Analysis of Solar Power Plants with the Combination Systems of PV
Module-Reflective Mirror
BUDHI MULIAWAN SUYITNO, LA ODE MOHAMMAD FIRMAN, ERLANDA AUGUPTA
PANE, MOHAMED IBRAHIM KRIBA, ISMAIL
Department Mechanical Engineering
Universitas Pancasila
Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa, Jakarta 12640
INDONESIA
Abstract: - Solar energy is a combination of light and heat produced by the sun, where this energy is utilized by
humans through solar collector technology consisting of PV modules to be converted into electrical energy. The
development of PV module technology is carried out to improve its performance, where one of these
technologies uses a reflecting mirror to increase the amount of sun radiation captured by the surface of the PV
module. This research method uses performance analysis of the utilization of reflector mirrors added to the PV
module system by using two different cases, among others are the use of two and four mirrors along the sides
of the PV module. The results showed that the application of four reflective glass can direct the sun's radiation
to the surface of the PV module with the amount of radiation intention doubled. This result is a kind of
technology that gives us a good result to utilize it in building the solar power plant.
Key-Words: - Mirror, Module, Photovoltaic, Radiation, Renewable Energy, Solar, Weather
Received: April 28, 2021. Revised: February 14, 2022. Accepted: March 17, 2022. Published: April 19, 2022.
1 Introduction
Rapid development in alternative energy source
increases the utilization of renewable energy [1].
Renewable energy can be utilized from wind [2] and
solar power [3]. Storing renewable energy can be
done in form of electrical [4] and thermal energy
[5]. Storing thermal energy can be combined by
electrical energy to generate solar thermal electricity
system [6]. Photovoltaic (PV) is a technology of
developing rapidly that can utilize Solar Thermal
Electricity (STE) which has more potential to
convert into electrical power [7–9]. As their
accessible markets expand, these technologies look
more complementary than competitors [10–12]. One
solution to make renewable energy more
competitive is to combine reflector mirrors to the
PV modules. By install, reflector mirrors can
harvest more of the solar irradiance from the direct
sunlight to the PV modules surface with the aim to
increase the output electricity.
Based on experimental [13], the installation of
reflector mirrors to existing 10 Watts cells panel can
increase the intensity of light on the PV, and keep a
recording of the current and the voltage of solar
cells and make a comparison with the traditional
model without reflected mirrors. The reflectivity of
mirrors provides more energy than traditional panels
without the reflector. Solar cells increased the
energy power from 10 watts to 22 Watts power. The
aim of the reflector-mirrors installation is to
optimize the received solar irradiance on the PV
module surface, maintaining an overall geometric
size of the system as small as possible has been
approached earlier. The conclusion is the mirror
width decreases with the tracking step duration and
the concentration ratio increases with the increase of
mirror angle, therefore the huge value of solar
irradiance can be reached by the large size of the
system required [14]. In order to additional radiation
offered by mirrors will lead to a significant increase
in output energy of the PV system.
Consequently, the researchers intend to make
new research using a slightly different system, thus
with this technology being expected electricity
generation will be greater compared to existing
technologies. Hence, this research is trying to create
a solar power plant that can generate electricity of 1
MW with PV technology combined with 4
surrounding mirrors and its results are compared
with the performance of a PV module combined
with two reflecting mirrors [15]. With reference to
the existing solar panel systems, this research tries
to create a new system to generate more electricity
from sunlight. By building a reflection consist of
four mirrors to PVs as showing in Figure 1, it is
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2022.17.19
Budhi Muliawan Suyitno,
La Ode Mohammad Firman,
Erlanda Augupta Pane,
Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba, Ismail
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
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Volume 17, 2022
expected that the energy produced will be increased
by up to 50%.
Fig. 1: PV module – 4 mirror systems
2 Methodology
The research methodology that was carried out was
to design a power plant by utilizing solar energy in
the form of a PV module system combined with sun
reflecting mirror. The design process of the power
plant begins with the process of mapping the
condition of the application area of the solar energy
power plant system. Data on the potential of solar
energy in the form of solar radiation in the
application area is used as basic data for the
determination of the parameters of the PV module
system design. The process of designing the module
system is carried out a performance test by using a
combination of sun mirrors which consists of two
types, namely two and four mirrors. The
combination of the reflecting mirror added to the PV
module system has the aim of determining the
optimal angle of mirror in capturing sunlight, and
determining the optimal angle of incident sunlight
into the PV module system. This condition
determines the amount of electrical energy produced
by the PV module system.
2.1 The Coefficient of Solar Radiation in
Libya
Sun radiation is a magnitude of the coefficient of
solar energy that can be received by a unit area of
the PV module system in an upright position to the
sun with an average distance between the earth and
the sun. The amount of radiation in each region has
a different value, where this occurs due to
differences in the sun's tilt angle and azimuth angle
to the earth [16], and the latitude of the region [17].
This study took an experimental area in the Libyan
area, where data on Libyan weather conditions came
from Belgasim et al [18]. Each region of Libya has
a different latitude position that makes the reception
of radiation beams in each location is different from
each other.
Libya is a country located in North Africa which
has positions 19°-34° LU and 9°-26° BT [18]. Most
of Libya is a desert area with a percentage reaching
88% [19], so the influence of the Sahara Desert
weather is clearly visible in this zone and the
influence of desert weather is getting stronger in the
time of summer. This condition can be used as a
place for PV module system application combined
with two types of reflecting glass amount, namely
two glass and four glass. This is supported by the
condition of the Libyan state that is able to receive
solar radiation with an average value of 7100 Wh
/m2/day in the northern region and 8100 Wh /m2/day
in the southern region which occurs for 3500 hours
per year [20]. In addition, the country of Libya also
has a percentage of Global Horizontal Irradiation
(GHI) of 58% with details of the receipt of sunlight
radiation of 2000 kWh/m2/year in the north and
2600 kWh/m2/year in the South [21]. Some
supporting data in the system of receiving solar
radiation in Libya has also been done by
researchers, which can be shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Condition of Libya Weather [20,21]
The last time of sunset
19:48
The early of sun rise
6:00
The last time of sun rise
8:07
The early time of sunset
17:14
The average percentage of cloud
41%
The average time of sunlight per days
11:32
The weather conditions data in Libya became the
basic data in the process of designing optimal
conditions for the application of the PV module
system with a combination of reflection mirror. The
process of designing a PV module system is done by
calculating the characteristics of the system.
2.2 The Calculation of Photovoltaic
Characteristic
The competitive utilization of solar energy can be
done by combining the combination of the reflecting
mirror system with the PV module system in one
system. The use of reflective mirror aims to harvest
more solar radiation that directs directly to the
surface area of the PV module system so that it can
improve the quality and quantity of electrical energy
produced by the system. The process of proving
this, then this study uses a method of utilizing the
reflection of sunlight from four pieces of reflecting
mirror to a PV module and compared with the
performance conditions of the two reflecting mirrors
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Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba, Ismail
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in a previous study. The mechanism of the solar
radiation reflecting system on the four reflecting
mirror along with the PV module system can be
shown in Figure 2. In addition, this mechanism is
expected to improve the function of the PV module
system for the process of converting solar radiation
into electrical energy. The direction of the incoming
sunlight after touching the reflecting mirror will
move to the part of the PV module system which
can make the angles as shown in Figure 3. The
condition of the sun's altitude towards the area land
and the azimuth angle between the sun and the PV
module system is a key parameter in the
construction of the combination model of the PV
module and the reflector mirror in series or parallel
position.
Fig. 2: The combination of PV module-four
reflective mirror
Fig. 3: The direction of irradiation sunlight to the
PV module-reflective mirror
The characteristics of solar cells in a PV module
system are illustrated by the curve of the
relationship between current and voltage of solar
cells. The characteristics explains that the
relationship between maximum electrical voltage
(Vmp) and maximum electric current (Imp) in a PV
module system. The relationship between the two
parameters can produce electrical energy normally
so that it can determine the Fill Factor Value (F.F)
shown in Equation 1 [13].
Im
.m
PVmp
FF Isc Voc Ioc Voc
(1)
The PV module system which consists of solar cell
arrays should have a fill factor value (FF) almost
close to 80% or 0.8, which with the amount of FF
indicates that the PV module system gets the
maximum level of efficiency in the process of
converting solar radiation energy into electrical
energy [13].
2.3 The Energy of Concentrating Solar
Systems
Concentrating Solar Systems (CPV) construction is
a construction that consists of optical reflecting and
refracting devices to focus sunlight on the surface of
the PV module system. This condition can increase
electrical energy as output energy which is indicated
by an increase in the output electrical power
parameters, in addition to the construction owned by
the CPV system can reduce the manufacturing costs
of the system [14]. This research deals with the
system of low concentration system; which presents
geometric modeling and analysis for parameters
regarding the amount of solar radiation as input
data. The total radiation concentrated in the PV
module system can be calculated by Equation 2.
RTotal = x . direct radiation light + refraction light
(2)
The different magnitude of the solar radiation values
can be linked by the Equation 3 [24].
cos z
Ith Ib Idh
(3)
The concentrator consists of a PV module and four
mirrors, which are located on the left, right, front
and back sides that are symmetrical with the length
of PV module.
2.4 Case Study of Sun Radiation Reflection
on the PV Module Surface
Based on the basic model of the CPV system, the
research considers two possible cases, the first when
the solar radiation reflected from each mirror
sweeps the entire surface of PV-module, and the
second when the solar radiation reflected from each
mirror only sweeps a portion of the PV-module
surface.
2.5 The Entire Surface of PV Module
The reflection of solar radiation (n) from each
mirror that sweeps the entire surface of the PV
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module is expressed based on the extreme position
of sunlight, which is shown in Figure 4 - the red
line. The reflected condition depends on the
maximum angle of incidence and the application of
the sinus rule to the ratio between L1 and L3
(calculation ε1) expressed in Equation 4 [24].
Fig. 4: The geometry model used for CPV systems
cos(2 )
3
11 cos( )
M
M
L
L
(4)
Fig. 5: The triangle geometry of the CPV system
The surface coefficient of the PV module that is
affected by the reflection of sunlight can be
calculated using Equation 5.
1
3 cos( )
1 cos(2 )
M
M
L
L
(5)
If N is the number of days in a year, TR is the
turbidity factor and α is the angle of elevation, then
the Bo value can be calculated by Equation 6 [9].
1367 [1 0.0334 cos(0.9856 2.27]
o
BN
(6)
The amount of solar radiation absorbed into the
surface of the PV module can be calculated by
Equation 7 [25].
0exp 0.9 9.4sin
R
ST
BB
(7)
The solar irradiation falling onto the surface of the
PV module due to the reflection of sunlight on the
mirror glass surface can be calculated by Lambert's
Law that shown in Equation 8 [24].
1,2 1,2 1,2
cos( )
M
p S M
BB
(8)
2.6 The Portion Surface of PV Module
The reflected sunlight from each mirror is partially
exposed to the surface of the PV module shown in
Figure 6, as a whole can cover the surface of the PV
module area.
Fig. 6: The triangle geometry of the CPV system
Consideration of sunlight falling on the center of the
PV module, shown in Figure 6 with a black line.
Based on Figure 6 and the application of sine rules,
the ratio between L5 and L2 (calculation ε3) for this
case can be explained in equation 9 [25].
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cos(2 )
5
32 cos( )
M
M
L
L
(9)
The coefficient µ3 which is reflected sunlight from
M4 mirror based on Figure 7 can be calculated by
Equation 10 [9].
3
5 cos( )
2 cos(2 )
M
M
L
L
(10)
If N is the number of days in a year, TR is the
turbidity factor and α is the angle of elevation, then
the Bo value can be calculated by Equation 11 [25].
1367 [1 0.0334 cos(0.9856 2.27]
o
BN
(11)
The amount of solar radiation entering the surface of
the PV module can be calculated by Equation 12
[24].
2
exp (0.9 9.4sin )
R
So TW
BB m
(12)
BS is the direct of solar irradiation, TR is the
turbidity factor, and α is the angle of elevation and
N is the number of days in a year. Sunlight that fall
normally into the PV surface can be calculated using
Lambert's theorem, in equation 13 [24].
3,4 3,4 3,4
cos( )
M
p S M
BB
(13)
The values of ϑM mentioned are adjusted to the
maximum incident angle of sunlight divided into
some types among others are 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°,
and 75°. While the parameters used as mirror angles
(Ɵ) among others are 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°,
35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, 85°,
and 90°.
2.7 Efficiency of PV Module System
The efficiency of a photovoltaic module system
indicates the system's module performance in the
process of converting solar radiation energy to be
converted into electrical energy. Efficiency
calculations can be calculated by Equation 14.
max
PV
P
A Radiation
(14)
3 Result and Discussion
The research results on the design of a PV module
system combined with the two reflecting mirrors
and four reflecting mirrors are shown in Figure 7.
The length of the side of the reflecting mirror has
the same dimensions as the length of the PV module
system, especially on the front and behind mirror
sides. The two performance systems are analyzed
using the length parameters of the reflecting mirror,
and the angle of the reflecting mirror differs from
one another, which is done to obtain the angle of the
mirror, the angle of sunlight incidence and the
optimal dimension of the length of the reflecting
mirror in the absorption of sunlight.
Fig. 7: Dimension of PV module system
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The process of receiving solar radiation rays in a PV
module system combined with two reflecting
mirrors and four reflecting mirrors is carried out
based on the angle of incidence of solar radiation (
M
), which is divided into several angles including
0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° which can be shown
in Figure 8. Based on Figure 8 it can be explained
that the increasing the total amount of reflective
mirror used in the PV module system, the more the
sun's rays are obtained by the PV module system
(this condition occurs the amount of solar radiation
at four pieces of reflecting mirror are double
compared to two reflecting mirrors). The amount of
solar radiation increased significantly from 687.59
W/m2 to 1375.17 W/m2 with the geometry of the left
and right sides of the photovoltaic mirror's surface
of 0.4 m; and the width of the rear and front surface
of the photovoltaic surface of 0.25 m, and the angle
of the reflector mirror of 45° and the incident angle
of sunlight by 0°. The magnitude of solar radiation
increased significantly from 712.7 W/m2 to 1480.72
W/m2 with the geometry side of the left-side mirror
width and right of the photovoltaic surface at 0.22
m; and the width of the rear and front surface of the
photovoltaic mirror of 0.41 m, and the angle of the
reflector mirror of 35° and the incident angle of
sunlight of 15°.
The amount of solar radiation increased
significantly from 595.47 W/m2 to 1454.95 W/m2
with the geometry of the left and right sides of the
photovoltaic mirror's surface of 0.6 m; and the width
of the rear and front surface of the photovoltaic
mirror of 0.57 m, and the angle of the reflector
mirror of 35° and the angle of incident of sunlight of
30°. The magnitude of solar radiation increased
significantly from 576.72 W/m2 to 1667.8 W/m2
with the geometrical side of the left-side mirror
width and right of the photovoltaic surface at 0.34
m; and the width of the rear and front surface of the
photovoltaic mirror of 0.81 m, and the angle of the
reflector mirror of 20° and the angle of incident of
sunlight by 45°. The magnitude of solar radiation
increased significantly from 429.74 W/m2 to
1724.48 W/m2 with the geometrical side of the left-
side mirror width and right of the photovoltaic
surface of 0.83 m; and the width of the rear and
front surface of the photovoltaic mirror of 0.95 m,
and the angle of the reflector mirror of 10° and the
angle of incident of sunlight of 60°. Consideration
of the reception angle of the incident of sunlight and
the angle of the reflector mirror results in the
amount of solar radiation from the angle of sunlight
of 75° unacceptable This is due to the magnitude of
the angle of the sun's rays to be captured by the
reflecting mirror beyond the receiving limit so that
the amount of solar radiation reflected to the PV
module system is not optimal. This condition
indicates that the PV module system that is used to
capture solar radiation in environmental conditions
in Libya has a system of receiving solar radiation
with four reflective mirror conditions in the incident
angle of sunlight from 0° to 60°, with the angle of
the reflecting mirror receiver between 10° up to 45°.
The small angle of the reflecting mirror receiver
causes the area of the reflecting mirror area to
receive solar radiation to increase so that the amount
of solar radiation received becomes higher. This is
also proportional to the increase in the efficiency of
the PV module system in the combination of four
reflecting mirrors, for which the efficiency data can
be shown in Table 2.
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
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(e)
Fig. 8: The comparison of the magnitude of solar radiation received by two reflecting mirrors (red) and four
reflecting mirrors (blue) in the incident angle of solar radiation by (a) 0° (b) 15° (c) 30° (d) 45° and (e) 60°
Table 2. The efficiency of the PV module system in the different of the incidence angle of solar radiation
Incidence
Angle (°)
Area of PV
Module (m2)
Intensity of Solar
Radiation (W/m2)
Maximum
Power (W)
Power of open
circuit (W)
Efficiency of PV
Module (%)
0
1.62
1375.17
270.12
353.28
6.05
15
1.62
1480.72
270.12
353.28
6.26
30
1.62
1454.95
270.12
353.28
6.86
45
1.62
1667.80
270.12
353.28
9.25
60
1.62
1724.48
270.12
353.28
9.22
75
1.62
-
270.12
353.28
-
Based on Table 2 explained that increasing the
incidence angle of sunlight can increase the
efficiency of a PV module. This occurs due to the
increase in the reception of the solar irradiance
along with the area of the reflecting mirrors that
distributes the solar light irradiance to the PV
module. The decrease in the efficiency of the PV
module occurs at the incidence angle reaching the
angle of 60° and the angle of 75°, this is because the
fall of solar light irradiance to the surface of the
reflecting mirrors becomes refracted and is exposed
to other areas.
4 Conclusion
The results can be concluded that the utilization of a
combination of reflecting mirror in a PV module
system is able to increase the magnitude of solar
radiation for the electric energy conversion process
when compared to traditional systems without using
a combination of reflecting mirror technology. The
magnitude of solar radiation increases based on
parameters of the angle of incidence of sunlight, the
angle of the reflecting mirror, and the geometrical
dimensions of the reflecting mirror. The increase in
the reception of solar radiation occurs along with the
decrease in the angle of the reflecting mirror and the
increase in the sun's angle of view. This is due to the
low angle of the reflecting mirror, thereby
increasing the dimensions of the area of the mirror
to receive the magnitude of solar radiation to be
reflected in the PV module system. The best
conditions occur in the PV module system with a
combination of four reflecting mirrors with a solar
angle of 60° and a reflecting mirror angle of 10°,
which is capable of receiving solar radiation of
1724.48 W/m2. An increase in the angle of
incidence of solar radiation by 75°, is unacceptable
because the angle of the reflecting mirror in the
reception of sunlight radiation is not able to be
suitable with the conditions of the maximum
radiation solar reception.
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DOI: 10.37394/23203.2022.17.19
Budhi Muliawan Suyitno,
La Ode Mohammad Firman,
Erlanda Augupta Pane,
Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba, Ismail
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Budhi M Suyitno: Conceptualization and
Supervision
La Ode Mohammad Firman: Supervision and
Validation
Erlanda Augupta Pane: Writing – original draft and
Formal Analysis
Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba: Investigation,
Methodology, and Formal Analysis
Ismail: Supervision, Validation and Writing –
review & editing
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
Not Available
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
DOI: 10.37394/23203.2022.17.19
Budhi Muliawan Suyitno,
La Ode Mohammad Firman,
Erlanda Augupta Pane,
Mohamed Ibrahim Kriba, Ismail
E-ISSN: 2224-2856
176
Volume 17, 2022
