Government Responsibility in Managing Illegal Drug Circulation
During the Covid-19 Pandemic
CEPRUDIN1, RETNO MAWARINI SUKMARININGSIH1, SRI MULYANI1, AFIF NOOR2*,
DWI WULANDARI3, ALI MASKUR2
1Faculty of Law, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang,
Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur, No. 41, Bendan Dhuwur, Kota Semarang 50233
INDONESIA
2Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo,
Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka, Km 2 Ngaliyan, Kota Semarang 50185
INDONESIA
3Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Diponegoro,
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH., Tembalang, Kota Semarang 50274
INDONESIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - The circulation of illegal drugs continues to increase from year to year, including during the
COVID-19 pandemic. The circulation of these drugs must be disciplined and guarded so that the public is not
harmed in terms of health or materially because the illegal drugs in circulation do not meet product and drug
distribution standards. The research aims to explore the government's role in overcoming the distribution of
drugs that are banned from circulating freely during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data comes from secondary
data obtained by study documents, especially legal documents, including primary and secondary legal
materials. Based on a study of the 1945 Constitution and health legislation found that the government must be
responsible for tackling the circulation of drugs that are illegal from circulating freely to realize comprehensive
public health. To deal with the distribution of drugs that are banned from circulating freely, the government
established the Drug and Food Control Agency (BPOM) which oversees the distribution of pharmaceuticals
and food in Indonesia. The supervision of drug distribution starts from the drug produced or before it is
marketed (pre-market) to the drug marketing process (post-market).
Key-Words: - Illegal Drugs, Government, The COVID-19 Pandemic, Drug Control, Drug Distribution, Pre-
Market, Post-Market
Received: July 2, 2022. Revised: February 22, 2023. Accepted: March 10, 2023. Published: March 24, 2023.
1 Introduction
The circulation of illegal drugs, especially during
the COVID-19 pandemic, requires serious handling
so that the community is not harmed economically
or healthily, [1]. During the pandemic, everyone has
great concern about the high number of cases of
COVID-19 transmission, [2]. Therefore, everyone
tries improving their health by taking vitamin
supplements or taking medication according to the
symptoms experienced. One thing that must be
considered in this condition is that someone will
easily trust and consume vitamins and drugs that are
claimed to be able to treat COVID-19, [3].
Generally, illicit drug trafficking is a
phenomenon in the world of illicit drugs and is now
the largest black market in the world because there
are more than 200 million people who are willing to
use it, [4]. In Indonesia has increased every year, the
number of illegal drug items and their economic
value. Based on data from the Food and Drug
Monitoring Agency (BPOM) of the Republic of
Indonesia, in 2013 the circulation of illegal drugs
was 71 items with an economic value of IDR 5.67
billion. In 2014 the number of illegal drug
trafficking rose sharply to 3,656 items with a total
value of IDR 31.6 billion. In 2015 items of illegal
drugs increased by 15 items to 3,671 but
economically it decreased quite a lot with a nominal
value of IDR 20.8 billion. In 2016 the period from
February to March, which means only two months,
the circulation of illegal drugs experienced a high
increase where 4,441 items of illegal drugs were
found with an economic value of IDR 49.8 billion,
[5], [6]. The circulation of illegal drugs in 2017 also
increased with the economic value reaching IDR
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117 billion.
The circulation and marketing of illegal drugs
have increased in the era of online trade (e-
commerce). This is not just through traditional drug
stores in major cities, but also through online
platforms and information technology. The reason
for distributing illegal drugs online is that it enables
direct transactions between sellers and buyers
without any oversight from authorities and allows
for drug delivery to reach all parts of Indonesia.
10% of illegal drug trafficking occurs online.
BPOM has been monitoring websites, social media,
and e-commerce marketplaces such as Shopee,
Bukalapak, Lazada, blibli, and Tokopedia and found
4,063 sites or accounts selling illegal drugs between
2018 and June 2019, [7]. During the COVID-19
pandemic, BPOM took action against 5,653 website
links illegally trading chloroquine and similar drugs
in March-April 2020, [8]. In March-September
2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a 100%
increase in the circulation of illegal drugs compared
to the previous year, with illegal drug operations
carried out in 29 provinces and an evidence value of
Rp 46.7 billion. In 2019, BPOM identified 24,573
links selling illegal drugs and food, increasing to
48,058 links in the first semester of 2020, [9].
Several types of illegal drugs are often found on
the market, including slimming drugs, drugs that are
included in the G list category (gevaarlijk or
dangerous) which includes all injection drugs, anti-
bacterial drugs, anti-histamine, anti-epileptic, anti-
hypertensive, tramadol, alprazolam, hexymer,
trihexyphenidyl, misoprostol, diazepam, valium,
clonazepam, riklona, trivam and so on as well as
branded strong drugs such as Cialis, Levitra,
maxman and viagra. The illegal use of drugs was
shown by a survey conducted by the National
Narcotics Agency in 2014 which stated that 6% of
1000 people who abuse drugs have consumed
tramadol and trihexyphenidyl, [10]. These drugs are
consumed or used for non-medical purposes. During
the COVID-19 pandemic, the most widely
circulated types of illegal drugs were
dexamethasone, actinomycin, and
hydroxychloroquine. The high circulation of these
illegal drugs during the pandemic was because these
drugs were claimed to be able to treat COVID-19.
These illegal drugs, if consumed for a long time,
will have a negative impact that is not good. Fake
drugs that only contain flour in heart disease drugs,
for example, if consumed in the long term, will
worsen the disease because they are supposed to
contain certain substances that can improve heart
performance, but the fake drugs do not have any
effect. Strong Drugs that do not have a distribution
permit or are faked will have side effects in the form
of heart problems, bleeding, kidney damage, and
impaired liver function.
2 Government Responsibility in Drug
Circulation
Illegal drug circulation, especially during the
COVID-19 pandemic, must be a serious concern for
the government to create welfare for citizens under
the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, which
provides guidelines that obtaining health services is
a human right that must be provided by the state.
The state is responsible for providing healthcare
facilities, [11]. Moreover, Indonesia, as a country
that adheres to a democratic system, has a great
responsibility to protect the basic rights of its
citizens, [12].
The government, as a representation of the state,
has a responsibility to provide health services as a
basic right, as stated in international law. This is
supported by Article 25 of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights and Article 12 of the International
Convention on Economic and Socio-Cultural
Rights, which was later ratified in Law No. 11 of
2005 regarding the ratification of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
2.1 Philosophy of Government Responsibility
The connection between drug study and health
cannot be ignored, as health is a basic human right
that the government must uphold and provide
services for. The 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) in
Article 28 letter h guarantees the right to health
services for everyone. Thus, the constitution
recognizes health as a fundamental human right that
must be fulfilled by the government as the
representative of the people's sovereignty. The
government, as the guardian of the citizens' welfare,
must ensure the provision of health services and
facilities to support their survival and well-being.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which has seen a surge
in cases, requires significant attention from the
government to address this issue, [13].
The government's responsibility to provide
health services or insurance to the community, as
mandated by the 1945 Constitution, is outlined in
Articles 4-8 of Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health. This
law assigns the government the task of ensuring
health for all members of society, as improving
public health is viewed as a crucial aspect of
increasing national development. The state
recognizes the improvement of the health status of
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the population as an investment in development,
[14].
As a result, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health
affirms that every individual has the right to health.
Health is defined as a person's ability to lead a
productive life in a socio-economic environment
and is characterized by physical, spiritual, mental,
and social well-being, according to the World
Health Organization. A person's health is not just
the absence of disease or illness but encompasses
their physical, mental, and emotional well-being,
[15].
2.2 Government Policy in Drug Circulation
The health of a person or society, in general, must
continue to be pursued and cultivated through a
series of activities carried out in a comprehensive,
integrated, and sustainable manner using a
maintenance approach, preventive (disease
prevention), curative (disease healing), and
rehabilitative (recovery) approaches. An effort made
to achieve curative health is done through the
provision of drugs, [16]. Drugs, or "pharmakon" in
Latin, are materials or substances derived from
animal sources, vegetable sources, or chemical
processes that are used by a person to prevent
disease and its symptoms, relieve or prevent disease,
cure disease, restore condition after disease, or
substance used to improve health.
Everything related to health efforts, including
curative efforts, to realize health is to provide good
medicine. Medicine is a basic need in human life,
[17]. Therefore, the government is responsible for
procuring quality, safe, efficient, and affordable
medicines for the people's purchasing power. To
guarantee safe and quality drugs, the government
must ensure that the circulating drugs comply with
quality standards and drug safety standards. The
government must guarantee the legality of
circulating drugs and at the same time ensure the
availability and equitable distribution of affordable
drugs, especially drugs that fall into the category of
essential drugs. The government must provide
guarantees to all levels of society to be able to
obtain medicines related to disease at affordable
costs and meet drug safety standards even though
the drugs are made by private institutions or
obtained from imports. Every drug in circulation
must comply with the national pharmacopeia that
has been set by the government, [18]. This needs to
be done to protect the public from the effects that
may arise from the use of drugs that do not meet the
standards of safety and efficacy of the use of drugs
that will harm the wearer.
To guarantee the compliance of drugs consumed
by the public with drug and safety standards, Article
106 of Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health mandates that
every pharmaceutical preparation or drug must have
a distribution permit before circulation. Any drug
without a proper distribution permit, fake permits,
drugs not meeting established standards, drugs
brought in without authorization from the relevant
authority, drugs with revoked permits still being
circulated, drugs distributed by unauthorized
individuals or entities, or in general, any circulation
contravening applicable laws and regulations, is
considered an illegal drug.
Based on the provisions of Article 106 of the
Health Law, the government, as the policyholder,
stipulates that every drug circulating within the
territory of Indonesia must have a distribution
permit, which can be obtained by registering the
drug. Although the manufacture of drugs can be
carried out by private companies, the government
remains the party responsible for the availability of
drugs and must guarantee the safety of drugs made
by the private sector. Generally, every drug in
circulation must be authorized by the government,
except in special cases where the government is
authorized to make policies for the procurement or
use of certain drugs, [19].
3 Circulation of Drugs During the
COVID-19 Pandemic
To ensure the public's safety from harmful drugs,
the government entrusts the Food and Drug
Supervisory Agency (BPOM) with supervising the
distribution of drugs and food. BPOM's drug
distribution monitoring process is depicted in Figure
1.
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Fig. 1: BPOM's drug distribution monitoring
process diagram, [20]
BPOM carries out two stages of drug distribution
supervision as depicted in the above picture, these
are pre-market supervision and post-market
supervision in the community. Based on the
Presidential Decree (Keppres) No. 80 of 2017,
BPOM is the executor of government duties that has
the responsibility of supervising drugs and food
throughout the territory of the Indonesian state. In
terms of drug supervision, BPOM conducts
supervision both before the drug is circulated
(premarket) as a form of guarantee of the safety,
quality, and efficacy of the drug to prevent the
public from being exposed to dangerous drugs and
after the drug is circulated (post-market) as an
implementation of the implementation of
supervision to ensure that the drugs in circulation
have met the standards of safety, efficacy, and
quality of drugs and to enforce the law on drugs
deemed to have violated the provisions of laws and
regulations.
Based on the diagram above, there are two types
of supervision carried out by BPOM, namely, pre-
market and post-market:
a. Pre-Market: To guarantee the safety and quality of
drugs, every drug before being circulated in the
community has been carried out under quite strict
supervision. Three activities are carried out under
supervision before the drug is circulated (pre-
market):
1. Product registration; to get approval or a
distribution permit, each drug must go through
a registration process and, simultaneously, an
evaluation of the drug to be circulated. Under
the Regulation of the Head of the Food and
Drug Supervisory Agency No. 27 of 2016
concerning Criteria and Administration of
Drugs, drug registration is submitted to BPOM.
There are three types of drug registration
categorization, namely, new registration,
variation registration, and re-registration.
Every drug that wants to be registered must
have a name whose determination is made by
the applicant by choosing a generic name or
trade name. If you choose a generic name for
each drug you want to register, you can use a
name that is following the Modified
International Nonproprietary Names set by the
World Health Organization. The generic drug
label must include the highest retail price and a
green generic logo.
If the applicant chooses a trading name, the
applicant determines the name of the drug he
wants to search for by conducting an
independent study that is requested to be
registered regarding general drug guidelines,
including that the use of drug names must be
objective and must not mislead users. They
must not use generic names, have no
similarities between the name and the name of
the drug that has been previously recorded, and
may not use the name permitted with the
permission of the name of the drug canceled.
To make it easier for business actors in the
fields of medicine or pharmacy to register their
drugs, the government through BPOM has
provided a means of drug registration through
an online application at https://new-
aero.pom.go.id/ which can be used by business
actors at any time. -time without waiting for
the effective day. During the COVID-19
pandemic, drug registration was carried out
faster than before the pandemic, as shown in
Table 1:
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Table 1.Drugs Registration Process
Type of
Service/
Process/
Condition
Normal Condition
Pandemic
Conditions For
COVID-19 medicine
Pre-
registration
40 working days
6 hours
Evaluation of
Registration
of New Drugs
and Biological
Products
100 working
days, 120
working days and
300 Working
Days (according
to risk
assessment)
20 working days
Evaluation of
Generic Drug
Registration
150 working days
5 working days
Quality
Document
Pilot scale batch
size with 6
months stability
and for
Bioequivalence
test results can be
given
Comparable
Dissolution Test
and
BioEquivalence
commitment
(according to risk
assessment)
Pilot scale batch size
with 6 months
stability and for
Bioequivalence test
results can be given
Comparable
Dissolution Test and
BioEquivalence
commitment
(according to risk
assessment)
Clinical and
Non-Clinical
Documents
Must be complete
Can provide data on
the use of these
drugs during a
pandemic outbreak
in Indonesia or other
countries (according
to
risk assessment).
Source: Data Processed, 2022
The accelerated pre-registration timeline for
COVID-19 drugs only takes 6 hours compared to
non-COVID-19 drugs, which take 40 working
days. Meanwhile, the time needed to evaluate the
registration of COVID-19 drugs is only 20
working days, while non-COVID-19 drugs are
carried out for 100 working days. Every drug
registered with BPOM will be thoroughly
evaluated based on its benefits and risks. The
higher the value of benefits compared to the risks
of registered drugs, the faster the evaluation
process. The value of the benefit that exceeds the
risk will be approved in the form of conditional
approval.
The regulation of drug registration also
encompasses traditional medicines intended for
distribution in Indonesia. Traditional medicines
refer to ingredients or medicinal substances that
have been passed down through generations for
the treatment of certain ailments and can be plant,
animal, mineral-based, or a combination of these
materials. Traditional medicine registration can be
completed online through
www.asrot.pom.go.id/asrot, as per the Minister of
Health Regulation No. 007 of 2012 for
Registration of Traditional Medicines. Business
actors must register these medicines to ensure
their safety, efficacy, and quality. The distribution
permit requirement applies to all traditional
medicines, except for herbal concoctions, galenic
preparations in traditional medicine, and
traditional medicines used for research, testing, or
exhibitions.
Traditional medicine to be registered must not
contain drugs that endanger health, narcotics and
psychotropic substances, medicinal chemicals, or
ethyl alcohol that exceeds 1% alcohol content.
Additionally, traditional medicine should not be
made in the form of intravaginal, eye drops,
parenteral, or suppositories. Several criteria must
be met by traditional medicine to obtain a
distribution permit, including, [21];
a) Made with non-harmful materials that meet
drug safety standards and have quality
assurance;
b) conform to the requirements of the Indonesian
Herbal Pharmacopoeia or other recognized
standards;
c) Registered drugs have been tested for efficacy
for generations and can be proven emotionally
or scientifically;
d) The manufacturing method meets the standards
for good manufacturing practices (GMP);
e) Registered traditional medicines must be
packaged in packages that contain non-
misleading, complete, and objective
information.
2. To get a distribution permit, a registered drug
must comply with the criteria outlined in
Minister of Health Regulation No.
1010/Menkes/Per/XI/2008 and its amendment
by Regulation No. 1120/Menkes/Per/XII/2008
on drug registration. Additionally, according to
the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency
Regulation No. 24 of 2017, the drug must also
meet certain standards, namely:
a. has demonstrated efficacy and adequate drug
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safety after undergoing a series of clinical
and non-clinical trials;
b. The registered drug has good quality and
meets the requirements or standards that
have been set by the GMP standard (Good
Manufacturing Practices of Medicine), which
is equipped with justifiable evidence;
c. Registered drug products and labels contain
objective, non-artificial, and non-misleading
information to ensure proper and safe drug
use;
d. Drugs in the psychotropic category must
have advantages or advantages over drugs
registered and have distribution permits in
Indonesia;
e. In particular, for drugs included in national
health programs, registered drugs must meet
the requirements established by the
government as the organizer of the national
health program.
After meeting the above criteria, the drug to be
registered or registered must complete the
required documents;
a) Drugs originating from domestic production
must have a pharmaceutical industry permit
and have a valid GMP certificate following
the drug to be registered unless the drug to be
registered by the pharmaceutical industry is
still in the process of being developed or
being developed or the pharmaceutical
industry is currently expanding its production
facilities.
b) Drugs that come from outside or are
imported, either in bulk form or in finished
products, must have a justification that the
drug cannot be produced in Indonesia by a
party that has obtained a written permit from
the pharmaceutical industry abroad that
contains a period of cooperation with partner
companies outside the country. Every
country must have a pharmaceutical industry
permit from the government where the
pharmaceutical industry is located and fulfill
the GMP requirements accompanied by
evidence of a report on the results of the
latest drug supervisory authority inspection
no later than 2 years. Additionally, there
must be efforts from representatives of the
foreign pharmaceutical industry to transfer
technology so that it can be produced in
Indonesia in the form of product
development, techniques or methods in the
production process, or drug quality control.
Regarding the circulation of drugs that are
included in the psychotropic category, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, the circulation of
these drugs has increased. This is due to the
large number of people who have lost their jobs
and the increasing economic pressure.
Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic,
supervision of the circulation of psychotropic
drugs must be increased, [22]. In Law No. 5 of
1997 concerning Psychotropics, it is stated that
the circulation of psychotropic drugs can only
be carried out by drug manufacturers, large
pharmaceutical traders and storage facilities,
hospitals, pharmacies, and pharmaceutical
preparation storage facilities whose delivery is
carried out by pharmacies, hospitals, health
centers, medical centers, and doctors to the
public. patients who need it based on a doctor's
prescription. Drugs that are included in the
psychotropic category may not be circulated
widely and openly. The circulation of drugs that
are included in the psychotropic category is
carried out on a limited basis. As a result, those
without a legal basis for storing, carrying, or
possessing such drugs face a 5-year prison
sentence and an IDR 100,000,000 fine. If the
action is carried out by a corporate company,
the fine can be doubled and be subject to
additional penalties in the form of revocation of
business licenses.
3. Good Manufacturing Practices; Every drug that
wants to be circulated to the public must meet the
standard of good drug manufacture, which is
manifested in the issuance of certificates of Good
Manufacturing Practices of Medicine (GMP) or
Traditional Good Manufacturing Practices for
traditional medicines. GMP covers the entire
process of drug production and drug quality
control carried out to ensure that drugs are made
consistently, meet the requirements set, and are
made according to their use. Several things
become general principles of GMP, such as those
related to drug ingredients, drug manufacturing
processes, supervision of drug quality, building
facilities where drugs are made, sanitation and
hygiene, personnel who make drugs, and
equipment used to make drugs.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, pre-market
supervision of drugs was simplified as stated in
the Guidelines for Public Services in the Drug
Sector in the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic
Conditions. In these guidelines, BPOM
simplifies requirements and accelerates public
services in the drug sector, which includes drug
registration, clinical trial testing, and GMP
certification, as well as certification of good drug
distribution methods. During the pandemic, the
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pre-registration of new drugs only took 6 hours,
whereas, before the pandemic, the drug pre-
registration process took 40 working days.
Likewise, the evaluation of new drug
registrations, which under normal conditions
takes 100 working days, 120 working days, or
300 working days according to the risk
assessment of the drug, is accelerated to 20
working days during a pandemic. Evaluation of
generic drug registration only takes five working
days, whereas it normally takes 150 working
days.
b. Post-Market: Based on the responsibilities of
BPOM as stated in Presidential Decree No. 80 of
2017, BPOM has the authority to issue
distribution permits and issue certificates for
drugs and food to be circulated to the public,
conduct supervision in the form of investigations,
observations, and investigations as a form of
supervision of drugs and food, and has the
authority to determine sanctions for parties who
violate the law in the field of drugs and their
distribution. To improve the supervision of the
distribution of drugs and food at the same time
post-market, BPOM, as the implementer of
government policies, takes three approaches;
1) Preventive approach: The supervision of drug
distribution is carried out by BPOM as an
extension of the government to prevent the
emergence of illegal drugs through regulation.
This effort, among others, is manifested in the
issuance of BPOM Regulation No. 33 of 2018
concerning the Application of 2D Barcodes in
Drug and Food Control. The regulation states
that the circulation of drugs and food
produced and circulated domestically or
imported for circulation in the territory of
Indonesia applies to 2D barcodes with
authentication and identification methods.
Additionally, to supervise the distribution of
drugs and food online, BPOM has issued
BPOM Regulation No. 8 of 2020 concerning
the Control of Drugs and Food circulation
Online. In the regulation, it is stated that every
drug that is circulated must have a distribution
permit and fulfill the requirements for a good
way of making and distributing drugs
following the provisions of the legislation.
Drug circulation is carried out online by the
pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical
wholesalers, branch pharmacy wholesalers,
and pharmacies must use the electronic
system owned by the pharmaceutical industry
and wholesalers. Branch pharmacy
wholesalers can only distribute drugs online
using the pharmaceutical wholesaler's
electronic system.
2) Detection approach: This approach is carried
out by BPOM as the implementer of
government policies in the field of drug
control to conduct inspections and supervision
of drugs based on a good risk-based
inspection and surveillance system. The
inspection and supervision system has been
assessed by the World Health Organization as
mature.
3) Responsive approach: This approach is
carried out through sampling tests on
circulating drugs, an inspection of drug
production facilities and drug distribution, and
monitoring of pharmacovigilance (a science
and activity concerned with the detection,
assessment, understanding, and prevention of
side effects or other problems associated with
drug use), and supervision. BPOM also
conducts special activities through a series of
operations on drug distribution in the
community. Operations with special targets
carried out by BPOM include storm and
Pangea operations. This operation is carried
out by BPOM in collaboration with the
International Criminal Police Organization
(ICPO), which focuses on the circulation of
illegal drugs, the circulation of fake stamina-
enhancing and slimming drugs, and the use of
hazardous materials in drugs circulating in the
community.
Based on the results of the series of actions, a
law enforcement process will be carried out
by the level of violation committed by giving
sanctions in the form of administrative
sanctions such as being prohibited from being
circulated, withdrawn from circulation,
revoking distribution permits, or confiscated
for destruction, as stated in BPOM Regulation
No. 19 of 2020 concerning Guidelines for
Follow-up Monitoring of Drugs and Drug
Ingredients. If there is a criminal element,
then the criminal violation of drug trafficking
is carried out through criminal proceedings by
the applicable laws and regulations, such as in
the case of business actors who distribute
drugs without a permit, the prosecution is
carried out in court with sanctions in the form
of imprisonment for 15 years and a maximum
fine of IDR 1.500.000.000.
The government continues to monitor the
circulation of illegal drugs during the COVID-19
pandemic, both in the pre-market and post-market
processes. Pre-market surveillance during the
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COVID-19 pandemic is faster than conditions
before the pandemic. When there is no pandemic,
the post-market is still carried out using the same
approach method.
4 Conclusion
The responsibility of the government in tackling the
circulation of illegal drugs during the COVID-19
pandemic is carried out by BPOM. BPOM is a
government organ whose function is to supervise
the circulation of drugs both before the drug is
circulated (pre-market) and after the drug is
circulated in the community (post-market). Pre-
market supervision, among others, is in the form of
an obligation for every drug manufacturer to
register, use the Good Manufacturing Practice
standard for chemical-based drugs and use the Good
Traditional Medicine Manufacturing Standard for
traditional medicines. Meanwhile, post-market
supervision is carried out by BPOM through
inspection of production and distribution facilities,
drug sampling and laboratory testing, monitoring of
advertisements, promotions and labeling of matters
related to drugs such as side effects, and legal action
and sanctions for those found to have violated the
law.
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Ceprudin, Retno Mawarini Sukmariningsih,
Sri Mulyani, Afif Noor, Dwi Wulandari, Ali Maskur
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
311
Volume 22, 2023
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to
declare that is relevant to the content of this
article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/23202.2023.22.33
Ceprudin, Retno Mawarini Sukmariningsih,
Sri Mulyani, Afif Noor, Dwi Wulandari, Ali Maskur
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
312
Volume 22, 2023
