Wireless Vehicle Deceleration Speed System
(WVDSS)
SULEIMAN QASIM ABU-EIN
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Al-Balqa Applied University,
JORDAN
Abstract: - This work presents an analysis of the problem related to road safety, the idea is to introduce the
importance of obtaining more seriousness with committing the traffic rules, and more safety for roads and vehicles.
This work provides a system, which replaces the systematic road bump with a transmitter that sends a signal to the
coming vehicle’s Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Wireless connection will be between the vehicle and the
transmitter placed at the bump's supposed position, to send signals or waves to be received by the receiver in the
vehicle’s ECU. It was found that this system will increase the commitment of drivers to traffic signals which
control the speed of cars and limit their speed at the allowable speed limits.
Key-Words: - ECU, Safety, Roads, wireless Connection, Speed control, Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS).
Received: August 12, 2021. Revised: August 12, 2022. Accepted: September 14, 2022. Published: October 6, 2022.
1 Introduction
The main causes of accidents are unit vehicle over-
speeding, driving once overwhelming alcohol,
distraction throughout driving, non-adherence to
traffic signals, non-wearing of seat-belts and safety
gears, tailgating, poor lane discipline etc. However, in
most of the countries dashing or excessive vehicle
speed on the road is taken into account to be the only
biggest issue for road accidents conducive to fatal
injuries or perhaps death and monetary prices to
society.
The main turning purpose in history is formed by the
industrial revolution, and virtually every aspect of our
way of life was influenced in a way. In a part, average
financial gain and population began to exhibit
unprecedented sustained growth [1].
After or through this industrial revolution as spoken
before, it has effects, many things have been made in
order to meet the human needs. Of course,
revolution's influences continue many years after, one
of the biggest noticed results from it were the car
founding. Humans have been using cars over many
years, and this is why they are produced to service the
humans, but it also as seen it has many effects on the
human life, like increasing death percentage caused
by driver vigilance which causes in traffic accidents,
increasing in driving speed, and decrease the health
level due to increasing in the percentage of the
emissions in the air.
Deceleration of the vehicle’s speed is very important
to avoid collisions. The traffic system consists of
vehicles with wide variation in their dimensions,
weights characteristics, which affect their deceleration
behavior.
Drivers must decelerate their vehicles from their
maximum speed to zero speed in the shortest time [2].
Some technologies will shield folks in collisions
solely to a precise extent, these technologies like
pretension life belt, airbag, Anti-Lock brake, Traction
system, and Electronic Stability Programs. They
solved this drawback by causing a warning to drivers
once the driving force seems drowsy, Zutao Zhang, et
al. [6].
This is a big problem, the expected solution is by
follow laws and rules called the ‘’Traffic Rules’’, like:
the main and the most important rule is the side of the
driving in the road, left or right. Then the location of
the signs according to the type of the road. High
vehicle speed, more than the maximum limits at the
roads, is one of the problems to avoid crashes. The
width of the road also takes a place in reducing
crashes, for example, single or multilane road.
Multilane street or road can accommodate more than
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two vehicles, whereas single lane just one vehicle for
each direction [3].
According to Kong W., et al. [4], and Li G., Lin W.
[5] studies, a serious issue was the apparent decrease
within the driver’s sensory activity senses, like
feeling, recognizing, and dominant the vehicle’s
skills, once they became drowsy. Statistics show that
the best explanation for deaths and injuries in traffic
accidents is the low level of driver alertness.
In many countries, roads are designed and organized
on specific rules and shapes. One of the visual and
touchable safety factors on the road is the bump or
hump, which is used to force the drivers to decrease
vehicle’s speed at some locations on the road. These
bumps are a little high in the pavement layer, and
constructed in a specific way and made of asphalt or
rubber. Using such bumps commits the driver to the
traffic rules and safety bases, has many disadvantages
on the vehicle and on the passenger’s comfort and may
cause serious mechanical faults.
Vehicle acceleration was also one of the factors that
contributed to highway design and construction
aspects. Vehicle acceleration characteristics are
affected by gear transmission type, power to weight
ratio, vehicle average speed, and loaded and unloaded
states. For example, when a vehicle begins from rest,
the force available at rest must exceed the tractive
effort caused by friction between the tires and the
pavement surface. However, except in emergency
situations, motorists rarely experience maximum
accelerations on multilane highways [11, 14].
Brooks [15] investigated the characteristics of
acceleration on rural roads. It was discovered that
drivers normally accelerate more when the vehicle is at
rest and tend to decrease when the driver wants to
bring the vehicle up to their desired speed. In this case,
there will be no acceleration because the driver is
content with their current speed and does not want to
change it. The best description of the driver's behavior
is provided by studying the acceleration model on a
linear basis. According to Wallace et al., [16], driver
acceleration characteristics can be measured because
different drivers exhibit different characteristic
behaviors. This is also significant because it may have
an impact on driver performance or may help identify
who is driving. In addition to acceleration
characteristics, deceleration characteristics are
important in analyzing speed profiles. In this case, a
driver will gradually or abruptly reduce or decelerate
their vehicle from the previous speed to zero when they
reach the stop line.
To avoid these problems a wireless system will be
designed to provide information to the vehicle’s
control unit to automatically slow down the speed if
the driver will not respond to speed limitations at the
road. In the next sections, the systems’ principle work
will be described by using some appropriate flow
chart, mathematical representation and a description
of simulation representing the system and its steps of
programming. Also the results of some tests are
presented and discussed.
2 Working principle of Wireless
Vehicle Deceleration Speed System
The system composed of a sender or transmitter of
signals and a receiver, the sender must be placed at
the supposed pump location, and the receiver in the
vehicle, the sender device distributes the signals to be
detected from the receiver of the incoming vehicle,
when the receiver starts to detect the signals from the
sender, these signals provides information to the
vehicle about the speed limit, and gives alarm to the
driver in order to start reducing the speed, depending
on the strength of the received signal, if it was strong
that’s mean the vehicle’s speed must be reduced to
the allowable speed. As the receiver detects the
signal, it sends an order to the warning sign (lamp) at
the dashboard to illuminate immediately as shown in
Figure 1.
Fig.1: Some warning traffic signs
If the driver does not respond or make any action,
then the WVDSS skips to the next step, which is
responsible to process the input signals and send a
signal to appropriate actuators to control and limit the
speed. Wireless Vehicle Deceleration Speed System
(WVDSS) Imagine, that you can avoid the breaking
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in traffic rules, and mechanical damage in car that
caused by bumps, now it is possible using wireless
vehicle deceleration speed system (WVDSS), which
is based on wireless network that provide signal to
the vehicle through alternate signals, used for alarm
the driver.
Wireless vehicle deceleration system, the system
formed from sender or distributor signals and a
receiver, which the distributor must place at the
supposed bump locate, and the receiver in the
vehicle, the sender device distributes the signals to be
detected from the receiver of the incoming vehicle,
when the receiver starts to detect the signals from the
distributor, these signals provides information to the
vehicle in order to start alarming driver or reducing it
speeds, depending on the strength of the received
signal, if it was strong that’s mean the vehicle speed’s
must be reduced to the allowable speed [ 12, 13].
If the driver does not make an action, WVDSS is skip
to next step, which is responsible to process the input
signals that coming from different devices and sends
a signal to different actuators to control the speed in
gasoline engines Wireless vehicle deceleration speed
system is focus of three main categories:
- Network.
-Road.
-The vehicle.
Many researchers discussed this issue, the first study
by Salameh A. Sawalha, [7], created a system that
aimed to regulate vehicle’s speed in accordance with
the road and road regulations. The system finds out
the whereabouts of the vehicle then it identifies the
allowed speed for that individual place. After this, it
starts decreasing the speed bit by bit till it reaches the
fascinating limit. Once the vehicle runs, The GPS
finds the placement of the vehicle then it sends the
great circle and therefore the latitude to the
management unit to spot the regulation of the road.
If it's found that the vehicle speed exceeds the
permissible limit, a symptom is distributed to the
brake to scale back the speed till it drops to the
utmost limits. one in every of the foremost vital
options of the system is that it senses the distances
between 2 vehicles victimizing the inaudible sensing
element, that permits a precise distance between them
commensurate with their speed, which ends up in no
accidents and accidents. All this can be evaded
Olympian the regulation of the streets. Within the
event of a system failure within the event of any
malfunction, a warning message containing the
vehicle range and knowledge concerning it'll be sent
to the Traffic Department as a comment [7] .
A. Christy, S.Vaithyasubramanian, Viji Amutha Mary,
Naveen Renold J., [8], presented a successful
technique for automatically controlling the
decelerating system by proactively recognizing
accident-prone zones and avoiding accidents from
occurring for effective operation of the decelerating
system, this technology employs Arduino, L293d
motor driver, and ultrasonic sensor, Machine Learning
methods, RFID, and RFID protocols. This technology
must be embedded in a vehicle's dashboard and backed
by secure RFID and machine learning algorithms in
order to properly operate the decelerating mechanism.
To reduce the incidence of accidents, the driver’s
driving style in different situations is analyzed using
the Car Trips data log and the terra acelerolinear
dataset. The trained data is used to develop a mobile
application which when installed in the windshield of
the vehicle helps the driver to control the deceleration
system thus avoiding accidents and reckless driving
[8].
Zutao Zhang, Dianyuan Luo, Yagubov Rasim, Yanjun
Li, Guanjun Meng, Jian Xu, and Chunbai Wang [6],
projected a lively vehicle controller safety model
supported driver alert detection, scattered illustration
victimization cheap, convenient and wearable medical
instrument EEG sensors, and thin illustration. The
projected system is split into 3 main steps: a wireless
wearable EEG assembly, driver alertness detection,
and a vehicle speed management methodology. 1st of
all, a convenient, low-cost, wearable, home-made
brain-computer interface (BCI) system with eight
channels for collecting the driver’s EEG signal was
designed. Second, waveform noise removal and
sample bottoming algorithms square measure wont to
improve the standard of EEG information, and a Fast
Fourier rework (FFT) is adopted to extract the EEG
Power Spectrum Density (PSD). At now, PSD is an
iniative to assess the driver's attention level
victimization thin illustration classification plus k-
single-value analysis (KSVD). Finally, to avoid major
collisions and traffic accidents, a novel vehicle speed
management safety strategy has been projected, that
regulates electronic throttle gap and automatic braking
once driver fatigue is recognized victimization the
preceding approach. Simulation and actual take a look
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at results show that the construct of active vehicle
safety is feasible [9].
Vytautas Markevicius, Dangirutis Navikas ,Adam
Idzkowski, Donatas Miklusis, Darius Andriukaitis ,
Algimantas Valinevicius,Mindaugas Zilys ,
Mindaugas Cepenas and Wojciech Walendziuk. [10]
found good results thanks to estimate the speed and
length of a vehicle remains a challenge for engineers
and scientists functioning on Intelligent Transportation
Systems. The electricity sensors are created from
polyvinylidene salt (PVDF) and used as a reference
device. The ways applied within the analysis box live
are well-known: the fixed threshold-based technique
and additionally the adaptive two-extreme-peak
detection technique. However, the improved accuracy
of length estimation by mischief is one amongst the
ways that depends on calculative the discriminant
quotient for a time-discrete signal (representing
changes within the magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic
flux), being determined. The obtained results, i.e.,
vehicle speed and length, are shown for various values
with increment Δn used for numerical differentiation
of magnetic flux size knowledge. The results were
achieved in real traffic conditions once analyzing the
M = 290 knowledge set of auto signatures. Accuracy
was evaluated by calculative MAE (mean absolute
error), RMSE (root mean sq. error) for various
categories of compounds. MAE is within the range
from zero.52 m to 1.18 m when an appropriate
calibration factor is used. Results depend upon the
space between the sensors, vehicle speed, and also the
applied signal process methodology [10].
From the last literature review in the first article by
Sawalha, [7], the paper discusses vehicles’ speed
regulation with the help of GPS. While A. Christy,
S.Vaithyasubramanian, Viji Amutha Mary, Naveen
Renold J. .[12]. and Zutao Zhang, Dianyuan
Luo, Yagubov Rasim, Yanjun Li, Guanjun Meng, Jian
Xu, and Chunbai Wang, [6], discussed the issue of
vehicle deceleration during accidents and also safety
during driving by using some appropriate sensors and
safety systems like EEG and some mathematical
simulation techniques like RFID. On the other side,
Vytautas Markevicius, Dangirutis Navikas,Adam
Idzkowski, Donatas Miklusis, Darius Andriukaitis ,
Algimantas Valinevicius,Mindaugas Zilys, Mindaugas
Cepenas and Wojciech Walendziuk, [10], used
analysis box live, fixed threshold-based technique, and
adaptive two-extreme-peak detection techniques to
control the speed of cars during transportation.
3 Description of the General
System Operation
General system operation is described here, the
Wireless vehicle deceleration speed system
composition which uses electronic circuits shown in
Figure 2 below. As discussed before, the signal has
been received, and then the system will act to get the
required response.
Fig. 2: General System operation steps
First, receiving the signal: Now, what will happen
when the signal is received? The next block diagram
in Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the first step
of what happened to the vehicle.
Fig. 3: First step on the system procedure
4 The System Flow Chart
Figure 4 illustrates the principle of a system which is
applied on Arduino.
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Fig. 4: System flowchart
Deceleration zone when the drivers make an action:
It’s a zone where the vehicle will travel from when
the driver is alert to when it comes to specific speed
that the vehicle must pass the road.
From Figures 3 and 4 the system works as follows:
the transmitter which is mounted on the traffic sign
transmits a signal to the incoming car, the car which
has a receiver accept this signal (this is approved by
some LED or Speaker) then the signal goes to the
Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) system, if the driver
decelerated his car speed, the job is executed, else the
VSS send a message or signal to the throttle valve via
a control system using ECU unit to decrease the fuel
amount (throttle valve angle) by using the fuel pedal
automatically.
4.1 Declaration Time
Deceleration time is divided into several parts as
follows:
4.1.1 The Driver's Reaction Tim:
The time required to alert the driver that there is a
bump, and determine what he/she can do about it.
This time it takes from 0.5 to 1 second for people
with an average age, this depends on the age of the
driver, state of mind, busy talking on mobile phone or
alcohol drink.
On that period (driver's reaction time) the car is in
motion at a constant speed, a vehicle speed follows to
this physical law:
S = V × T (1)
Where: S is the distance during that time, in meter m,
V is a vehicle speed meter per second (m/s) which is
equal kilometer per hour divided on 3.6 ((km/ h)
/3.6).
T is the driver's reaction time (average 0.75 seconds).
The effect of speed on the driver's reaction distance,
for an example: Vehicle’s speed 108 km/h where: V=
30 m/s, and the driver's reaction distance will be:
S=V× T = 30 × 0.75 = 22.5 meters.
4.1.2 Time Load Brake
When you press the brake, the work of the brake does
not start by simply pressing the brakes, this time in
the range of 0.1 to 0.2 seconds; this depends on the
situations of the brakes.
4.1.3 Braking Time
The total deceleration time can be calculated
according to the state of the driver and the car. If the
driver doesn’t make an action in the deceleration
zone, WVDSS is activated automatically.
The whole deceleration zone in this case is 150 meter
according to signal range, this zone is dived to three
main distances which are:
A) Alarming Zone
Starting from 0 up to 50 meters, the main cause for
existing this area is to warn the driver using a
warning lamp and sound order to slow down.
Physical law that used to calculate the time needed in
this zone is: Time = Distance/Velocity
B) Activation Zone
In this zone, WVDSS is moving to the next step,
which is starting to decrease the vehicle speed, while
the vehicle reaches to a specific speed, it passive
through 70 meters at specific time, this time and
acceleration can be calculated by several speed
relationships:
atvv 0
(2)
2
00 5.0 attvrr
(3)
2
2
0
at
vtrr
(4)
Where: r˳ is the particle's initial position, v˳: is the
particle's initial velocity, v is the particle's final
velocity, a: is the particle's acceleration. By using the
relationship number three we can find the time that
needs to reach specific velocity and distance.
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C) Constant Speed Zone.
In this study, the speed of the vehicle is assumed to
be constant before go through the bump, and this
distance must be not more than 30 meters, to enable
the driver to slow down the vehicle speed according
to the regulated speed given by the traffic sign. We
use the same relationship that used in the alarming
zone. For example, let us take several car speeds and
calculate the time needed from receiving the signal to
reach the specific velocity (that the car must pass
through the bump in this velocity). If we take car with
50 km/h speed, and the speed must reach to 30 km/h
(This speed represents the speed in traditional bump
place), the total time can be calculated:
4.2 Alarming Time
By taking 50 meters an alarming distance from
detection the signal to the WVDSS start make a
deceleration action, this calculation time
is:50/13.88=3.6 s.
4.2.1 WVDSS Action Time
This distance is 70 meters and the speed must reach
30 km/h (8.33 m/s), the time can be calculated is 6.3
seconds.
4.2.2 Constant Speed Time
This distance is 30 m and the speed is 8.33 m/sec, the
time is: T=7.7 sec.
The total time is (3.6+6.3+7.7)
=17.6 Sec
5 Results and Discussion
Table (2) shows the time to cross the deceleration
zone when the driver doesn’t make an action.
Table 2. Results of calculations
Figure 5 shows the relation between total time
needed for the alarm system and car speed.
Fig. 5: Total system time response calculations
It can be noticed that as the car speed increases the
response time of the system increases.
As the results have shown, the average total time that
is needed from the vehicle received the signals is 15.7
sec. The system consists of the receiver, that captures
the signal from the first system and then sends it to
Arduino which translates this signal to specific
commands are applied to the robot that accordance to
the signal received from the transmitter, that will be
as:
-If the Button (1) compresses the signal sent by the
transmitter it makes the robot started at high speed
when the voltage applied on its motor 255 volt.
-If the Button (2) compresses the signal sent by the
transmitter it makes the robot stopped.
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-If the Button(3) compresses the signal sent by the
transmitter it makes the LED on the robot lighting 5-
second then the motors will be decreasing its speed
by decreasing the voltage applied on its motor .
To control the response of the system according to
the signal received from RF (transmitter) through the
receiver, an Arduino board is programmed which is
connected with the receiver as shown in Figures (6-
8).
As the systems’ programming is finished with the
Arduino programmer, applying this programming to
the pieces used and connecting the parts together to
get to the final result as shown in Figure 6.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6: (a, b) System simulation
After running the programming on the two parts, and
as spoken before how first button pushed to active the
DC motors to move the vehicle, then pushed the
second button to active the transmitter and to be
received by the moving vehicle, to start decrease its
speed, once while it received the signal a warning or
green light, while Figure 7 shows the two systems
together in active mood which is WDVSS.
Fig. 7: The two systems together in active mood
WDVSS
And Figure 8 shows the vehicle's first alarm, which
is lighting the lightning emitting diode with a green
color.
Fig. 8: Vehicle first alarm
After showing how the system is applied on an
experimental vehicle driven by DC motor, decreasing
the vehicle’s speed when it receives the signal from
the transmitter also and after lighting the LED, this
application on prototype to clear the implementation
of this operation.
For expelling how the vehicle will deal with
receiving the signal from the antenna it was cleared
what steps the vehicle will do whether the driver do
an action or not, and for sure the distance of
deceleration has been taken into account, and also the
time respond for different vehicle speeds from the
time the receiver detects the signal due to its
frequency and range, developing using technology
and commenting traffic rules to get to main aim form
this project to be the roads place more safety to drive
or use.
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Depending on roads situations and its demand, an
exact calculations and standards in designing roads
and what the allowable speeds in all cases, which has
been controlling us in determinations that we used for
speed distance of deceleration zone and in time need
to decelerate, also how the mastermind of the vehicle
the ECU works and how important the information
from the different inputs are used in vehicles to
decide what to do and what driver want and what
vehicle want and the road too.
All of this provide for us a way to make an easy and
more accurate controlling and reacts in right time
with the right action, while without ECU we can also
make an action on the vehicle when it received the
signal, by connecting the throttle valve to a variable
resistance and such resistance works to divide the
current that passes through it after the signal is
received to let the current pass by to enable the
resistance performing its function, and then
controlling the amount of opening angle of the
throttle valve.
6 Conclusions
In this system, when the vehicle received the signal,
and by connecting the throttle valve to a variable
resistance and this resistance work to divide the
current that will pass by it after the signal is received
to let the current pass by which let the resistance
doing its function, and controlling the amount of
opening angle of the throttle valve, the speed of the
car can be reduced upon regulated speed and so the
roads safety increases. This system increases road
safety by controlling cars' speed into acceptable
values.
Acknowledgment:
This work has been carried out during sabbatical
leave granted to the author (Dr. Suleiman Qasim
Abu-Ein) from Al-Balqa' Applied University (BAU)
during the academic year 2020/2021.
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US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2022.17.45
Suleiman Qasim Abu-Ein
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
417
Volume 17, 2022