Saudi Arabia Corporate Firms are Hesitant to Embrace Artificial
Intelligence as of 2020 Despite the Numerous Benefits
KHALID ALATTAS
College of Computer Science and Engineering,
University of Jeddah,
SAUDI ARABIA
Abstract:- The modern world has experienced numerous advancements, particularly in the Artificial Intelligence
(AI) sector which is slowly shaping the mode of business in Saudi Arabia. This research paper focuses on why
there has been hesitation in the establishment of AI in Saudi Arabia firms despite the numerous potential
advantages of AI. Saudi Arabia has, in recent times, undergone diversification in its economy. Its AI is experienced
in the sectors such as robotics, industry, finance, and banking, especially in forecasting and improvement of
business processes alongside provisions of solutions to complicated functionalities. However, AI is halfway
implemented in the country due to various constraints explored in this publication. This research article examines
companies hesitant to invest in AI and elaborates on its deployment in companies in Saudi Arabia to utilize such
technologies in entire sectors. Moreover, our research also analyzes the total investment associated with AI to
realize the desired change in the organizational operating activities. Our primary research involved over 2000
senior executives regarding the adoption of AI, the firm’s prospects for deployment, and its effects on the markets,
governments, and persons. The results of this study showcase that the new AI generation is primarily based on the
digitalization platform. Lastly, it is noted that AI deployment and acquisitions require a large number of funds
hence forcing struggling firms to evade its adoption.
Keywords: - AI, Robotics, regulations, human intelligence, Algorithm, research
Received: September 29, 2022. Revised: January 9, 2023. Accepted: February 12, 2023. Published: March 9, 2023.
1 Introduction
Artificial intelligence is defined as systems or
machines that utilize human intelligence to perform
functions and improve themselves through the data
they collect, [10]. [14] defines Artificial
intelligence as the adoption of computers to carry out
functions that necessitate the use of human analytical
skills. The Mckinsey Global Institute has explored
that artificial intelligence is expected to bring out the
next digital disruption wave and anticipates that
companies across the globe ought to start embracing
it rather than running away. Most companies in New
York that have fully embraced Artificial intelligence
have experienced actual merits hence generating an
urgent urge for other companies to adopt digital
transformations, [6]. This research concentrates on
five Artificial intelligence technology functionalities,
including; computer vision, language virtual agents,
machine learning, robotics, and autonomous
automobiles, including vehicles
Artificial intelligence is a field that has
experienced robust and rapid growth. Currently, the
growth is dominated by the large digital giants,
including Google and Baidu, which incurred over
$20 billion in Artificial intelligence as of 2016.
Research and development and deployment incurred
90 percent of this expenditure, while the other 10
percent was spent on acquisitions. Saudi Arabian
companies are hesitant to embrace artificial
intelligence despite the numerous benefits witnessed
in other developed nations across the globe. There
exist several constraints that have continuously
hindered the utilization of artificial intelligence.
Some of these constraints include; financial
constraints, government regulations, and social
constraints, among others. However, a full
implementation is expected to see Saudi Arabia gain
$ 135.2 billion by 2030 in the country’s economy,
representing 12.4 percent of the gross domestic
product (GDP). It is also expected that Saudi
Arabia’s economy will grow by 20-34 percent due to
the full implementation of Artificial intelligence.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
38
Volume 18, 2023
This paper explores why Saudi Arabia companies are
hesitant to embrace artificial intelligence.
The roles of Artificial intelligence may be
classified into two categories: how it is used to
represent opportunities and how it could be misused
or overused.
How artificial intelligence can be
used(opportunities)
1. Enabling human self-realization
2. Enhancing human agency
3. Increasing societal capabilities
4. Cultivating societal cohesion
5. Demerits of Artificial intelligence (Threats):
a) devaluing human skills
b) removing the person’s responsibility
c) reducing human control
d) eroding human self-determination
2 Literature Review
[14] suggests the existence of three classes of
artificial intelligence including; artificial narrow
intelligence (ANI), artificial general intelligence
(AGI), and Artificial superintelligence (ASI). He
suggests that the ANI consists of technologies made
for only particular and limited functions. For
example, the Algorithm behind the Google translate
Anti-lock brake systems as well as facial recognition
technology. According to [14] the AGI has the
capabilities of Ricki operating in the entire area
including the cognitive function of the human brain
capabilities. However, this artificial intelligence is
yet to be realized. In the last level, ASI has exhibited
numerous challenges and would take several decades
to attain them. It is seen to exceed human brain
capabilities. According to [14], the world stands to
gain enormously from artificial intelligence
developments. The world is currently crumpling with
global issues such as overpopulation, environmental
challenges, and health alongside inequality. Artificial
intelligence can assist gather information necessary
to monitor climate change as well as predict pollution
while assisting doctors and the medical fraternity
diagnoses diseases such as skin cancer.
[14] also suggests that there are security and risk
concerns that artificial intelligence can bring about
when fully implemented. The malicious utilization of
artificial intelligence is the main borne of
contentious, especially in the Arab Gulf Countries.
Moreover, a review of the breakthroughs attained by
the countries that have embraced it reveals massive
job destruction as well as displacement of human
resources. Furthermore, the security concerns are
also analyzed through a major emphasis on
autonomous weapons systems as well as their effects
on strategic stability. Another critical aspect is that
cyber artificial intelligence is likely to offer support
on the offensive operations alongside the
manipulations largely seen as a major setback to
artificial intelligence.
[13] suggest that Saudi Arabia has continued to
lag behind developed nations across the globe despite
providing the best health services to its citizens.
There are few innovations in sectors such as real
projects road maps as well as clear policies to guide
the implementation of the Internet of Things
alongside the big data adoption in the country. The
study suggested the algorithms explored might be
utilized in the prediction of diseases and
classification but are not adequately satisfactory.
Consequently, there is a need for more training data
alongside a larger duration required. The application
of the Internet of Things (IoT) as well as big data
technologies would play a huge role in the prediction
of chronic diseases as well as on a larger scale. [8]
suggests that Saudi Arabia is currently undertaking
the largest and longest economic reform as well as
transformative program in its history. The major area
through some hesitance is highly witnessed is
digitalization alongside the artificial intelligence that
forms the key aspects regarding the wide range of
reforms. [8] explains the Saudi Arabian government
is working to ensure promote the digital capabilities
of the workforce to par with Artificial intelligence as
well as other technologies such as the internet of
things. This task requires educational reforms
measures to ensure that the students get the digital
skills necessary for future careers. This suggests that
the major embedment in the implementation of
artificial intelligence is the lack of education amongst
the stakeholders.
[8] suggests that all countries across the globe
have embraced the use of technology to achieve their
development agendas. The country's vision 2030
programs are mandated to achieve efficiencies in
governments through enhanced automation that must
embrace digitalization. For instance, in the
government agenda to sustain smart cities, it is
crucial that systems, as well as services, would
revolve around artificial intelligence alongside the
Internet of Things, [7]. [8] stated that researchers are
not only embracing Artificial intelligence but also
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
39
Volume 18, 2023
exploring its usability in an innovative, ethical
alongside responsible manner as they seek to attain
the vision 2030 agendas and objectives. Moreover,
embracing Artificial intelligence is fundamental in
bettering the citizens' services such as education, and
health alongside other services. The proposed mega
intelligent city, Neom, which is a $ 500 billion
investment would entirely depend on Artificial
intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things.
Consequently, the government and companies across
the nation have a fundamental duty to embrace
Artificial intelligence.
The biggest predicament is the risks as well as
opportunities associated with Artificial intelligence.
The government and Saudi Arabian companies need
the right ecosystem and design effective as well as
appropriate policies. The other challenge is to
develop digital skills among its human resource.
Human labor needs to be conversant in the areas to
do with data science, Artificial intelligence, and
cyber security. [11] suggests that artificial
intelligence is used to reciprocate the nature humans
see as well as react to the world. Consequently, it has
become a cornerstone of innovation activities. [11]
suggests that Artificial intelligence can create more
value for their business through the provision and
understanding of presented data. It also depends on
the predictions necessary to automate excessively
difficult and challenging tasks.
3 Problem Formulation
What are the issues facing the adoption of artificial
intelligence (AI) in Saudi Arabia? What are the
Issues affecting the laxity of adoption of AI by
business owners and the government's role in the
implementation of laws and regulations on artificial
intelligence?
4 Methodology
The methodology adopted comprised four modules
including data collection techniques, data storage,
and lastly the Google Cloud. The collection of
primary data was performed through the use of
interviews with the senior executives of the
respective companies operating in Saudi Arabia. The
basis of the questions was defined as whether the
company had adopted the use of artificial intelligence
before and further required whether the information
would be applied in the future where the intelligence
had not been used. The interviews were to be
responded to in a way that pointed out the challenges
and setbacks they face in the implementation of
artificial intelligence in the workplace. The research
employed a sample study of approximately 500
executives who were operating in leading companies
in Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the interview, the study also
analyzed the secondary sources on the same. These
included journals, publications, and articles based on
artificial intelligence and the internet of things. The
research was based on those which were focused on
Saudi Arabia as well as podcast videos dealing with
the same.
5 Results
Results show that most companies in Saudi Arabia
are hesitant to embrace Artificial intelligence. The
500 senior executives in large corporations stated that
education levels, large capital outlays required, and
inadequate policies in place were the major
impediment to embracing it. The research shows that
Saudi Arabia was slowly embracing artificial
intelligence in a bid to attain a digitalization program
by 2030.
75 percent of the participants agree that artificial
intelligence played a significant role in developed
countries by bettering the nation’s economy. The
large business corporations were in the early stages
of adopting the innovative technology but the
relatively smaller firms were hesitant to embrace it.
The large firms contributed to the highest rates of
adoption as well as artificial intelligence awareness.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
40
Volume 18, 2023
Table 1. The senior executive responses on the
inability to adopt artificial intelligence
Although the smaller firms are hesitant to
embrace Artificial, the study finds success stories,
particularly in these firms. Compared to large
corporations, these firms are likely to benefit since
they experience very few issues regarding the legacy
IT systems alongside the less likely to resist
organizational change. Consequently, smaller firms
need to embrace Artificial intelligence which is
provided as a service to better an organization's
economic growth and productivity levels.
69 percent of the participants agree that the
initial artificial intelligence implementers usually
attain the class of serial adapters. The study suggests
that companies that had adopted Artificial
intelligence at the early stages continuously keep on
looking for multiple Artificial intelligence tools the
moment they start adopting. The high-tech
companies in Saudi Arabia are reported as having the
largest adoption rates in the country while the
construction firms had the least rates. 76 percent of
participants revealed that the majority of the
corporations in Saudi Arabia are hesitant to adopt
artificial intelligence due to Education and healthcare
levels. Most participants agree that firms must
examine the level of preparedness of the human
resource in the organization. The government and
corporations ought to take a keen interest in ensuring
that all the staff members clearly understood the
artificial intelligence tools to reduce exposure to
risks. The anomalies noted in the education and
health sectors bring about slowness as the firms tend
to adopt Artificial intelligence.
The participants explained that most users are
unable to adapt and adopt. The senior executives
mostly drawn from the IT sector allude that the
industry is expected to experience robust growth in
the preceding three years. The Saudi Arabia firms
despite their hesitance are expected to grow their
expenditure on artificial intelligence-related tools.
However, the rate at which the firms would increase
their expenditures is highly debatable as no constant
figure. The firm's financial muscles will be the
determining factor. Some are expected to grow by
more than 10 percent representing 20 percent of the
firms in the Saudi Arabia business market, [3]. The
participants concurred that the technical challenges
are a major obstacle in the implementation of
Artificial intelligence. Engineering solutions should
be carried out on particular utilize cases that need the
data as well as talent. The executives agreed that
some firms such as financial institutions have
continued to create alongside storing voluminous
structured data while others particularly the
construction and transportation are left behind.
The participants also stated that the commercial
drivers are different between sectors. The firms with
the most complex and sophisticated procedures
especially in their operational and geographical
aspects have taken lead in the adoption of artificial
intelligence. It is because their performance is
pegged on active forecasting, speedy as well as
accuracy in decision making with personalized
customer linkages, [18]. The participants alluded that
despite the numerous demands of artificial
intelligence by the firms, other barriers such as
regulatory alongside social obstacles exist. Majority
of the Saudi Arabia firms are willing to invest in
artificial intelligence tools to better their firm growth
rates. Such results in product liability which is a
contentious aspect that manufacturers and
automakers perceive as problematic. The firms are
hesitant to embrace it due to privacy issues that
prohibit data accessibility. The firms are required to
anonymize the data before being used for research
purposes. At this stage, some crucial information
might not be revealed hence firms might put many
considerations before embracing artificial
intelligence. Moreover, ethical issues including the
trained baseness as well as the algorithmic
transparency are still borne or contentious without
any reprieve derived for them, [13], [14], [15].
The Secondary sources suggest that firms
categorized as digital native firms with large
Artificial intelligence investments exhibit a higher
return on investments. For instance, Amazon has
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
41
Volume 18, 2023
over the years attained positive results due to the
Kiva acquisition at $775 million. Kiva is a robotics
company that automates picking as well as packing.
Consequently, there has been an increase in
inventory capacity as a result while the operating
costs reduced by at least 20 percent hence an increase
in the return on initial investments. Adoption of the
artificial intelligence is exposed to numerous
manipulations. 53 percent of the participants allude
artificial intelligence would be subject to various
manipulations ranging from forgery of images, films,
and voices. The adoption by Saudi Arabia firms and
individuals in an inappropriate manner would
jeopardize the Gulf region as well as create instances
of instability. Artificial intelligence adopted by firms
in Saudi Arabia would increase the vulnerability
scope while exhibiting some potential issues and
malicious utilization of Artificial intelligence
alongside other emerging technologies, [1].
Table 1 illustrates concurs with the study results
that the adoption of artificial intelligence would
continue to increase across the globe. Firms need to
lower their operational costs, grow the significance
of big data in healthcare as well as raise the adoption
of precision medicine, [4]. It is not in healthcare
where artificial intelligence is adopted but other
sectors also follow the same path globally. Figure 2
below describes the various dimensions of artificial
intelligence as follows; thinking humanly, thinking
rationally, acting humanly, and acting rationally,
[11], [12].
According to the data presented in Figure 1, there
is a significant growth in the rate by which artificial
intelligence has been used in the healthcare market
for the projections made from 2014-2025. The
incorporation of hardware, software solutions, and
services has also remained steady through the past
years and the same projection is expected to grow up
to 2025. The significant growth in the level of usage
of artificial intelligence shows a significant rate of
acceptance which makes the solutions offered to be
deemed as overall useful in the development and
improvement of the services delivered by the United
States healthcare sector.
Fig. 1: Adoption of Artificial intelligence in the
United States.
Source:
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-
analysis/artificial-intelligence-ai-healthcare-market
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
42
Volume 18, 2023
Thinking Rationally
It entails the ability to factor out the critical
variables of a given scenario as well as
make considerations to access, organize
and analyze the crucial information hence
concluding.
Acting Rationally
It involves acting to
achieve one's goals,
based on their
beliefs.
Acting Humanly
In artificial
intelligence, the
dimension implies that
the systems and tools
are designed to act
like a human beings.
Fig. 2: Artificial Intelligence framework
Figure 2 provides an analysis of the artificial
intelligence framework and the dimensions involved.
Technically, from the results, there are four major
frameworks or dimensions which revolve around
artificial intelligence. Thinking humanly involves
adjusting the projections to make sure that the results
are in line with human thinking. Acting humanly
requires that the systems should be able to deliver on
their roles just as human beings would but in a more
improved manner. Thinking rationally incorporates
the intellectual perspective
to be able to sort out some critical areas which might
need improvement. Lastly, acting rationally involves
the implementation phase where the intervention by
the AI comes into play.
6 Discussion
From the results, it was evident that there is a need
for an administrative integration of businesses for
them to adopt AI systems. The results showed that
most businesses do not have a preoperative strategy
that will make sure that all the inclusions of AI will
be in line with the ethical values of the company.
There also are many laws by the Saudi Arabia
government governing businesses that limit the scope
and extent to which such companies can make
decisions, especially those that go against sharia law
or might need some explanation. For example, there
Thinking Humanly
It implies trying to understand as well as
model how a person's mind functions. In
artificial intelligence, it adopts symbolic
logic to attract the laws of rational thought
and view them as symbols easily
manipulated.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
43
Volume 18, 2023
are significant AI adoption guidelines that are written
with different procedures as 2well as
recommendations that assist in the governing of the
systems. There arise ethical issues where data
collection comes into play and when there is
subsequent decision processing of the behavior as
depicted by an entity. However, through the use of
the ABV lenses, there is an advancement of the
empirical investigation which helps the organization
in terms of their abilities to deal with any challenges
they might face win using AI, especially in crucial
sectors such as the public sector which is critically
analyzed to avoid any violation of set laws.
7 Recommendations
Firms are embracing Artificial intelligence to replace
the human workforce via automation. However, it is
adopted to complement the teams of people. For
instance, in the United Kingdom, an online
supermarket describes the scenario through which the
company embeds Artificial intelligence and the
utilization of robots in most of the companies
operating activities. Consequently, Saudi Arabia
corporations need to adopt artificial intelligence
without much delay hence acquiring the benefits
derived therein, [16], [17]. There are numerous
advancements generated through collaboration
alongside context-aware robots. Artificial
intelligence is crucial in crafting new algorithmic
models while enhancing the training of the data sets.
The primary predicament in the adoption of Artificial
intelligence is poor education. Therefore, the
government and corporations in Saudi Arabia need to
promote training needs for human resources, [9].
Such would reduce the people and cyber security
risks exposures as firms seek to adopt.
The Saudi Arabia government should eradicate
the regulatory and legal barriers. Most players in the
sector venture into Artificial intelligence since there
are no predicaments in the regulatory systems. Saudi
Arabia seeks to implement a digitalization program
by 2030; hence it should promote artificial
intelligence tools. The employees should adapt their
skills in offering support alongside complementing
the artificial intelligence user experience. For
instance, the teaching sector's lectures should change
to undertaking less lecturing while embracing
tutoring and coaching, [9]. The sales and call centers
in the corporate world need to embrace virtual. At the
same time, human resources should tune their
emotional intelligence skills to offer services
exceeding the machine's capabilities.
Saudi Arabia should fully embrace artificial
intelligence to improve the country’s economic
growth without any hesitation. Most people fear that
Artificial intelligence will result in the displacement
of human labor, [5]. However, numerous artificial
bits of intelligence tend to target non-labor cost
savings. The primary motive for implementation is to
reduce labor costs. The research points out that 24
percent of early adopters of artificial intelligence
ought to increase the human workforce to respond to
artificial intelligence while expecting massive growth
in their business activities. Many firms are expected
to reduce labor upon implementation, [2]. However,
82 percent of artificial intelligence-aware firms are
not expected to reduce the labor force significantly.
The labor force would be required to reskill to allow
for the coloration between the human and the
Artificial intelligence labor force.
8 Future Research
Artificial intelligence is a broad and new aspect of
the corporate business world. However, there is
limited research carried out on the subject matter.
There is a need to build further on this research and
other aspects adopted to eradicate the stereotype that
artificial intelligence would displace human labor.
Research ought to be carried out to examine the
future of human resources in the face of the
inevitable adoption of artificial intelligence, [18].
Due to its potential and risks, AI is a matter of global
concern. Governments, companies, third-sector
organizations, and political communities must decide
what kind of society we want to deliver to future
generations, which values should guide the evolution
of AI systems, and which limits and constraints we
should impose on them (while we still can). There is
no single straightforward answer to these questions.
And that is excellent because it compels us to think,
talk, and collaborate, reminding everyone of what
makes us human
9 Conclusion
Artificial intelligence can be defined in two different
ways. The first way that Merriam-Webster dictionary
defined artificial intelligence is a branch of computer
science dealing with the simulation of intelligent
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
44
Volume 18, 2023
behavior in computers. Their second definition was
"the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent
human behavior." Artificial integration adoption in
Saudi Arabia is still in the infancy stage.
Consequently, it is problematic to determine the
accurate potential effects of Artificial intelligence on
firms and sectors. In most instances, the non-adopters
forms are likely to argue that they do experience
challenges when crafting the business case in terms
of Artificial intelligence. A close examination of the
early adopters of artificial intelligence generates vast
returns. For instance, there is the potential to
transform some business activities as well as the
potential to alter others. Most firms across the globe
are adopting artificial intelligence to reduce
operational costs in all production sectors. The
Coronavirus pandemic not only led to a downfall in
the stock market but also took a toll on businesses
internally. Employees lost jobs, took significant pay
cuts, and decreased labor production. If the pandemic
drags on for an extended period, it could cause
businesses not to recover from being shut down. The
pandemic has created mass fear and panic among
people.
Saudi Arabia has made diverse strides in making
sure that artificial intelligence is overly accepted by
businesses. However, there has been a slow
acceptance of AI by businesses due to a lack of clear
reforms of the dos and don’ts by the government.
This has in turn made many businesses lag on the
benefits associated with the use of AI. The entirety of
the adoption of AI from the results in the research
showed that the gap in the research makes it hard to
have adequate and relevant data regarding the use of
AI by businesses.
References:
[1] Abdullah, R., & Fakieh, B. (2020). Health Care
Employees’ Perceptions of the Use of Artificial
Intelligence Applications: Survey Study.
Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5),
e17620.
[2] Abuhusain, M. (2020). The role of artificial
intelligence and big data on loan decisions.
Accounting, 6(7), 1291-1296.
[3] Alsulami, M. H., & Atkins, A. S. (2016).
Factors influencing ageing population for
adopting ambient assisted living technologies
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ageing
International, 41(3), 227-239.
[4] Atabekov, A., & Yastrebov, O. (2018). The
legal status of artificial intelligence across
countries: legislation on the move. European
Research Studies Journal, 21(4), 773-782.
[5] Basri, W. (2020). Examining the Impact of
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Social
Media Marketing on the Performance of Small
and Medium Enterprises: Toward Effective
Business Management in the Saudi Arabian
Context. International Journal of
Computational Intelligence Systems, 13(1),
142-152.
[6] Chui, M. (2017). Artificial intelligence the next
digital frontier? McKinsey and Company
Global Institute, 47, 3-6.
[7] Daugherty, P. R., & Wilson, H. J. (2018).
Human + machine: Reimagining work in the
age of AI. Boston, MA: Harvard Business
Review Press.
[8] Hassan, O. (2020). Artificial Intelligence,
Neom and Saudi Arabia's Economic
Diversification from Oil and Gas. The Political
Quarterly, 91(1), 222-227.
[9] Hildt, E. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: Does
Consciousness Matter? Frontiers in
Psychology, 10, 1535.
[10] Huang, M. H., & Rust, R. T. (2018). Artificial
intelligence in service. Journal of Service
Research, 21(2), 155-172.
[11] Jewell, C. (2018). Saudi Arabia embraces AI-
driven innovation. WIPO Magazine.
[12] Pedro, F., Subosa, M., Rivas, A., & Valverde,
P. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education:
Challenges and opportunities for sustainable
development.
[13] Qaffas, A. A., Hoque, R., & Almazmomi, N.
(2020). The Internet of Things and Big Data
Analytics for Chronic Disease Monitoring in
Saudi Arabia. Telemedicine and e-Health.
[14] Rickli, J. M. (2018). The Economic, Security
and Military Implications of Artificial
Intelligence for the Arab Gulf Countries.
[15] Solangi, Z. A., Al Shahrani, F., & Pandhiani,
S. M. (2018). Factors affecting successful
implementation of eLearning: Study of
colleges and institutes sector RCJ Saudi
Arabia. International Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(06), 223-
230.
[16] Ye, W. (2019). Exploring the Importance of
Transformation from Financial Accounting to
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
45
Volume 18, 2023
Management Accounting in the Era of
Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Business,
Economics, Management Science (BEMS
2019). doi:10.2991/bems-19.2019.48.
[17] Youssef, A. M., & Pourghasemi, H. R. (2020).
Landslide susceptibility mapping using
machine learning algorithms and comparison
of their performance at Abha Basin, Asir
Region, Saudi Arabia. Geoscience Frontiers.
[18] Zhang, X. (2017, November). To the Victor Go
the Spoils: AI in Financial Markets. To the
Victor Go the Spoils: AI in Financial Markets.
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2023.18.4
Khalid Alattas
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
46
Volume 18, 2023