Development of an Electronic Bird Repellent System using Sound

Emission

RICARDO YAURI1, EINER CAMPOS1, RENZO YALICO1, VANESSA GAMERO2

1Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, PERÚ

2Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,

BRAZIL

Abstract: - Currently, the damages caused by the stalking of birds in industry and agriculture are of great

consideration, because they adapt to city environments in search of food and lose their fear, creating threats and

taking advantage of the human presence, benefiting from food and waste, causing diseases and great economic

losses. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to design a repellent system that allows birds to keep away from

the facilities of companies and homes. There are various methods to repel birds using traditional and

technological methods, such as the use of temperature or distance sensors, microcontrollers, and sirens.

Therefore, this paper describes the development of the device to keep birds away. The design of the printed

circuit board, implementation of the control algorithm for the system, the evaluation of the system through

simulation, and the design and development of the casing for its integration are shown. Finally, a functional

prototype of the repelling device is shown, to detect the presence of the bird and immediately emit a sound that

scares it away, using the algorithm integrated with the electronic system.

Key-Words: - Arduino, repellent, speaker, Arduino, control, ultrasound, electronic system, enterprise

Received: November 9, 2022. Revised: March 19, 2023. Accepted: April 13, 2023. Published: May 19, 2023.

1 Introduction

The most common habitat of humans are cities

made up of houses and factories, [1], [2] and it is

predicted that by 2030, total urbanization will

increase by 200%. The presence of wild animals in

urban environments is because they have been able

to change their habits to adapt to people's habits, [3],

[4]. On the other hand, few species have managed

to adapt to cities, with birds, [5], being the ones that

have spread across different continents along with

people. There are a certain number of species

adapting to the expansion of urbanism, they lose

their fear and form part of the community, staying in

the places where humans live, [6], [7], [8]. Birds are

capable of taking advantage of human presence, and

they benefit from food and waste that are abundant

in some urban areas, [9], [10], and this allows them

to be distributed throughout different parts of the

planet with around one billion individuals, [11]. On

the other hand, most of the methods used to repel

birds lose effectiveness over time, [12].

In the Lima region of Peru, the presence of

pigeon feces harms some companies, damaging the

structure of buildings and at the same time the

health of people. Recently, in the warehouses of

companies and crops located in the Lima region,

there are various reports of damage caused by

pigeons to materials and products that harm the

health and hygiene of personnel. These crops are

attacked by birds because they are exposed to the

open air and their annual production is reduced by

up to 30%, [12]. The abundance of food in industrial

places has contributed to the spread of birds,

becoming a constant threat to people's health and a

plague that harms the city's environment.

Among some methods to solve the problems

described, there are solutions based on IoT (internet

of things) or Edge Computing, [13], [14], for the

control, monitoring, and tracking of wildlife,

complemented with lethal and non-lethal techniques

in the field of agriculture (materials chemicals,

perimeter fences, poison) that contaminate the

environment to be cared for, [15]. It is for this

reason that the use of an audio alert system based on

a convolutional neural network (CNN) model

deployed in microcomputers for image analysis with

computer vision is considered, [16]. Another

method involves sensing the animals using a laser

signal to determine their location and generating

sound waves to repel them, [17].

Regarding what was previously described, the

problem has been identified and the research

question is posed: What is required for the design of

a repellent system that allows birds to be removed

from the company facilities in Lima, Peru?

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Renzo Yalico, Vanessa Gamero

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Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to

show the design and implementation of an

Electronic Bird Repelling System through Sound

Emission.

The specific objectives of the paper are: Design

and implementation of an electronic printed circuit

board using the Proteus program; design and

implementation of a control algorithm; Validation of

the system by simulating the operation of the

electronic system and integration of the prototype

with a protection structure. This research adds value

by describing the components and design criteria for

the implementation of the system and describing an

engineering solution for the care of assets and

products that are found in the open air in the city.

This paper is organized into 5 sections as

described below. In section 2 we present a literature

review. In section 3 the most important concepts

related to the technologies used. Section 4 describes

the proposed system, the research and development

methodology based on an incremental iterative

process, and in section 5 the results are mentioned.

Finally, in section 6 the conclusions are presented.

2 Literature Review

This section describes studies that apply the

experience and integrated technology in smart

electronic devices that serve as bird repellents,

different from those commercialized in the market,

indicating the technological aspects related to the

system described.

According to [18], the process of designing and

building a repellent device with the PIR sensor

facilitates the detection of animals and it is

necessary to use a component such as the

microcontroller that manages the detection and alert

process. According to its functionality, the repelling

device is separated into two parts: The presence

detector and receiving part have a range of up to 5

meters, generating 40KHz frequency signals.

Transmitter and receiver components are combined

to perform real-time monitoring of the position of

animals.

In the paper carried out in [19], he describes how

there is a drastic increase in theft from houses and

shops. Therefore, this paper describes how a home

security platform can be configured using a PIR

(Passive Infra-Red) sensor controlled by a

microcontroller. This system detects any person and

then the microcontroller sends it to a mobile phone

to send a message (SMS). The system uses the Open

Arduino Nano hardware and Tests were carried out

that validated the operation of the sensors by

detecting movement and activating an LED and a

buzzer automatically.

The research described in [20], shows how the

problem of the invasion of birds in urban

environments is detrimental to outdoor activities

related to companies. This paper describes an

observation methodology based on interviews and

studies of the area to obtain data and define the

appropriate tools to implement an optimal

prototype. The effectiveness of the system in the

field is evaluated by generating comparative tables

between the operation and activation diagrams.

Attacks by birds encourage the appearance of

pests in crop fields, so farmers often use handmade

equipment made up of plastic ropes and scarecrows

to protect their fields, [21]. This paper shows the use

of cameras to detect the presence of birds and then

activate a system that repels birds using sound

frequencies. The developed system uses computer

vision techniques processed by a microcontroller

which automatically generates sound.

In the research developed by [22], the

classification of sounds for the detection of types of

birds is somewhat complex, because it is confused

with sounds that are generated in nature.

Considering that birds emit sounds very similar to

humans, processing that sound is like analyzing the

human voice. The paper proposes a trait score called

MICV (Mutual Information and Coefficient of

Variation), which uses the information coefficient of

variation to assess each trait's contribution to

classification. In this way, the optimal

characteristics can be selected to classify the sound,

obtaining as a result that this method is

comparatively superior to other identified

classification methods.

On the other hand, in [23], the author reduces the

complexity of the processing system using the

dimension reduction technique, and applies three

methods: The calculation of the average, principal

component analysis, and vector quantization,

performing the classification with the method of the

nearest neighbor. Using the mentioned techniques,

the classification of species is automatic with the

help of the recording of the songs of each type of

bird. As a result, a classification accuracy of 82% is

obtained.

In [24], [25] the authors mention that the creation

of an electronic bird-repelling device requires high

usability, efficiency, and cost. The bird-repelling

systems described in these works coincide with the

use of sensors that detect environmental changes

based on radiation, temperature, and pressure

generated by the presence of birds. The

implemented systems allow automatic management

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Volume 18, 2023

of alerts, whether in urban or rural environments,

limiting human presence.

Based on the previous papers, this research has

the benefit of designing an electronic control system

for a bird repellent that helps to control the

inconveniences caused by its presence in the fields

or cities. Another advantage is that complex

artificial intelligence algorithms are not used (which

could put the lifetime of the device at risk due to

energy consumption) but rather detection systems

based on infrared radiation sensors. In addition, a

variety of commercial components such as sensors,

speakers, and microcontrollers, among others,

available locally, which are unified through the

control algorithm, are considered. On the other

hand, the use of the microcontroller optimizes the

hardware resources instead of a microcomputer,

which performs the specific tasks of detecting birds

with sensors by receiving the input signal from the

sensor and emitting the output signal to activate the

alarm.

3 Bird Repellent Technologies.

Some technologies allow repelling birds, and

combat crowding, and damage that could cause to

company structures or crop fields. Among the most

common types of systems, we have the following:

 Mechanical repeller. Its main function is to

control that birds form pests and stalk crops,

[18]. In some cases, nylon meshes are used that

almost completely prevent the stalking of

pigeons, but this generates a high cost due to the

large areas to be covered.

 Visual scarer. It is based on the simulation of

predatory birds such as owls, eagles, and other

birds that represent a threat. Lights are used that

project shapes of snakes, fake owls, and

scarecrows.

 Ultrasonic repeller. Ultrasonic waves are

generated, which are not within the spectrum

audible to humans. It is a common way that

manages to make birds uncomfortable,

preventing them from gathering in the area to be

protected (Fig. 1). Usually, for its use, AC or

DC power supply is required by batteries.

Fig. 1: Ultrasonic repeller, [26]

3.1 Sensors

Laser sensor. This laser technology is effective for

remote bird control and is based on a high-

frequency light beam and optical filters. This allows

for keeping the infrastructure of the companies and

the crops protected from damage by birds without

causing them harm.

PIR motion sensor. It is a passive infrared sensor

that interacts with the energy sources of the human

body or animals. This sensor captures the variation

of environmental radiation and can be used to detect

intruders (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: PIR Sensor, [18]

4 Description of System

The development methodology is iterative and

incremental where each part of the project is divided

into small iterations. In the first stage, the hardware

and software requirements to implement the

electronic board, firmware, sensor integration, and

deployment are identified. During the development

process, in each iteration, you have a version of the

hardware that meets the specifications to correct the

appearance of problems. This allows us to work

more efficiently because we can make

improvements with each iteration.

4.1 General Scheme

For the design of the bird-repelling system, the

following elements shown in Fig. 3 were used:

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 The passive infrared (PIR) detector. To capture

the presence of animals (birds), through the

energy released by the body using the ambient

temperature as a reference.

 Arduino nano module. Development card to

realize alarm control by receiving sensor signal.

 WTV020 sound module. Used to play sounds

that were previously recorded on Secure Digital

memory (SD).

 Signal amplifier module. Primarily designed to

boost the output electrical signal from the sound

module and send it to a speaker to generate

audio signals.

Fig. 3: System block diagram

4.2 Printed Circuit Board Layout

The necessary components for the design of the

board are selected considering the PIR sensor

animals and connected to the Arduino Nano module

(Fig. 4). The WTV020 audio player is also

controlled by the Arduino Nano module and its

output is connected to the LM086 operational

amplifier and then to the IRF640 MOSFET, being

biased by resistors and capacitors before sending the

signal to the speaker.

These components are used to carry out the

design of the printed circuit board and carry out the

configuration of track width and component spacing

using the Proteus software, which has the automatic

routing option (Fig. 5). Fig. 6 shows the 3D image

with all the details of the board, which has the

connector bases for the Arduino Nano and the sound

player, considering the real measurements of the

distances of the pins of each device and correcting

errors for then integrate the electronic card to a

protection structure.

Fig. 4: Repellent Circuit Schematic

Fig. 5: Printed circuit board

Fig. 6: 3D visualization of the printed circuit board

4.3 Control Process

The algorithm starts by controlling the PIR sensor

which sends the activation logic signal to the

Arduino using pin 13 and generates a negative

signal on pins 12 and 9 to reproduce the sound,

having an automatic redundancy system. If there is

no presence of birds, the program is in standby

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status, but if it detects a presence, it will emit an

alert sound as shown in the flowchart in Fig. 7.

When the sensor detects the bird, it sends the

signal to the microcontroller, the controller performs

sound selection by sending a negative pulse to the

audio player. Subsequently, the sound player

module emits the signal that goes through an

amplification process, so that it is finally transmitted

by the speaker.

The sound player

transmits the signal

Sound Type

Selection

birds presence

Output signal

amplification

The speaker generates

the sound

Fig. 7: Control System Flow Chart

4.4 Simulation of Electronic Circuit

Operation

The simulation process is carried out to evaluate the

control algorithm and its integration with the

selected sensors and actuators. The Simulation of

the complete circuit is displayed in Fig. 3 carried out

in the Proteus program, where the speaker is

transmitting a sound that has been selected using the

negative pulse that was sent from the Arduino nano

through pin 12 to the audio player module.

The circuit also amplifies the electrical signal of

100mV, as observed in the oscilloscope (channel A)

(Fig. 8), while in channel B a signal that reaches

4.3V is observed, observing a circuit gain.

Fig. 8: Simulated signal amplification

4.5 Development of a Full-Scale Prototype

As part of the research paper, a protection structure

was developed for which the following steps are

followed:

 Case design in Autodesk Inventor. With this

tool, the design of the mechanical structures of

the front and side casing and a knob for volume

control are carried out.

 3D printing of the parts using Ultimaker Curra.

 With this tool, the configuration of the type of

material, printing speed, filling speed, line

width, layer height, and printing temperature,

among other functions, is carried out. These

settings are then stored in a file that can be

interpreted by the printer.

5 Results

The casing is made in such a way that each

component fits correctly and has a measurement

inside so that the parts are not too close,

guaranteeing better cooling (Fig. 9). All the

components are assembled with the casing, as

shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 9: Design of the front and side casing

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Fig. 10: Location of electronic components in the

casing

The 5V power supply, the Arduino, the PIR

sensor, the speaker, an IRF640 mosfet, capacitors,

and resistors are integrated into the electronic circuit

as shown in Fig. 10. The battery provides the

necessary energy to power the entire circuit and the

player module. The WTV020 sound player needs a

negative pulse on pin P07 to play the sound and on

pin P02 to go to the next sound which is controlled

and integrated with the Arduino hardware.

In addition, the verification of the generated

signals is carried out, audibly and with

measurements on the oscilloscope. Fig. 11 shows

the connections made to make the measurements,

locating the probes in channel 1 (the audio output of

the sound player) and channel 2 connected to the

speaker. Fig. 12 shows a screenshot with the image

of channel 1 represented by the yellow color,

showing a 42-mV signal, and channel 2, represented

by the light blue color, which shows a 4.6 V signal,

clearly observing that the signal has been amplified

and is adapted to generate the scaring sound.

In this way, adequate control of the audible

signal and its generation through a battery-powered

portable device using an open hardware platform

was obtained as a result.

Fig. 11: Measurement of the amplifier circuit with

the oscilloscope

Fig. 12: Measurements obtained with the

oscilloscope

The bird-repellent prototype is an important

device that was developed to keep birds away from

certain areas. In Fig. 13 a frontal image is shown,

where the PIR sensor can detect presences up to 10

meters from the front, but there is a reduction in

detection on the sides. In addition, the speaker

comes to emit a sound that reaches 85 dB having an

operating autonomy of up to 3 hours with batteries.

In case, the device accumulates a sound emission of

up to 10 minutes, the device will work up to 30

days.

6 Conclusions

The design and implementation of a printed circuit

board allow electronic connections to be made

easily, avoiding problems related to movement or

disconnections. In addition, it was possible to find

problems related to a bad arrangement of

components by having made the design in 3

dimensions before manufacturing the board.

The control algorithm for the bird-repellent

system was concluded through an incremental

iterative process that allowed an adequate

implementation of the firmware for the control

algorithm in the C language.

A full-scale prototype of the electronic device

and protection structure was made, where all the

electronic components are integrated in a casing that

was designed in Autodesk Inventor and printed in

3D. Finally, to replicate the device, the exact sizes

of each component that will go to the printed circuit,

the sound emission section, and the space to place

batteries to power the module are considered. In

addition, the evaluation of the amplification stage,

allowed us to adjust the power values related to the

sound emission. On the other hand, the analysis of

the efficiency of the device is carried out by means

of comparison tables on the data acquired in the

record and the number of times the birds were

scared in each time interval.

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The limitations of the work are related to the

lifetime, which is affected by the Arduino

development module, which is not optimized for

low-power operation processes. In addition, this

system cannot detect birds at a distance greater than

10 meters.

It is for this reason that the stage of bird

detection can be improved by means of low-

consumption cameras, light sensors and laser light

emitters and not only using PIR sensors. In addition,

a protective structure can be generated that is built

to withstand drastic environmental conditions.

As future research, Internet of Things

technologies can be integrated to have continuous

monitoring of the data and use artificial intelligence

mechanisms to detect behavior patterns in the

detection of birds through data mining techniques.

Fig. 13: Bird-repellent system prototype

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USMP_630ac3df1439b8311e56d8a6d320a1

Contribution of individual authors to the

creation of a scientific article (ghostwriting

policy)

All authors have contributed equally to the creation

on this paper.

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No funding was received for conducting this study.

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The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL

DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.14

Ricardo Yauri, Einer Campos,

Renzo Yalico, Vanessa Gamero

E-ISSN: 2224-2856

143

Volume 18, 2023