disability experience offered by their
universities.
5
2012
Anke de Boera, Sip
Jan Pijla, and
Alexander
Minnaerta
Students' Attitudes
Towards Peers with
Disabilities: A Review of
the Literature
Netherland
This review study provides an
overview of studies describing
students' attitudes, factors affecting
students' attitudes, and the connection
between students' attitudes and peers
with disabilities participating in social
activities.
6
2016
Bekir Fatih Merola,
H. Rutherford
Turnbull
Comparison of Turkish
Disability Policy, the
United Nations
Convention on the Rights
of Persons with
Disabilities, and the core
concepts of U.S.
disability policy
Turkish
This article contrasts the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD),
the fundamental ideas of the United
States, and Turkey's Constitution and
its Disabled Persons Act.
7
2015
Gurmit Kaur, Tan
Perception of People with
Malaysia
The perspectives of people with
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Volume 22, 2023
No
Year
Author
Title
Country
Purpose
Peck Leong,
Jamaliah Mohd.
Yusof, Dharshan
Singh
Disability in Creating
Sustainable Public Policy
disabilities must be considered in this
objective public policy. Therefore,
this study looks at how people with
disabilities perceive acceptance of
their condition in personal, public,
and professional settings, as well as
how it relates to demographic factors.
8
2020
Andrew M. Briggs,
Jeremy Shiffman,
Yusra Ribhi
Shawar, Kristina
Åkesson, Nuzhat
Ali, Anthony D.
Woolf
Global health policy in
the 21st century:
Challenges and
opportunities to arrest the
global disability burden
from musculoskeletal
health conditions
Global
Priorities and solutions in health
policy have changed considerably
from the 20th century to the 21st,
since NCD prevalence and impact are
on the rise, and the world's population
is aging at a previously unheard-of
rate. Furthermore, the 2030
Sustainable Development Goals and
the priorities of health policy are now
closely interwoven.
9
2019
Rafael Lindqvista,
Kamal Lamichhane
Disability Policies in
Japan and Sweden: A
comparative perspective
Japan and
Sweden
This article compared the laws
regarding disabilities in Sweden and
Japan. The two nations' approaches to
social protection have been divergent.
10
2021
Jeremia Gom Gom
Parulian
Simanjuntak
Policy on Fulfilling the
Rights of Persons with
Disabilities in Indonesia:
Quo Vadis?
Indonesia
This study aims to give a general
overview of how the law on people
with disabilities in Indonesia was
implemented as well as a general
picture of how things stood for people
with disabilities after the law was
passed.
11
2022
Okki Chandra
Ambarwati,
Amalina Niara
Putri, Riant
Nugroho
Descriptive Study of
Policy Research on
Disabled Rights in
Indonesia
Indonesia
This study aims to examine the
direction of policy research as
indicated by the model for policy
research and research themes based
on the rights of people with
disabilities covered by the policy.
12
2020
Laura Caron
Disability, employment,
and wages: evidence
from Indonesia
Indonesia
This study aims to measure the labor
market outcomes of persons with
disabilities in Indonesia and to
compare them to those of persons
without disabilities.
13
2021
Simon Sumanjoyo
Hutagalung, Dodi
Faedlulloh
Pro Disability Policy in
Local Governments:
Lessons from the Central
Lampung Regency
Lampung,
Indonesia
What measures are being made by the
Central Lampung Regency
government to support disability
groups? is one of the topics this study
seeks to address. (2). What issues are
there with the administration of
handicapped groups in Central
Lampung Regency?
14
2012
Deon Filmer
Disability, Poverty, and
Schooling in Developing
Countries: Results from
14 Household Surveys
Bolivia,
Cambodia,
Chad,
Colombia, India,
Jamaica,
Romania,
Burundi,
Mongolia,
Indonesia,
Mozambique,
A review of the data currently
available on the prevalence of
disability and its correlation with
income inequality and educational
attainment in 12 developing countries
and 1 transition country
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No
Year
Author
Title
Country
Purpose
South Africa,
Zambia
15
2016
Suharto, Pim
Kuipers, Pat
Dorsett
Disability terminology
and the emergence of
‘diffability’ in Indonesia
Indonesia
This study offers a critique of the
language issue, how persons with
impairments are labeled, how this
affects the paradigm of policy and
service responses, and ultimately how
differently-abled people will be
viewed in the future.
16
2014
Stephen Meyersa,
Valerie Karrb,
Victor Pineda
Youth with Disabilities in
Law and Civil Society:
Exclusion and Inclusion
in public policy and
NGO Networks in
Cambodia and Indonesia
Cambodia,
Indonesia
In addition to qualitative information
gathered from interviews, focus
groups, and site visits made to civil
society organizations operating in
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Jakarta,
Indonesia, this article includes
research findings from an analysis of
public policy and legislation.
17
2022
Dumilah
Ayuningtyas
The Law On Persons
With Disabilities: How
Far Have We Gone?
(Case Study In
Indonesia)
Indonesia
The implementation of the Law on
Persons with Disabilities is evaluated
in this article using qualitative-
quantitative and legal-normative
methodologies in several areas,
including education and the job
market.
18
2020
Al Fauzi Rahmat
Education Budget
Politics: Is It Pro-
Disabilities? Case of
Yogyakarta Municipality,
Indonesia
Indonesia
In this article, the provision of a
budget for inclusive education
programs is examined through the
education budget policy.
19
2018
Sri Wahyu
Wijayanti
Disability in the Labor
Market: Learning from
Indonesia in
Implementing
Affirmative Policies for
Persons with Disabilities
Indonesia
The goal of this study is to pinpoint
the factors that affect how disability
policies are implemented.
20
2017
Florentina Dhita de
LaRoche
A Qualitative
Investigation of the
healthcare challenges of
Women with Disabilities
in Yogyakarta
(Indonesia): Implication
for Health Policy
Indonesia
This qualitative study sought to
understand how nine women with
disabilities, who were 18 years of age
or older, experienced accessing
healthcare services. It also sought to
determine the impact of these
women's disabilities on how they
used healthcare services and how data
on healthcare utilization could be
used to spot issues with the system.
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Table 4. Special Standards for Bina Netra Social Institutions (Based on the Decree of the Minister of Social
Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 50 / HUK / 2004)
No
Component
Elements that must be fulfilled
1
Initial Approach Stage
a. Program outreach
b. Screening/outreach of prospective
clients
c. Selection of potential clients
d. Acceptance and registration
e. case conference
a. Program socialization guidelines
b. Instruments for screening/outreach of prospective clients
c. Prospective client selection instrument
d. Client registration instrument
e. Documents screening, selection, and registration
2
Stage of Disclosure and Understanding the Problem
a. Analysis of the client's condition
b. Analysis of family conditions
c. Environmental analysis
d. Problem characteristics
e. The causes and implications of the
problem
f. Problem-solving capacity
g. Resource
h. case conference
a. Guidelines for understanding problems and potential
clients
b. Instruments for understanding problems and potential
clients
c. A Written report on the results of an analysis of
understanding the client's problems
d. Case conference guide
e. A Written report on the results of the case conference
3
Service Program Planning Stage
a. Setting service goals
b. Determining the type of service
needed by the client
c. Resources will be used
d. case conference
a. Documents for setting goals, types of services, and
natural resources
b. physical and health guidance activities
c. Physical and health guidance guide
d. Document setting goals, types of services, and resources
in mental and psychosocial guidance activities
e. Document setting goals, types of services, and resources
in social guidance activities
f. Social guidance guide
g. Document setting goals, types of services, and resources
in skills training guidance activities
h. Guide to skills training guidance activities
i. Document setting goals, types of services, and resources
in group guidance
j. Group guidance guide
k. Documents for setting goals, types of services, and
resources in educational guidance activities
l. Guide to educational guidance activities
m. Document setting goals, types of services, and resources
in individual guidance activities
n. Individual guidance guide
o. Documents for setting goals, types of services, and
resources in preparing the social environment
p. Environmental preparation activity guide
q. Social
4
Service Implementation Stage
a. The process of physical and health guidance
b. Report on the results of physical and health guidance
c. Report on the results of mental and psychosocial
guidance
d. The process of social guidance
e. Report on the results of social guidance
f. Skills training guidance process
g. Report on the results of skills training guidance
h. Group guidance process
i. Report on the results of group guidance
j. The process of educational guidance activities
k. Report on the results of educational guidance activities
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Volume 22, 2023
l. Individual guidance process
m. Report on the results of individual guidance
n. The process of preparing the social environment
5
Stage of Implementation of Other Services
a. Termination of service
b. Reference
c. Return and distribution
d. Return and distribution
e. Further coaching
a. An Instrument for assessing the progress of service
results
b. Report on the progress of service results
c. Referral implementation instrument
d. Referral report
e. The process of preparing the client, family, and social
environment
f. Report on the client, family, and social environment
preparation activities
g. Further development activity instrument
h. Report on further development activities
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/23202.2023.22.72
Praptining Sukowati, Sukardi Sukardi,
Vecky Nelwan, Durratun Nashihah
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
726
Volume 22, 2023
