The Influence of Globalization Dimensions on Economic Growth in
ASEAN
HERU WAHYUDI*
Economic Development, Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Lampung
Jln. H. Komarudin, Rajabasa Raya, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung
INDONESIA
QURROTA AYU NINDIEN
Economic Development, Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Lampung
Jl. Jati Baru 2 No. 3, Durian Payung, Tanjung Karang Pusat, Bandar Lampung
INDONESIA
MARSELINA
Economic Development, Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Lampung
Gang Swadaya 4, Gunung Terang, Kedaton, Bandar Lampung
INDONESIA
WIDIA ANGGI PALUPI
Economic Development, Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Lampung
Wisma Cantik Manis, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung
INDONESIA
*Corresponding author
Abstract: Globalization is one of the keys related to the success of the country's economy. This study aims to
find out how globalization affects economic growth. The globalization index used in this study includes
economic globalization, political globalization, and social globalization. The object of this study was 10
ASEAN countries from 2013 to 2019. The method used in this study was Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) using
the EViews 10 application. The research procedure goes through several stages, including classical assumption
testing consisting of normality tests, multicollinearity detection, heteroskedasticity tests, and autocorrelation
tests. Furthermore, testing for the best model selection is carried out, and hypothesis testing is carried out. The
results of this study show that globalization can improve the economies of 10 ASEAN countries. This can be
seen in economic, political, and social globalization, both partially and simultaneously having a significant
positive effect on economic growth. Finally, this study provides policy recommendations for ASEAN countries
related to globalization and economic development.
Key-Words: - ASEAN, Globalization, Economic Growth.
Received: July 4, 2022. Revised: February 24, 2023. Accepted: March 11, 2023. Published: March 24, 2023.
1 Introduction
According to Lyman, [1], globalization interpreted
rapid growth from each other dependability and
connections in the world of commerce and finance.
But Lyman argued that globalization is not only
limited to the phenom of trade and flow thriving
financially, however, because there is a driven thing
from the ability to facilitate technology change
financial, like globalization communication.
Globalization has its dimensions, ideology, and
technology: the dimensions of ideology are
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capitalism and the free market. Meanwhile,
dimensions technology is information that has
unified the world, [2]. Globalization is related to
trade and international investment, [3]. So that
according to Balestrini, [4], benefit globalization
could increase the freedom economy and provide
access to information, empower society, and make
the authorized regulators on activity company,
responsibility, and accountability.
Globalization resulted in an increasing process
that united many countries and pushed global and
globalizing economy formulation policy.
Globalization has become a challenge for almost all
countries with demand existing, openness growing
economy broad. According to a study from
Nowbutsing, [5], exposure promotes growth through
research and development and general market
access.
The process of globalization will increase the
power competition between production units from
various parts of the country, which could increase
efficiency through the free market mechanism.
Competitiveness is one factor possibly critical to
pushing the growth economy in a country, [5].
Because power competition is something about a
state’s ability to face challenges and global
competition in enhancing the ll-being of people.
However, many countries have behind as a
consequence of globalization. This is because of a
lack of power competitiveness, activities production
which is not efficient, retarded technology, and lack
of capital and reduced capacity Public to compete in
the global market successfully. In the face of
powerful globalization, the competitive expected
government must integrate the economy globally
with accompanied enhancement infrastructure,
quality institutional bureaucracy, stability economy
macro as well as education, [6].
Connection globalization with the growth
economy is a contentious topic in the literature on
growth and development economics. Many studies
find the influence positive of globalization on
growth through allocating adequate source power
domestically. Diffusion productivity factors and
additional capital. Instead, others argue that
globalization’s effect is harmful to increase in
countries with weak institutions and unstable
politics. The countries specialize in activities that
are ineffective in the globalization process.
Developing the economy has entered quality into
increasing supply innovation and reinforcement
environment innovation capable of creating power
pull systems innovative, conducive economy
building room modern, [7].
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) was formed as an integrated regional
economy reflecting globalization. ASEAN has a
power pull high economy because there is enough
population in ASEAN big that is 700 million souls,
so this is a potential market. This is seen from the
intra-ASEAN continuous beginning donations total
ASEAN trade. In 2019, intra-ASEAN contributed
22.5 percent of the complete trade goods
merchandise, with intra-ASEAN respectively 23.4
percent and 21.5 percent of total exports imported
goods ASEAN, [8]. In globalization, ASEAN is at
the e area of intersection of the globalization
process. The organization is urgently needed so that
all countries join to benefit from working in the
same economy, especially in an increased growth
economy. One state’s function is as a regulator of
the economic system, with follow regulations for the
economy to move in a manner balanced Among
interest businesses and individuals, [9].
According to the Indonesian, [10], one indicator
urgent for knowing the condition of a country's
economy is unquestionable product data Gross
Domestic (GDP), based on base price apron or base
price constant. The top GDP price base could be
used for look shift and structure economy, while
price constant used for knowing the growth
economy from year to year. Thus, this study uses
the variable GDP to look growth economy in
ASEAN countries. Based on research conducted by
Chivandi and Samuel, [11], growth economy.
Following is the development index globalization
and GDP in 10 ASEAN countries.
Based on Table 1, the development of
globalization and GDP in ASEAN can be seen.
From 2013 to 2019, globalization and GDP in
ASEAN continue improvement. Dreher, [12], share
globalization Becomes three types that are
globalization economic, social, and political.
Globalization economy is an activation process of
trade and finance in various countries around the
world that become market forces and increasingly
integrated without obstacles or country boundaries
each other. Todaro, [13], put forward that the
definition of economic globalization is increasing
the openness economy of a country against trading
international funds, international flow of funds, and
foreign investment. Dreher, [12], understood
globalization economy as Genre goods, capital and
services, and accompanying information and
perceptions of market exchange. Many experts
argue that globalization is an economic process that
could be measured with trade and Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI), [14].
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Table 1. Development Index Globalization and the Rate of Economic Growth in ASEAN
Country
Year
Economic
Globalization
Globalization
Political
GDP
Malaysia
2013
75
83
270,506,011,046.63
Malaysia
2019
76
85
364,601,657,599.11
Thailand
2013
65
79
385,308,560,264.96
Thailand
2019
69
81
460,380,173,807.40
Vietnamese
2013
61
62
210,137,217,460.65
Vietnamese
2019
61
74
314,947,658,367.68
Philippines
2013
52
83
270,953,202,687.14
Philippines
2019
56
81
396,224,787,544.86
Cambodia
2013
68
55
15,749,584,749.21
Cambodia
2019
67
60
23,760,061,873.30
Indonesia
2013
52
86
781,691,322,850.81
Indonesia
2019
49
87
1,049,330,236,897.15
Singapore
2013
94
71
247,505,600,814.66
Singapore
2019
94
68
318,974,323,537.97
Lao PDR
2013
46
40
12,497,360,586.91
Lao PDR
2019
50
41
18,491,845,636.27
Brunei Darussalam
2013
70
47
13,315,326,917.85
Brunei Darussalam
2019
70
48
13,278,836,553.32
Myanmar
2013
37
42
56,418,567,054.60
Myanmar
2019
40
53
83,686,990,310.18
Source: World Bank, ETH. Zurich
Dynamics politics around the world have
changed globalization’s impact on patterns of new
mobility humans and development network
innovative social. As well as globalization has
opened opportunities, political action news has
become more stand out. The political process in the
era of globalization in communities and networks
that are not limited by geographic location. So that
results from mobility rising man and forms of
communication. The relevant constituencies
involved in progress or political problems often live
in different places or move between areas, [15].
Globalization is a door for stepping into the
outside world, [16]. One e them is social
globalization. Index Globalization social be
measured through three indicator variables:
interpersonal globalization by 33.3 percent,
Informational Globalization by 33.3 percent, and
Cultural Globalization by 33.3 percent. In the
measurement of Interpersonal Globalization, there
are international tourist students international as
well as migrants. Current information or
Informational Globalization consists of height
technology, patents, and internet bandwidth. At the
same time, open culture or Cultural Globalization is
seen in present goods and services of a nature
country’s culture and brand trade internationally.
Globalization social said the door globalization
because as shape interaction world community.
Current information in globalization society will
create access to more education breadth and high
technology transfer. And progress technology is a
factor to influence the growth economy.
2 Methodology and Variables
Study this based on descriptive and quantitative
research data using the cross-section and time series
data. Cross-section data in research using data from
10 ASEAN countries, namely Malaysia, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Laos,
Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, and the Philippines,
using time series data totaling seven years, i.e.,
2013-2019. The study’s dependent variable is the
growth economy, while the independent variables
cover the globalization economy, globalization
politics, and anodization society. Secondary data
sources in this study were obtained from ETH
Zurich and World Bank data. Table 2 represents a
summary variable study.
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Table 2. Summary Variable Study
No
Variable Name
Symbol Variable
Period
Unit Size
Data Source
1.
Gross Domestic Product
LNGDP
Annual
Percent
World Bank
2.
Economic Globalization Index
ECO
Annual
Index
ETH Zurich
3.
Globalization Social Index
SOC
Annual
Index
ETH Zurich
4.
Globalization Political Index
POC
Annual
Index
ETH Zurich
In analyzing known panel data models, three
composed approaches from Common Effect Model,
the Fixed Effect Model, and Random Effects Model,
[17]. To obtain a description in a manner general
about the results of the study, as well as in the
framework testing hypothesis as an answer
temporary for solving the problems raised, could see
through the equality function:
LNEGit = 𝛽0+𝛽1𝐸𝐶𝑂it+𝛽2POCit+𝛽3S𝑂𝐶it+𝜇it (1)
Where EG is the natural logarithm of growth
economy (USD), 𝐸𝐶𝑂 is globalization economy
(index), POC is globalization politics (index), i
show a cross-section, t shows time series,
𝛽0 = constant 𝛽1, 𝛽2, and 𝛽3, coefficients regression
to a growth economy, and 𝜇 is an error term.
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Results
3.1.1 Assumption Test Classic
Normality tests are needed to know regular error
terms and dependent and independent variables
from research, aiming to test whether residual yield
regression has normal distribution or not, [18].
Based on the JB statistical test shown in Figure 1, it
obtained a score of more than 0.803637 big of α =
5%, then could conclude that residue spread
usually.
Testing next is the detection of
multicollinearity. Detection multicollinearity is the
test used to examine the existing connection
between variables free and variables tied inside
something study, [19]. To research this for detecting
multicollinearity, use Pearson Correlation testing.
With the criteria, if the score coefficient between the
variables exceeds 0.8, then the coefficient
correlation between variables in models can happen,
[18]. It can be seen in Table 3 that the score
coefficient correlation of each independent variable
needs to be more than 0.8. with this could be
concluded that the data is free from problem
multicollinearity.
Table 3. Detection of Multicollinearity
ECO
POC
SOC
ECO
1.000000
0.446890
0.840624
POC
0.446890
1.000000
0.496586
SOC
0.840624
0.496586
1.000000
Testing assumption third classic is
heteroscedasticity. The Heteroscedasticity Test aim
test in the regression model shows no same variance
from residual one observation to other observations.
Heteroscedasticity occurs if the probability from
heteroscedasticity test results is not enough of 0.05,
[20]. It can be seen in Table 4 that the scoring
possibility of each variable enlarges by 0.05, thus
concluding that the data is free from problem
heteroscedasticity.
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Fig. 1: Normality Test
Table 4. Heteroscedasticity Test
Variables
t-Statistics
Prob.
C
-1.335654
0.1870
ECO
1.486480
0.1427
POC
0.576577
0.5665
SOC
-0.299484
0.7657
Testing assumption classic next is an autocorrelation
test. Autocorrelation means exists correlation
Among member observations one with different
observations time. Based on [20], when the Durbin-
Watson value is between -2 to +2, the data is free
from problem autocorrelation. Table 6 shows that a
score correlation of 0.757063 could conclude that
the data is free from problem autocorrelation.
3.1.2 Model Selection
Chow's test was used to know whether the fixed
effect model is better used than the typical effect
model. Then the Hausman test was used to tell
whether the fixed effect model was better used than
the random effects models. At the same time, the
Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test is used to determine
the best model between common and unexpected
effects.
Table 5. Best Model Selection Results
test
Prob
decision
Chow test
0.0000
FEM
Hausman test
0.0001
FEM
LM test
0.0000
REM
Table 5 shows that the best model selected in a
study is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Following
is the output of FEM results.
Based on the results estimates in Table 6, the
obtained equality regression is as follows:
EGit=21.68641+0.016143ECO1it*+0.010851POC2it*
+ 0.034508 SOC3it* (2)
* significant at α = 0.05
3.1.3 Significance Test
Significance test first partial test was carried out or
often called the t-test. The resulting test results in a
manner Partial of each variable free to variable
bound as follows in table 7.
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Table 5. FEM Model Regression Results
Variables
coefficient
std. Error
t-Statistics
Prob.
KOFECGI
0.016143
0.008712
1.853002
0.0691
KOFPOGI
0.010851
0.006068
1.788234
0.0791
KOFSOGY
0.034508
0.008647
3.990631
0.0002
C
21.68641
0.598951
36.20731
0.0000
Effects Specification
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
R-squared
0.997225
Mean dependent var
25.53062
Adjusted R-squared
0.996641
SD dependent var
1.488938
SE of regression
0.086292
Akaike info criterion
-1.896167
Sum squared residue
0.424443
Schwarz criterion
-1.478589
Likelihood logs
79.36585
Hannan-Quinn criteria.
-1.730300
F-statistics
1707.142
Durbin-Watson stat
0.757063
Prob(F-statistic)
0.000000
Table 6. Statistical t-test results
Variable
t- statistics
t - table
(α=5%)
Conclusion
ECO
1.853002
1.66901
Significant
SOC
1.788234
1.66901
Significant
POC
3.990631
1.66901
Significant
Based on the results of the t- statistical test
shown in Table 7, variables free from globalization
economics, social globalization, and global political
influence are positive in a manner significant to
GDP levels in ASEAN countries. Next, an F-test
test or simultaneous test is carried out. The F test
was used to test independent variables influential
and significant to variables bound together. F-
statistical test results could be seen as follows:
Table 7. F- statistic test results
df
F-statistic
F-table
Conclusion
3 ; 66
1707.142
2.74
Significant
Based on Table 8, the significance test results
simultaneously obtained F- statistics as big 1707142
and shows whole variable free in a study. This
significantly influenced to growth economy in a
manner together in 10 ASEAN countries in 2013-
2019. Then based on the analysis of the results, the
value coefficient determination (R2) of 0.997225
indicates that dimensions of globalization
represented by globalization economy, globalization
society, and globalization politics can explain
variation growth in the economy in 10 ASEAN
countries is 99%. The remaining 1% is defined by
other variables not in the models.
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1 Influence Index Economic
Globalization Against Economic
Growth
Globalization economy is an activation process of
trade and finance in various countries around the
world that become market forces and increasingly
integrated without obstacles or country boundaries
each other, [21]. Globalization economy could
increase freedom economics and show depreciation
distance in openness mutual trade profitable,
increasing cross-source power between countries,
[22]. Moving labor-intensive commodities from
developed countries to developing countries or
otherwise will boost the economy through Requests
for goods and services. Coefficient regression
globalization economy as big 0.016143, which
means if globalization economy improved by one
index so followed enhancement growth economy in
the six ASEAN countries by 1.6143%, ceteris
paribus.
Purnomo, [23], discloses that different content
source power nature, source power humans, and
technology require each country to establish a
connection economy. So demand exists openness
economy or a globalization economy. Globalization
economy could give opportunity for export factor
items production use source power abundant and
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imported factor items production rare or expensive
if domestically produced. With an open economy,
cooperation trading is more open wide, so obstacles
in trade openness will be more minor to make
mutual trade profitable for the country.
According to the theory of growth modern
economy, an open economy believed could push a
country’s growth, [23]. WW Rostow’s theory
deciphers development economy as a causal process
of change in society, that is, change in politics,
social structure, value social and activities economy
other-oriented to outside. At stages stay take off,
growth economy with exists something change in
Public as creation progress rapidly in innovation,
market opening, and occurrence increase investment
productive. So, with an open economy on stage, stay
take off could cause growth continuing economy
rise.
Openness ASEAN finance also provides open
access financial. According to Winantiyo, [24], in
realizing the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community)
in the form of openness, trade, investment, and labor
work skills needed openness financial. Exposure is
financially required in a country to support
transactions more efficiently as one source of
financing development, facilitating trading
internationally, and supportive development sector
finance that could increase the growth economy.
This is what causes the globalization economy to be
more dominant in influencing the growth economy
in a country.
3.2.2 Influence Index Globalization Political
To Economic Growth in ASEAN
Globalization politics is a profound global struggle
to realize the interests of the actor who runs it.
Perpetrator globalization in political fields such as
countries, organizations, government and non-
government, and international companies, [25].
Globalization’s political coefficient as significant
0.010851 interpreted if globalization politically
improved by one index so, followed by
enhancement growth of the economy in 10 ASEAN
countries in 2013-2019 amounted to 1.0851 %,
ceteris paribus. Globalization politics is essential
for the country because it covers work same politics
and security, economics, social and culture, world
peace, and international organization will increase
the growth economy. There is stability created
politics through good world peace, stability
economy nor stability politics is very important for a
country. Each country has a superior economy, and
with world peace, every country can support the
development of the economy.
The embassy is the place position of the official
representative of a country in another country.
Connection diplomacy is needed in the international
world. Both split state sides will do the process of
diplomacy with a purpose specified and agreed upon
together. Function Embassy that is improvement
and development work same political and security,
economic, social and cultural with the recipient
country, shelter, service, protection and gift rock
legal and physical to the inhabitant his country as
well as observation, assessment and reporting about
the situation and conditions of the receiving country.
The main task of the Embassy is to represent and
protect the inhabitants of his land and fight for state
interests. Development works the same political can
by the embassy with the promotion in the receiving
country as ambassador tourism, ambassador export,
ambassador investment, etc. So that capabilities and
innovation in sector diplomacy are one factor in
global competition for increased economic growth.
3.2.3 Influence Index Globalization Social to
Economic Growth in ASEAN
Globalization social is an interaction process or
connection in activity man good in a manner live
nor no life so that form something connection
between countries, between culture, inter man good
in a manner national nor international. From the
results study, globalization’s social coefficient is
significant, 0.034508 means that if globalization is
socially improved by one index, will the rise in the
economy in ASEAN is as substantial as 0.034508%,
ceteris paribus? Globalization social said to be the
door to globalization because as shapes the
interaction of world community. Current
information in globalization society will create
access to more education breadth and high
technology transfer. And progress technology is a
factor or component that influences the growth
economy.
Bekti, [22], states that globalization's social
influence is positive and significant to per capita
GDP growth and improvement per capita GDP
growth in 6 ASEAN countries, which the sector of
international tourism supports. Then Olatunbosun &
Basit, [26], found that globalization's social
influence positively affected per capita GDP growth
in 18 Asian countries in 2011-2015. Syaijiba, [27],
states that globalization's social effect is positive
and significant to the economies of APEC member
countries. This corresponds with the theory of
movement source power international that migration
power work will impact to growth country’s
economy.
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4 Conclusion
Based on the results of data analysis and discussion,
it is concluded that Corruption has no effect on
economic growth in ASEAN countries, Democracy
has a negative and significant impact on economic
growth in ASEAN countries, and Global
competitiveness has a positive and significant effect
on economic growth in ASEAN countries in 2014-
2019. The results of this study also produce
corruption, democracy, and global competitiveness,
which significantly affected economic growth in
ASEAN countries in 2014-2019.
Although corruption did not have a significant
effect on the period and country of the study, crime
should be reduced accompanied by controlling
economic growth that is not too high and not too
low (2-3% range) because, in this way, economic
development and the corruption perception index
will be good in a given period: countries, especially
ASEAN. In conclusion, the government's slowness
in preventing and dealing with acts of corruption in
ASEAN countries has shaken political stability,
domestic security, and development.
Democracy in ASEAN countries is tailored to
the needs of each country. They are considering that
ASEAN countries have different government
systems and economic systems. Of course, every
government policy has advantages and
disadvantages. In addition, the community also
functions as government social control. However,
the government, as the decision maker, has full
power to determine policy. So, democracy is not
flawed in a country, but the government needs to
limit the number of parties because the more parties
there are, the more budget is issued by the
government, which can affect the economic growth
rate. Democracy can also encourage better
institutions.
To improve global competitiveness, ASEAN
countries need to enhance the sub-indices and pillars
of competitiveness by adjusting the categories for
their countries' growth and development stages. The
government's role in increasing growth and
development, as well as community empowerment,
is vital to be maximized, especially by paying
attention to human and institutional capital, because
human and institutional resources are the main
factors to support other competitiveness factors,
especially on technological, environmental and
innovation aspects.
This research can be helpful as a
recommendation for increasing economic growth in
ASEAN countries. Nevertheless, this research is
inseparable from limitations. The limitation of this
study is that it has yet to analyze one by one how
variable independents affect economic growth. So
that further research is expected to use in-depth
analysis in each ASEAN country. In addition,
further research can also use a combination of
independent variables between economic and non-
economic factors, which affect economic growth
more.
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Marselina, Widia Anggi Palupi
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Heru Wahyudi made a research framework and
collected literature reviews. Qurrota Ayu wrote the
research. Marselina proposes policy
recommendations.. Widia Anggi Palupi collects and
processes research data.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
The research in this manuscript is supported by
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada
Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Lampung.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to
declare that is relevant to the content of this
article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/23202.2023.22.35
Heru Wahyudi, Qurrota Ayu Nindien,
Marselina, Widia Anggi Palupi
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
329
Volume 22, 2023