Vehicle Control with DC Motor in Android Based Systems
CEM SONMEZ
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Suleyman Demirel University
Faculty of Engineering
TURKEY
MESUD KAHRIMAN
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Suleyman Demirel University
Faculty of Engineering
TURKEY
OZLEM COSKUN
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Suleyman Demirel University
Faculty of Engineering
TURKEY
1 Introduction
With the addition of the title of smart to mobile phones,
which are one of the most basic tools of mobile
communication, mobile phones have started to be
mentioned with operating systems. Mobile operating
systems such as iOS and Symbian remained on the basis of
brands, while Windows mobile could not keep up with the
developments of rival operating systems. Against these
mobile operating systems, the Android operating system,
which has the advantages of being a Linux core and open
source code, has found a widespread use. The Android
company was acquired by Google in 2005 and then it
developed tremendously. Many smartphone manufacturers
have preferred the android operating system on their phones
[1].
By the widespread use of smartphones using the Android
operating system, android-based applications have been
developed in many different areas. Some of the Android-
based projects are listed below. Kansız and Güvensan
developed an android-based accident detection application
by using the accelerometer on the phone. In the application
they developed, they were able to distinguish a normal
movement from falling, and if it was decided to fall, a
message was sent to the designated places [2]. Oyediran
and his friends used the Android platform in education.
With the software they developed, OP-AMP applications
were tested remotely via Android. It is possible to observe
the output signal for different OP-AMP circuits and input
values [3].
Abstract: - With the widespread use of smart phones, applications using the Android operating system are encountered
in many different areas. In the prepared study, the control of a car working with a DC motor was implemented with the
interface designed in the Android operating system. Wi-Fi technology is preferred for the communication between the
mobile device and the device and the control card on the vehicle. The open source Arduino UNO module is used in the
control card on the vehicle. At the end of the study, the forward, backward, right and left movement controls of the
vehicle were successfully completed.
Key-Words: Android, Arduino, DC motor, Wi-Fi
Received: April 8, 2021. Revised: January 25, 2022. Accepted: February 21, 2022. Published: March 26, 2022.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SIGNAL PROCESSING
DOI: 10.37394/232014.2022.18.6
Cem Sonmez, Mesud Kahriman, Ozlem Coskun
E-ISSN: 2224-3488
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Volume 18, 2022
Albayrak et al. implemented DC motor control application
with Android-based devices. In their applications, they
provided speed and direction control of DC motors with
bluetooth 2.0 communication, which is commonly found in
smart phones. The information sent via the smart phone
was received via the HC-06 module on the control card and
the motor was controlled via the PWM signal produced by
the PIC16F877A microcontroller [4].
In another study, Sefa colleagues implemented the
monitoring and control of a speed-controlled DC motor via
the android interface. The speed control of the engine was
realized with a 32-bit Cortex M-3 class ARM processor.
They used Bluetooth technology to communicate with the
control card of the device with Android operating system.
With the system they implemented, the current, voltage and
speed information of the motor could be monitored and
controlled remotely. The motor they use has a rated power
of 300 W and IGBTs are used for motor driving [5].
Android-based applications have also found their place in
social applications. İlhan and Mutlu allow people who will
use the same route to travel together with the prepared
program. The application they prepared consists of three
parts. These are the parts of the server that will pull the data
from a central service provider, send the information to the
application, and provide the map information. An android-
based interface has been prepared for the application part
that sends information and communication with other
blocks has been provided. The system, which is entered
with a password, has enabled vehicle owners and people
who will travel on the same route to be informed of each
other [6].
2 Literature Reviews
The Android operating system also has applications in the field of
health. Tuncer and Alkan performed abdominal image
segmentation with mobile devices with Android operating
system. In their application, the CT data of the patient was
taken from the server and the segmentation process was
completed using image processing techniques. The success
rate of the system was obtained as 0.7 according to the ZSI
criteria [7]. Aslan and Yavuzer Aslan examined the
importance of mobile programming, including the Android
operating system, and found that it was not sufficiently
included in the course curriculum. In order to meet the
mobile programmer that the market needs, they suggested
that there should be a separate course called "Mobile
Programme" in the curriculum [8].
Basarslan et al., carried out the transfer of data from
distance and temperature sensors placed on a vehicle to an
android-based device. Arduino UNO board is used to
receive and process data from sensors. In the transfer of
data from Arduino board to mobile device with Android
operating system, MX-05 module, which uses 433 MHz RF
communication, is used [9]. In another tool application
made using the Android-based operating system; A fare
collection system and passenger tracking system were
developed for public transportation vehicles. With the
software to be installed on the devices with the Android
operating system, communication with the reader in the
public transport vehicle was ensured and the fee was
collected. They stated that they use NFC technology for
communication between the mobile device and the reader
[10].
Kandemir et al., developed an application for the needs of
the visually impaired. The application they developed
detects the text in the image taken from the camera of the
mobile device with the Android operating system and
speaks it out. The software they use during the process is
generally open source software. They used Open CV for
text finding and Tesseract program for converting the found
text into text. In the last step, they performed the
vocalization of the characters converted to text with the
Android text-to-speech library. The speed test result of the
system they implemented was stated to be suitable for real-
time applications, and for a 50-image data set, there was
text with an average of 182 ms and the recognition process
was completed with an average of 4 ms [11].
Another application area of the Android-based operating
system has been the advertising industry. Çakır et al.,
performed the LED signage control via bluetooth with a
mobile device with android operating system. The image or
animation desired to be displayed in their work has been
adjusted with a mobile device with Android operating
system and transferred to the Arduino Mega 2560 processor
control card via bluetooth. The control card, on the other
hand, allows the creation of the desired image or animation
by driving RGB LEDs according to the incoming data [12].
As you can see, it is possible to encounter Android-based
applications in many different areas. In the following parts
of the prepared study, respectively; The materials and
methods used will be presented, then the processes will be
explained and the completed system will be introduced. In
the last part, the successful aspects of the study and the
parts that need improvement will be discussed.
3 Material and Method
The main circuits and integrators used to realize the
Arduino-controlled DC vehicle control application;
Arduino UNO board, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, L293B
motor driver IC. Other materials used are Li-Po battery,
wheels, motors and vehicle body. The features of the cards
used are presented in detail below.
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3.1. Arduino Uno Board
Arduino; A flexible, easy-to-use hardware developed by
Italian electronics engineers from the development
environment that includes an input output card and an
application of the processing/wiring language, where
anyone can download printed circuits and print their own
circuits if they wish, with a stylish appearance and ready-
printed with components installed. and software-based
physical programming platform.
Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive
objects, or it can be connected to software running on a
computer. Ready-made cards can be purchased, or there is
information on hardware design for those who want to
produce them themselves.
The microprocessor (AtmegaXX) on the Arduino
development board is programmed with the Arduino
programming language (wiring-based) and this program is
uploaded to the board with the help of the Processing-based
Arduino Software Development Environment (IDE) [13].
In the prepared study, it is aimed to control the vehicle with
the Arduino Uno card.
Arduino Uno is an Arduino board with ATmega328
microcontroller. It can be said that Arduino is the most
basic and widely used board. Arduino Uno has 14 digital
input/output pins. 6 of them can be used as PWM outputs. It
also has 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, USB
connection, power jack (2.1mm), ICSP header and reset
button. Arduino Uno contains all the necessary components
to support a microcontroller. The Arduino Uno can be
connected to a computer, powered by an adapter, or
powered by a battery.
Figure 1. Arduino uno board
3.2. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is the technology that enables
devices such as personal computers, video game consoles,
digital audio players and smartphones to connect to the
internet wirelessly.
It is a compatibility indicator that shows that Wi-Fi
products can provide wireless connection and is determined
according to IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g
and IEEE 802.11n standards.
Wi-Fi allows laptops, PDAs, and other portable devices to
connect to the local area network through nearby wireless
access points. The connection is made at the 2.4 GHz or 5
GHz radio frequency, depending on the IEEE 802.11
protocol, which the wireless access points and the device
jointly support. The data is sent and received in accordance
with the CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with
collision avoidance) protocol, and thus the problem of error
occuring during the transmission of packets is resolved.
Advantages; It has high data transfer rate and network
structures. At the same time, it is a great advantage that it is
widespread throughout the world. The disadvantages are
the high risk of malfunction and the lack of sound
transmission.The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module used in the study
offers IEEE 802.11 b/g/n support. With this module, data
transmission can be provided by easily connecting to the
wireless networks around. Here, the program designed for
Android systems with the Wi-Fi module on the vehicle
communicates over the wireless network, and routing
commands are sent to the vehicle.
Figure 2. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
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DOI: 10.37394/232014.2022.18.6
Cem Sonmez, Mesud Kahriman, Ozlem Coskun
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Volume 18, 2022
5 Conclusions and Discussion
In this study, it is aimed to control the vehicle via wireless
network with Android application. With the studies, the
Android application was developed and the necessary
circuit for the vehicle was designed. The designed circuit
has been successfully mounted on the vehicle. According to
the codes written on the Arduino uno card used in the
vehicle and the button pressed from the Android
application, the data was transmitted over the wireless
network and the movement of the vehicle was ensured.
In the study, the Android Studio program was used to
develop the Android interface. Android Studio is the
official programming tool also recommended by Google.
Here are the key features Android Studio offers to code
developers:
Gradle-based, flexible project building system.
Multiple APK output according to different
features and versions.
Quick and easy project generation with basic
project templates.
A drag-and-drop rich editor that facilitates screen
designs.
Test tools to check the application's performance,
usability, and operability in different versions.
Easy and secure APK signing.
Ability to add Google services to the application
without additional effort.
With the introduction of Android operating system devices
into our lives in recent years, our life has become easier,
and now we have the opportunity to access the information
we want directly without the need for computers. Android
is an operating system developed by google for mobile
devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers and
netbooks. Android is GNU software built on the linux
kernel base. The GNU kernel is an operating system that
includes system tools and user software. As the name
suggests, GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is structurally similar to
unix, but in fact it is a unique software different from unix
and does not contain any unix code.
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Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SIGNAL PROCESSING
DOI: 10.37394/232014.2022.18.6
Cem Sonmez, Mesud Kahriman, Ozlem Coskun
E-ISSN: 2224-3488
50
Volume 18, 2022