Hydro Pump Storage System Driven by PV System for Peak Demand
SUHIB A. ABU TAHA, MOHAMED R. GOMAA*, SOHAIB AL-MA’ASFEH
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering,
Al-Hussein Bin Talal University,
MA’AN, JORDAN
Abstract: - Nowadays there are increasing demands for the electricity also the rapid improvement in the
technology and urbanization that increases energy consumption daily, in the other hand there are many research
to find an optimal and economical storage system for the renewable energy that can reduce the demand on the
fossil fuel , also reduce the emission and save the environment in this report we review some applications and
methods related to the Integrated between the photovoltaic system with pumped hydro storage system the first
application in the residential building , the second one in the arid area and the third one in the farms above
methods or applications used to minimize cost and reduce emission by reduce dependency on fossil fuel, that’s
occur by use the system contains of Photovoltaic (PV) system with pumped hydro storage ,the major components
of the systems used are PV panels, upper reservoir and lower reservoir, control center or inverter, pump, turbine
and connected to public grid or diesel generator the results of the above methods show that the integration
between photovoltaic system and pumped hydro system is applicable and sufficient ,the proposed hybrid systems
can assist in reducing operation cost, reduce in consuming fossil fuel and make cost saving by an average of 50%.
Key-Words: - Pumped hydro storage; Residential buildings; Distributed energy storage; Photovoltaic generation;
arid area.
Received: June 9, 2021. Revised: February 18, 2022. Accepted: March 20, 2022. Published: April 28, 2022.
1 Introduction
In those days, the rapid improvement in
technologies increases energy consumption.
Furthermore, the excessive use of fossil fuels affects
the environment [1]. Hence, it is urgent to utilize
renewable energy (RE) with high electricity
consumption [2].
As we know, photovoltaic systems can provide an
inexhaustible source of energy. Still, solar energy is
not continuous during the day because it is affected
by the weather and radiation, indicating that an
independent photovoltaic system cannot ensure a
stable power supply for the whole day. The energy
storage system has been investigated to complement
the available PV energy and shift peaks. Energy
storage systems can store surplus power from the PV
system and generate power when the sunlight is not
effective. So, modern energy storage technologies
bring many advanced methods such as pumped hydro
storage (PHS) [3-10].
Recently almost 90% of the country’s energy
demand has been met from fossil fuels [11-15].
However, the total renewable energy share of solar,
wind, or hydropower energy sources is rising due to
the government commitment, and currently, it's
reaching 12% [16]. However, despite the increase in
the country’s power generation capacity, it's still not
in a position to adequately meet the overall energy
demands of all the customers connected to the grid
without making strategies like demand-side
management, Time-of-Use tariff, or optimal
management of available energy storages [17]. For
the consumers in the residential, commercial, and
industries, this matter is most evident and apparent in
the high cost of electricity during peak pricing
periods, and it can be up to four times the cost of
electricity in off-peak periods; based on the demand
sectors as well as the seasons [18].
Residential buildings in large cities have a
significant source of power consumption. The high
demands for electricity from the population are
tremendous pressure on the public grids, leading to a
peak load period of electricity consumption
accompanied by an unstable power grid supply [19].
The previous studies show that the initial cost for
this system is high compared with others, but on the
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DOI: 10.37394/23202.2022.21.5
Suhib Α. Abu Taha,
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E-ISSN: 2224-2678
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other hand, it has the optimal solution that represents
a lower environmental impact; in the domain of
irrigation, there is integration between the hydro and
electrical stations utilized that incorporate PV
systems and precipitation trends analysis was
proposed [20].
The current paper introduces pumped hydro
storage system applications, results review,
comparison, and conclusion of the pumped hydro
system.
2 Different Application of Pumped
Hydro Storage System Integrated with
Photovoltaic in Different Areas.
Section two will review applications for
integrating the hydro energy storage system and other
systems in three different areas residential buildings,
small farms, and arid areas.
2.1 Residential Buildings-Prefeasibility
Study of a Distributed Photovoltaic System
with Pumped Hydro Storage for Residential
Buildings
The residential houses have a natural height drop and
always have an available roof area. Still, we must
consider two major things the building's load-bearing
capacity and the maximum available roof area [19].
We have in this study two reservoirs; the upper
reservoir (UR) should be covered with the roof as
much as possible to keep a space for walking and
operation and prevent water from evaporating. The
upper reservoir will be made with a closed cover
style, and then the photovoltaic system should be
fixed on the upper pool closed cover to utilize the
roof area. The top surface of the upper reservoir is
designed and has a vent hole. This can help maintain
the air pressure balance when the water level
changes. The penstock of the PHS system is fixed
vertically against the wall of the residential building.
Also, it is connected to the lower reservoir, which
locates down in the basement.
Referring to the figure below figure Fig. 1, The
residential building is a power consumption center
equipped with photovoltaic panels to generate power.
It uses pumped hydro storage for energy storage [8].
The system work of this study as the PHS system
used to store the PV system's extra power by using
the pumping water to UR, then it can be utilized the
energy stored when PV power is not available. The
system must be compact because of the limited
mounting space, so a PAT device is applied where
the pump and a generator are integrated. The control
in this system is not working as an inverter, but it also
controls and is responsible for the electricity
distribution; if we have excess electricity. The system
can also distribute it to the grid with repayment; when
the power from the PV-PHS system is insufficient
and does not comply with the demands, it can also get
supply from the grid [19].
Fig. 1. The system configuration of a grid-connected
PV-PHS system.
Referring to Fig. 2, which shows the flow chart
of the control logic, the operation principle is the
brain of the proposed photovoltaic system with hydro
pump system, the input parameters, for example (PV
system power generation, water volume for pump,
and the amount of trading electricity), must be
defined before starting the program for control logic,
there are two branches for the flowchart the first one
is when the PV system generates more electricity
load than required during the day, and the second one
when the PV system cannot generate electricity or the
household is lacking energy during the night or rainy
days. The study has presented two case studies: one
villa and the second apartment building. The results
reveal that the operation principle combined with the
system proposed in this study shows a better effect
on apartment buildings than villa buildings because
of the building height and load demand. It is clear
that, the residents of the apartment building can
employ the PHS system to supply energy more
effective during peak power periods, and the
residents of the villa building need to be powered by
the grid after 6 pm for most of the year, that’s leading
to an increase in cost [19].
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Suhib Α. Abu Taha,
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Fig. 2. The flow chart of operating the PV-PHS
system.
2.2 Arid Areas- Hybrid DG-PV With
Groundwater Pumped Hydro Storage for
Sustainable Energy Supply in Arid Areas
The present study develops a model for the optimal
operation of a hybrid diesel-photovoltaic system by
using the groundwater in pumped hydro storage, that
used to reduce the electricity cost, also minimize the
power produced from the DG, the generated power
flow from the photovoltaic and stored by PHS used
to convert into electrical potential energy of the
stored water in the reservoir, and provide variable
load demand as well as the availability and provided
from solar resources, this system applicable in small
farming activities where groundwater is extracted,
therefore, the resources and facilities made available
in arid area farms can be efficiently used with the
proposed system. In this proposed study, the total
load from the photovoltaic system during the time of
the day from the solar resource. The photovoltaic
supplies the pump for storing the water in the
reservoir for future power generation by the turbine
and hydro-generator set. The diesel generator is also
used to provide the load or supply the pumped hydro
storage. However, the total output power from the
diesel generator is the control variable to be
minimized. The diesel generator can be used in many
cases, like when there is not enough energy from the
photovoltaic and the pumped hydro system to supply
the load when the reservoir needs to fill state
condition. The photovoltaic resource is not practical,
and when the reservoir requires to be filled up before
a peak power demand, most of the photovoltaic
system’s power is used to supply the load. Referring
to the figure below, Fig. 3, which shows the proposed
application, the main power flows related to the
hybrid system can be graphically represented [20].
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the PV-DG with pump
hydro storage system.
In this system, the best control model for the
operation cost reduction of the hybrid photovoltaic-
diesel hybrid system integrated with pumped hydro
storage by used groundwater has been improved; this
proposed system takes into account the non-constant
of the diesel engines fuel consumption curve in the
objective function as well as significant constraints,
like the operation exclusive power flow and the final
fixed state condition of the pumped hydro storage
water level [20].
2.3 Farms-Optimal Operation Scheduling of
Grid-Connected PV With Ground Pumped
Hydro Storage System for Cost Reduction in
Small Farming Activities
The proposed system is a model that is used to reduce
the operation cost of a grid-connected PV system
integrated with hydro and PHS. This proposed
system can be used in small farming activities, where
boreholes are already presented for supplying water.
Therefore, the resources and facilities available on
the farms can be efficiently used for the proposed
system. Fig. 4 shows the operation of the proposed
system first load PL supplied by PV and the excess
energy used for a water pump that pumped the water
from the borehole to the upper reservoir. The use of
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stored energy when the solar resource is unavailable
by the turbine, also the system is connected to the grid
we can use it when the electricity price is low, after
generated power by the pico turbine pump, turbine-
generator PT-G, the water is returned to the
underground, that’s lead that borehole with its
reservoirs is as an energy storage system [21].
Fig. 4. Set-up of the studied microgrid.
The main goal of the proposed system is to
minimization of electricity costs, and as per the
results can be implemented in small farming
activities, in which we have already boreholes for
supplying water in this system, a hybrid system that
consists of solar PV which is integrated with PHS are
used that reduce the electricity cost in a dynamic
electricity pricing environment. The optimal flow of
power from the different energy sources to the load
is determined by the fluctuating price of electricity,
the load requirements, the reservoir state of water
stored, and the solar resource. Those are the control
parameters to be optimized with the aim of
minimizing the power consumed from the grid. The
optimization problem can be solved through linear
programming. The simulation results can provide the
impact and benefit of the proposed system on the
electricity cost reduction of small loads in the
farming sector [21].
3 Comparison Between Studied
Applications
Table 1 shows studies conclude that there are
several applications for using hydro pump storage,
such as residential buildings (apartments and villas),
arid areas, and farms. The difference between the
systems used and how it reduces the daily electricity
cost and the developed system reduces the power
produced from the grid or diesel generator. The
simulation results show that the proposed system can
achieve a high potential for energy cost saving.
For the first application, a residential building that is
used for apartment and villa, the results show that the
operation principle combined with the system
proposed in this study has a better effect on apartment
buildings than on villa buildings due to the height and
load demand, the apartment building can use PHS
system more sustainably through peak power periods
than resident villa building which needs to powered
by grid after six pm for most of the year that leading
to increasing cost, also as mentioned in the above
table, this system used control center which is used
for distribution of electricity. It converted DC to AC,
not unlike the other two applications, with only an
inverter. Also, this system used the public grid as
stand by a source of energy; this system was used for
powering electrical equipment. For the second
application, arid areas, this system reduces the
environmental emission by reducing dependency on
the diesel generator and reducing fossil fuel
consumption. This system used the underground as
the lower reservoir, different from other applications
used for livestock farming activity. For the third
application, the farm's area, this system uses to
minimize the cost of electricity for the proposed
farming activities. This system uses the borehole to
supply water as a lower reservoir, which is different
from other applications. This system is used for load-
demand household irrigation.
Table.1. Comparison between studied Applications [19-23]
No.
Item
Application #1
Application #3
1
Proposed System
Location
Residential Building
Farms
2
Major Components
PV panels, Reservoir
(upper and lower),
Control center, Pump,
Turbine, and Public Grid.
PV panels, reservoir (upper
and borehole for supplying
water), Inverter, Pump,
Turbine, and grid.
3
Duty/Stand by
Energy Source
PV Panels/ Electricity
Grid
PV Panels/ Electricity Grid
4
Reservoir Proposed
Concrete or Steel Upper
and Lower Reservoir
Concrete or Steel Upper
Reservoir and Borehole for
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Supplying Water as Lower
Reservoir
5
Control System for
The Energy Supply
Control center
Inverter
6
Function For
Control System for
The Energy Supply.
Controls The Distribution
of Electricity and Convert
DC to AC
Only Convert DC to AC
7
Cost Saving
Between 46%-76%
Nearly 50%
8
Application
Electrical Equipment’s
Load Demand House Hold
Irrigation
4 Conclusion
The main goal of the previous studies is to minimize
cost and reduce emissions by reducing dependency
on fossil fuels that are occurred by using the system
containing PV system with pumped hydro storage
and integrated with an electricity grid or diesel
generator. The previous systems can reduce the
pressure of the power grid or diesel generator during
the peak period. The users of the above applications
can store surplus electricity instead of selling it to the
grid, which reduces the load on the grid compared
with the grid-connected systems without energy
storage. The previous systems show a significant
reduction in using electricity and diesel generator,
showing that cost-saving by an average of more than
50%. The system proposed on the farms and in the
arid area shows that the developed model effectively
utilizes underground water resources available on
site. The system proposed in the arid area can use the
pumping system available on the site to store energy
in a PHS scheme.
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DOI: 10.37394/23202.2022.21.5
Suhib Α. Abu Taha,
Mohamed R. Gomaa, Sohaib Al-Μa’asfeh
E-ISSN: 2224-2678
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