Resonance Control System of a Vortex Wind Turbine for Energy

Generation through Structural Redesign

RICARDO YAURI1, GARDY LOPEZ1, JUAN DAMAZO1, VANESSA GAMERO2

1Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, PERÚ

1Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, PERÚ

2Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,

BRAZIL

Abstract: - The consumption of electrical energy is increasing due to problems related to the deficient energy

supply in certain localities, which affects the basic needs in rural communities where, currently, the efforts to

distribute electricity by the authorities, through common technologies, are not enough. On the other hand, there

is also the problem of the overexploitation of non-renewable energies, which produce large amounts of C02. To

reduce these problems, renewable energies that do not generate polluting waste are used, but the ability of

engineers is needed to achieve prototypes that give good results. The purpose of this research is to carry out the

design and simulation of a control system and redesign of a Vortex wind turbine mast to keep it in resonance

and generate electrical energy. The study objectives are met by verifying the specific results through

requirements analysis, simulation design, and system validation. As a result, the parameters to generate vortices

and keep the system in resonance were identified. In addition, the redesign of the mast of the Vortex wind

turbine was obtained.

Key-Words: - Wind power, wind turbine, vortex, renewable energy, Ansys, electric power, resonance

Received: September 15, 2022. Revised: April 28, 2023. Accepted: May 15, 2023. Published: June 6, 2023.

1 Introduction

Since 2019 the consumption of electrical energy has

been increasing, [1], generating two problems. The

first is due to the deficient supply of energy in

certain locations, affecting basic needs in rural

communities, as described in studies by INEI, [2],

and Osinergmin (Supervisory Body for Investment

in Energy and Mining), [3] demonstrating that

Efforts made by electricity producers and authorities

are not enough

As a result of the great demand for energy, the

problem related to the pollution produced by the use

and overexploitation of non-renewable energies

arises, [4]. In recent years, the most used non-

renewable energies were coal, which produces large

amounts of C02 and oil and is in danger of causing

marine discharges. In addition, there is a

relationship between a greater demand for energy

and generation sources, causing great pollution in

the environment. To mitigate these problems,

renewable energies that do not generate polluting

waste can be used, [5], [6].

The reality in Peru, since 2020, is that most of

the energy produced is taken from non-renewable

energies, while 73.6% of internal production comes

from oil and mineral deposits, [7]. It is for this

reason that the Peruvian government seeks to

promote the production of renewable energy,

planning to increase its use by 80% by the year

2050.

In addition, currently, 5 wind power plants are

operating in districts such as Máncora, Talara, and

Cupisnique and 2 new wind farms located in Chota

have been projected, [8], [9]. The use of renewable

energies helps to solve the two problems previously

presented, but the ability of engineers is needed to

achieve useful prototypes that can be used for the

benefit of society, [10].

Based on the above, the research problem has

been identified as follows: How can the Vortex

wind turbine be kept in resonance for the generation

of electrical energy? Therefore, this research shows

the design of a control system and redesign of the

mast to keep the Vortex wind turbine in resonance,

to generate energy, being necessary to meet the

following specific objectives: Study the behavior of

the Vortex wind turbine mast; Identify the

parameters that allow the correct generation of

vortices to keep the system in resonance; Carry out

control to reduce the error between the oscillation

frequency and the natural frequency of the structure

during wind capture; Redesign the mast of the

Vortex wind turbine to keep the system in

resonance.

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The contribution of the paper is to provide value

to solve the energy crisis that is experienced in the

world, due to the overexploitation of non-renewable

energy sources that pollute the environment whose

aspects are observed in the literature review. The

research method used will be non-experimental

since a real vortex wind turbine is not used and

simulation software will be used to meet the

objectives.

This paper is organized into the following

sections: Section 2 describes the most relevant

works for the investigation. Section 3 defines the

concepts related to the technologies used in this

paper. Section 4 describes the development process

carried out. The results are shown in section 5 and

the conclusions are shown in section 6.

2 Literature Review

This section describes studies that show research on

the use of clean renewable energy as a contribution

to solving the energy crisis through engineering

technologies.

When you have relevant information on the real-

time behavior of wind turbines, it is possible to

optimize their operation. In [11], the authors

recognize the importance of communication and

data sharing in real-time wind generators, to

establish control through a wireless communication

system. It is mentioned that torque, voltage, and

current data are used to control power in wind.

In [12], there is a similar opinion, about errors in

data transmission that impair proper functioning, for

this reason, they also use the same power supply

cables as information transmission channels. In

addition, the need to maintain communication

between a wind turbine and a control base is

described, where the wind turbines report anomalies

in emergency cases to take immediate actions using

the Power Line Communication technique for

remote access and administration within buildings,

but not in rural or remote sectors.

When talking about wind power, it is related to

the efficiency of the generator, so it is important to

know the factors that influence the generation of

high power. In 2021, according to [13], a

probabilistic evaluation of the wind energy potential

in different cities will be carried out, identifying the

best areas to implement wind turbines. Weibull,

Rayleigh, Nakagami, Lognormal, and inverse

Gaussian probability functions were applied.

On the other hand, in [14], it is stated that a wind

turbine can be implemented in any geographical

area, considering the design of a flow concentrator

that allows increasing energy generation and

improving its power. According to the simulations

carried out in this paper, it is shown that the output

speed of the flow concentrator is a higher value than

the speed required by the wind turbine to start,

making its operation longer and increasing wind

power regardless of the conditions. from where it is

located.

The research described in [15], mentions that it

is important to know the operating frequency of

wind turbine devices in wind farms (WF). These

meet communications requirements to be able to

meet demand using wind turbines. To make these

estimates a Gaussian mixture model is used to

model the actual output of the WFs. In addition, this

contributes to avoiding structural fatigue and design

control strategies of two degrees of freedom that

controls the force of the generator and the angle of

inclination.

The need to use renewable energy is important

for sustainable development as described in the

paper, [16]. It is mentioned that they have new

methods to simulate and represent the electrical and

mechanical characteristics of variable wind speeds

in turbines. Therefore, this paper proposes an

extended simplified model for a variable-speed

motor of a wind turbine. This approach broadens the

scope of studies for network frequency control by

considerably reducing the computational load. The

results show a good fit of the model with minimum

delays of about 3% of the wind turbine. In addition,

with the proposal, computational time is reduced by

up to 80% compared to a detailed model.

In the research developed by [17], it is explained

how the Unified Power Quality Conditioner

(UPQC) is one of the personalized power devices

(CP) that mitigates the problems of charging current

and supply voltage contributing to the penetration of

renewable energy in the electricity grid. The use of

electronic devices and non-linear loads produce

harmonics that affect the waveform of voltage, so a

grid power system (grid-wind turbine) is used. The

simulation results allow comparing two electric

power generation techniques, obtaining a distortion

factor (THD) of less than 5% for voltage.

On the other hand, [18], comments that the

variability of renewable energy distribution (RESs)

presents serious challenges for energy management

(EM). This study proposes a paradigm based on

artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict wind

power generation and demand, using meteorological

parameters, including wind speed, temperature, and

atmospheric pressure. The results show that ANN

provides high effectiveness and precision for wind

power forecasting.

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The contributions are related to the papers

described above, where most of the research seeks

to capture wind energy in the most efficiently. The

authors propose and analyze ways to improve power

generation, implementing controllers or installing

wireless communication systems between a power

plant and the wind turbine, using probabilistic ways

to find the most suitable territory for its operation,

and adding flow concentrators. For this reason, one

of the strengths of this research is to carry out the

study of power control for wind turbines, so that the

system remains continuously in resonance due to the

instability of the wind and that there is no constant

flow of energy, thus complying with the expected

standards.

However, there is an important gap that could

improve this system, considering whether the

natural frequency of the structure is equal to the

oscillation frequency to generate ordered vortex

patterns and obtain maximum resonance, which

does not happen due to wind variation. Therefore,

this research presents an innovative proposal by

showing a control system that allows the oscillation

frequency to be controlled and remains close to the

natural frequency of the structure.

3 Control and Wind Turbines

3.1 Control System

Every controlled system is made up of different

components, where a block diagram allows showing

the functions of each element. In addition, these

systems can be integrated into solutions to carry out

explorations in space, applications in robotic

equipment, and updated production lines, [14]. Its

representation is shown in Fig. 1, where the variable

C(s) and input R(s) are observed as output. At the

beginning, the comparison of the output with the

input is made and the error that must be corrected is

obtained.

Point of

addition Branch point

Fig. 1: Closed Loop Block Diagram

Among the concepts related to control systems,

we have:

 System modeling. It allows analysis in a control

system by modeling the system following

physical principles.

 System error. It is attributed to factors such as

the variation in the input of the reference signal

that causes errors in time steps and stationary

state.

 Control device. It becomes necessary when

using some kind of controller physical element.

3.2 Bladeless Wind Turbines

Energy sources such as water, sun, or wind are

classified as clean energies that do not produce

greenhouse gases, [19], [20]. These are not

exhausted and are continually renewed such as

biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal among others,

wind energy is one of the most important resources.

Wind energy uses kinetic energy from the wind,

and transforms it into electrical or mechanical

energy, [21]. Traditional wind turbines are

composed of blades on an axis called wind turbines

and are connected to supply networks called wind

farms. In the case of this article, they are used in

wind farms installed on land (onshore).

3.3 Vortex Wind Turbine

The new technology of vortex wind turbines does

not use blades for their operation but obtains energy

thanks to the oscillation of its mast. This is one of

the most ecological technologies, with advantages

such as low maintenance cost and safe for wildlife

because it does not use gears, [22]. Resonant-type

wind turbines work through the effect of vorticity,

using a perpendicular device embedded in the

ground, whose rigidity is sufficient to support the

resonance of its structure. One of the main

advantages is that it does not have moving

components, therefore, lubrication or maintenance

costs are reduced.

The design of a wind turbine is carried out using

mathematical equations that govern the operation of

the structure. This has a core, where the upper part

supports the mast, through a rigid cylinder designed

to oscillate. It is here where the maximum

oscillation amplitude is found while in the lower

part, it is anchored to the ground (Fig. 2).

4 Description of System

For the development of this paper, the VDI-2206

methodology, also called Mechatronics

methodology, developed by "The Association of

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German Engineers" (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure,

VDI) was used. The VDI-2206 methodology is

applied to this project by identifying the project

objective, requirements analysis, design of the

simulation system, and validation of the system.

Using this methodology, the design process can be

managed, improving the quality of the final product.

The VDI-2206 methodology for the simulation

of mechatronic systems presents innovative features,

such as the systemic approach instead of individual

components, risk management, and the integration

of multiple disciplines, resulting in a more efficient

design. In addition, it is oriented towards the needs

of the end user and covers the entire product life

cycle, reducing development costs.

Fig. 2: Vortex wind turbine structure, [11]

4.1 General Scheme

To carry out the investigation, the following steps

are carried out: The model of the Vortex wind

turbine is simulated in Ansys to know the behavior

of the wind around a cylinder. In parallel, the

analysis of the model is carried out and the control

system is implemented using the Matlab software.

In this case, first, the mathematical modeling of the

system is carried out and the differential equation of

the plant is obtained. Subsequently, a control system

is designed to control the oscillation frequency.

After knowing the behavior of the wind on the

structure, the diameter of the mast to be controlled is

identified, through a mechanism to expand and

contract it. Finally, the list of components needed

for the implementation of the control system is

presented. These described procedures are shown in

the scheme of Fig. 3.

4.2 Simulation of the Vortex Wind Turbine

using Ansys

The evaluation of the wind turbine is carried out

inside the wind tunnel considering the boundary

conditions, where the blue arrows represent the

entrance of the wind at a certain speed and the red

arrows are the exit of the wind in Fig. 4.

4.3 Control System to Reduce the Error

between the Frequency of Vortices

In this section, the forces surrounding the wind

turbine (boundary conditions) are identified for

correct mathematical modeling. Once all the forces

are identified, the dynamic equations that govern

their behavior are found. In Fig. 5 the elements for

the modeling of the wind turbine are observed:

Where "V" is the wind speed, "m" is the mass of the

mast, "c" is the damping constant of the material,

"k" is the elasticity constant and "D" the diameter of

the mast.

Start

Tests in Ansys

Design in inventor

New mast

design

Control system

design

Error

reduction

Mathematical

modeling of the

system

Fig. 3: Development scheme

Fig. 4: Boundary Condition Simulation

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Fig. 5: Modeling of the Vortex wind turbine, [25]

A reference signal "r" is used, which is the

reference diameter, which is not constant because it

depends on the wind speed. This signal will take any

erroneous value that will be subtracted with the

variable "Dr" and generate an error signal that enters

the PID. Once the position of the plant is obtained,

we can use this signal and find the oscillation

frequency from it (Fig. 6).

4.4 Redesign of the Mast for the Vortex

Wind Turbine

It is necessary to make changes to the structure,

shape, or design of the mast. Therefore, the

development of the prototype implies having a

structure of variable dimension, where for a certain

wind speed, the Vortex wind turbine has a specific

size, depending on the increase and/or reduction of

the wind speed. In this case, the dimension of the

solid must vary proportionally to the speed. In Fig. 7

the structure, designed in the Inventor software, is

shown in three different positions.

Fig. 6: Diameter controller

Fig. 7: Mechanism to increase and decrease the

diameter

The designed mechanism (seen from the outside)

is a structure that increases in size on the lateral

sides. For this to happen, there is the transformation

of a vertical movement into a horizontal movement

using the connecting rod. Initially, there is a

diameter of 39 centimeters when there is a wind

speed of 4 meters/second (ms). As the wind speed

increases, the fins will expand to the maximum

diameter of 96 centimeters when the wind speed

increases to 9.9 meters/second (Fig. 8).

5 Results

5.1 Identification of Speeds and Diameters

In the case of the analysis of the behavior of the

wind with the designed structure, it moves from the

left side to the right side, where the vector traces

show it, obtaining a wind speed of 3.9 ms^-1. In

Fig. 9 the color legend positioned on the left side is

observed, which describes the intensities of the

speeds. When the wind is 50 centimeters close to the

Vortex device, its speed gradually decreases to 3.73

ms^-1, close to 25 centimeters.

As can be seen in Fig. 9, the wind speed in the

Vortex device is null or zero and the solid represents

a restriction to the passage of the wind. In the upper

part of the mast, there is a shade of red, which

describes a maximum speed of 5.33 ms^-1, due to

the aerodynamic effect.

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Fig. 8: Maximum diameter

Fig. 9: Opposition to wind

Fig. 10 shows the pressure or force that is

generated around the Vortex device. In the path of

the wind, the pressure is 0 pascal (PA), when it is 25

centimeters from the mast. On the other hand, the

pressure or force exerted on the wind turbine

increases up to 10 PA, which is equivalent to 10

Nm^-2.

Simulations were carried out using a random

diameter and speed, but without being able to

generate vortices around the cylinder. Subsequently,

simulations were carried out with other values such

as 3.33 ms and a diameter of 0.3281 meters,

generating an ordered pattern of vortices (Fig. 11).

5.2 Control System Simulation

The simulation results show that the wind changes

every second with values between 5.33ms and

9.33ms. The wind speed simulation is presented in

Fig. 12.

Fig. 10: Pressure behavior

Fig. 11: Simulation with a calculated diameter

Fig. 12: Wind speed simulation

In addition, the diameter of the wind turbine

varies between 0.96 meters and 0.39 meters as a

minimum. The controlled diameter always tries to

put itself in the same position as the reference

diameter, checking that the diameter of the mast is

being controlled correctly for each variation in wind

speed (Fig. 13).

The oscillation frequency seeks to stay as close

to the natural frequency, so it is impossible to get a

straight line for the vortex frequency because it

depends on the wind speed. The control of the

diameter can be maintained in a constant range with

an error between 0.1 and 0.2, approximately 13%

(Fig. 14).

As a result of the simulation processes and

evaluations carried out, the new design of the mast

is obtained. In Fig. 15 a section of the vortex planes

is shown.

Fig. 13: Diameter control

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Fig. 14: Comparison of natural frequency and

oscillation frequency

Fig. 15: Vortex Diagrams

The system generates an alternating voltage

signal from the position and speed of the mast

performing diameter control (Fig. 16). In addition,

Fig. 17 shows the power generated by a point charge

per turn.

Fig. 16: Alternate voltage

Fig. 17: Average power

6 Conclusions

Through the simulation in Ansys, the relationship

between the generation of vortices with the diameter

and the speed of the wind is identified. This is

because for each wind speed a different diameter is

generated to keep the generation of vortices

constant, so it is necessary to control the oscillation

frequency. With this, it is possible to reduce the

error between the oscillation frequency and the

natural frequency, obtaining a percentage error of

13%. In this investigation, a simulation error could

not be obtained because the physical system was not

implemented to carry out a comparative analysis.

In addition, a mechanism was created that allows

the mast to expand and contract its diameter

according to the wind speed at a specific moment,

performing a redesign generated by the control

system. Finally, the average power of a point charge

that oscillates in a loop is calculated. This verifies

that the resonance of the system has an impact on

the generation of energy.

It is for this reason that our project, compared to

other investigations, shows simulation mechanisms

to evaluate the capture of wind energy the most

efficiently before physically building the system,

saving costs and implementation time. Furthermore,

technically, the results differ from other projects

reviewed in the literature, because we consider the

natural frequency of the structure and its

relationship with the oscillation frequency to

generate ordered vortex patterns and obtain

maximum resonance.

As further work, it is recommended that, for

correct visualization of the generated power, the

design of the generator must be carried out

considering the magnetic field of the magnet,

number of charges, number of turns of the coil, and

the diameter.

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Ricardo Yauri, Gardy Lopez,

Juan Damazo, Vanessa Gamero

E-ISSN: 2224-2678

600

Volume 22, 2023

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/23202.2023.22.60

Ricardo Yauri, Gardy Lopez,

Juan Damazo, Vanessa Gamero

E-ISSN: 2224-2678

601

Volume 22, 2023