DDSRF Theory based Solar assisted RELIFT Luo Converter with
UPQC used in Voltage Enhancement
M.VENKATESWARLU1,*, B PAKKIRAIAH2, B LOVESWARA RAO1
1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502,
INDIA
2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology-Autonomous,
Hyderabad-500090,
INDIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - As PV system-based power generation and sensitive non-linear loads are integrated more
frequently, there is a greater need for enhanced Power Quality (PQ) in distributed power systems. In this work,
a specialized power device known as a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is proposed to improve the
PQ of the network overall. Source and load side PQ related issues are addressed using series and shunt
compensators in order. The PV system can provide active power to the load in the presence of the shunt
compensator. Using the Re-lift Luo DC-DC converter, the output voltage of the PV system is increased which
further improves the voltage gain and efficiency of the intended converter. An FLC is utilized to adjust the
gain values of the pi Controller which further improves the voltage profile of the UPQC. Decoupled Double
Synchronous Reference Frame (DDSRF) theory is utilized to produce the reference current and voltage values
to improve the current-voltage profiles at the source end. To attain the controlled responses of the shunt and
series compensators Type-2 FLC (CT2FLC) based controllers are utilized.
Key-Words: - DDSRF Theory, PV-UPQC, Adaptive PI controller, CT2FLC, Re-lift Luo converter, FL
Controller, DSTATCOM.
Received: April 19, 2024. Revised: October 2, 2024. Accepted: November 3, 2024. Published: December 2, 2024.
1 Introduction
To attain the suitable PQ of the system, different
types of loads are connected sequentially. The
operation of sensitive devices that are connected to
the power systems depends on the PQ of the system
supplied by the generating station, especially at low
values of the PQ. To avoid the failure of the devices
in the systems, power should be supplied within the
limits only, [1], [2]. Power quality (PQ) problems,
which show as distribution system voltage
variations, are mostly caused by the power
electronic loads' non-linear current drawing
behavior, [3]. Additionally, the emphasis on
generating clean energy has led to a rise in the usage
of PV in distributed power networks, which
increases the risk of voltage instability due to its
intermittent nature. In addition to capacitor bank
heating, these voltage instability problems cause
frequent false triggering, false tripping, and failure
of the electrical devices, [4], [5]. A three-phase solar
energy conversion system with many functions that
can adjust for load-side PQ problems is proposed in
[6]. In addition to renewable energy generation, a
shunt active filtering based on the Distribution
Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is proposed in
[7], [8]. Reactive power injection is a trade-off for
DSTATCOM's superior load voltage management.
As a result, DSTATCOM cannot keep grid current
unity power factor and PCC voltage regulation
simultaneously. A series of active filtering devices
called a Dynamic Voltage Resonator (DVR), [9],
has been suggested recently to meet the high PQ
requirements of subtle loads.
To gain the extra benefit of producing
decarbonized electricity, PV-based DVR setups are
designed in [10], [11]. A UPQC, [12], [13], with
both shunt active filtering and series active filtering
is preferable over DVR and DSTATCOM. By
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DOI: 10.37394/232016.2024.19.38
M. Venkateswarlu,
B Pakkiraiah, B Loveswara Rao
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
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Volume 19, 2024
employing an appropriate controller strategy in
conjunction with the converter, the PV system's
intermittency-related limitation can be removed. By
controlling its duty cycle, stabilizes the high-voltage
output. The PV system's voltage level is improved
by choosing a Re-lift Luo converter. The PI
controller is a popular linear controller method for
managing a power electronic converter's operation.
Nevertheless, because it is a fixed gain controller, it
cannot adjust to changes in the system's parameters
or the environment.
Consequently, an FLC is utilized to adjust the PI
controller's gain values, improving its dynamic
response and enabling a wider range of operating
circumstances for which it may be used, [14], [15],
[16]. To regulate the UPQC, the cascaded control
technique, [17], including two T2FLCs is suggested.
Using DDSRF Theory, the primary objective of
reference signal creation is completed. A radial
basic neural network forms the basis of the created
genetic algorithm model. These neural networks
make it feasible to solve technological and financial
issues that call for high-speed processing while also
minimizing the expense of data processing time.
The suggested method enables the most precise and
rational choice to be made when utilizing renewable
energy sources to address the issue of active power
reserves, [18]. A method for autonomous
monitoring and management is presented that
enables the identification and tracking of
degradation on structural elements and joints of
steel constructions that are currently in place, [19],
[20]. The article uses a Field-Programmable Gate
Array (FPGA) board and related computer-aided
design (CAD) tool to propose, develop, model, and
verify the reconfigurable gates and core components
of the CPU. Through the use of testing programs,
the implemented processor demonstrated its
flexibility in reconfiguration, [21]. Junction gate
field-effect transistor (JFET) is utilized for low
forward voltage drop application point of view
which is combination of the silicon carbide, is the
basis of the unique hybrid diode concept known as
the Huang-Pair, [22]. This article investigates
approaches for employing distinct low-voltage
diodes in series as one high-voltage diode in high-
frequency applications. As a result of the parasitic
capacitance from the physical diode linkages to
common, we find that series-linking diodes can lead
to higher loss as well as imbalances in temperature
and voltage among the diodes, [23]. This work
presents a PV-UPQC that supports both carbon-
negative power generation and increased PQ. Re-lift
Luo converter and fuzzy-tuned adaptive PI
controller are used to provide a PV system with a
stable, regulated, and elevated voltage level. Control
over the operation of the UPQC's series and shunt
compensators is established utilizing a CT2FLC in
addition to DDSRF theory.
2 Proposed System Description
A utility system's primary duty is to supply
customers with electricity in the form of pure
sinusoidal at PCC that is appropriate in frequency
and magnitude. To increase the PQ of the
distributed power system, a PV-UPQC is therefore
given the further advantage of carbon-free power
generation shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1: Complete block diagram representation of
the PV-UPQC
The Adaptive PI controller receives the error
value that results from comparing the Re-lift Luo
converter's actual voltage with the set reference
voltage. The PWM generator creates pulses to
operate the switches of the Re-lift Luo converter
with the help of the reference control signal
produced by the controller. Regarding UPQC, the
shunt converter decreases issues with current
harmonics on the load side and the series converter
decreases issues with voltage quality on the source
side. The reference and actual DC-link voltages
(), are compared, and the
voltage error is determined before being forwarded
to the CT2FLC for processing. The reference
voltage signal for stabilizing source voltage changes
and the reference current signal for reducing load
side current harmonics are produced using DDSRF
theory. Finally, the PV-UPQC configuration that has
been recommended improves the PQ of the source
side and load side.
3 Proposed System Modelling
The proposed research [19], proposes a method that
uses just manufacturer-provided data to track the
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DOI: 10.37394/232016.2024.19.38
M. Venkateswarlu,
B Pakkiraiah, B Loveswara Rao
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
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maximum power point of a solar panel or
photovoltaic field under various climatic
circumstances. The method is based on the
mathematical model of a diode.
3.1 PV Fed Re-Lift Luo Converter
As can be seen in Figure 2, the single diode model
serves as the foundation for the construction of the
PV module, which contains many PV cells.
Additionally, the PV cell's output current is
provided as:
(1)
Fig. 2: Electrical model representation of the PV
cell
Fig 3: Re-lift Luo converter general representation
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4: Different operation modes of the Re-lift Luo
converter
3.1.1 Mode 1
In this mode, the inductors and is absorbed
from the source energy when both switches are in
the ON position. Both the input source and the
capacitorprovide the inductor's energy, or . In
this mode, there is a linear increase in
currents.
3.1.2 Mode 2
As opposed to mode 1, where the source current
is equal to zero and both switches are in the OFF
state. When the current andcharges the
capacitor, the capacitor receives the energy that
the inductor has stored. Throughout this mode, the
currents and both decreases.
The peak-to-peak fluctuation of current during
mode 1 is provided as follows:
(2)
The fluctuation is comparable to the mode 2 current
decrease,
(3)
When mode 2 is in effect, the voltage drops across
the inductor is as follows:
(4)
In mode 1, the current grows throughout the
time interval kt, while in mode 2, it decreases during
the interval (1-k) t.
(5)
The following represents the voltage across
the capacitor:
(6)
In addition, the current simultaneously rises
in mode 1 and falls in mode 2. Therefore,
(7)
Given is the output voltage, or .
(8)
This is the output current given:
(9)
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Fig. 5: Operation related wave forms of the Re-Lift
Luo converter
The inductor has the following value:
(10)
The inductor has a value of
(11)
The capacitors and can be valued using
the following formulas:
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
A fuzzy tuned PI controller is used in this study
to improve the Re-lift Luo converter's transient
response.
3.2 Fuzzy Tuned Adaptive PI Controller
The extensive use of conventional PI controllers in
various industrial applications can be attributed to
their advantageous features, including their quick
reaction time and ease of setup. However, because it
is a fixed gain controller, it is less able to adjust to
changes in the system parameters and the
environment. Thus, in this work, an Adaptable PI
controller is used, which combines the quick
response of a PI controller with the independent and
adaptive properties of an FLC. Unlike the traditional
PI controller, the gains are estimated
using the FLC and are tunable as opposed to fixed.
Figure 6 depicts the Re-lift Luo converter
architecture with an Adaptive PI controller.
Fig. 6: PI controller with adaptability for Re-lift Luo
converter
Due to the adaptive PI controller's selection for
controlling the Re-lift Luo converter's output
voltage, the voltage error (e) and change in voltage
error (ce) serve as the FLC's input variables. As
shown in Figure 7(a), five triangle membership
functions are assigned to each of these two input
variables. The linguistic variables Positive Large
(PL), Positive Small (NS), Zero (Z), Negative Large
(NL), and Positive Small (NS) in Figure 7 are used
to express the fuzzy variables for the inputs. The
Min-Max approach and the center of gravity are
utilized for the purposes of fuzzy inference and
defuzzification, respectively. As can be seen in
Table 1, the FLC uses two rule bases to estimate the
values of the PI gains, or .
Table 1. PI Gain rules based on the basic rules
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Fig. 7: Membership functions for the variables' (a)
input and (b) output
The rules are created using information on how
the converter works, different types of errors, and
changes in error inputs. The firing strength for each
rule is provided as follows:
(16)
where the membership function is denoted by .
The labels are used to represent the
singleton values. The FLC's outputs are provided as
follows:
(17)
(18)
where r is the number of rules. As a result, the
output signal that the PI controller produced is as
follows:
(19)
3.3 Modelling of UPQC
The UPQC makes sure that the loads connected to
the distributed power system always receive power
that meets the necessary standards and
specifications. Shunt compensators are used to
reduce load side PQ problems like reactive power
and harmonics, whereas series compensators are
used to reduce grid side PQ problems like sag/swell.
Furthermore, by injecting current into the load side,
the former improves PQ, and by injecting voltage
into the grid side, the latter improves PQ. These
factors were taken into account when creating the
UPQC
3.3.1 DC-link Voltage Magnitude
The lowest DC-link voltage value is calculated
based on the phase voltage of the system and is
stated as,
(20)
where m is the modulation depth and
represents the phase-voltage of the grid.
3.3.2 Shunt Compensator DC-link Capacitor
Value
The following formula is used to express the DC-
link capacitor's capacitance value:
(21)
where the words, respectively, are used
to specify the phase-current and phase-voltage of
the shunt compensator. The overloading factor is
denoted as , the reference voltage is denoted as
, and the energy variation under dynamic
conditions is designated as .
3.3.3 Inductor Ripple Filter
The following formula is used to express the value
(22)
In this case, the switching frequency is denoted
as and the inductor ripple current is provided
as.
3.3.4 Series Injection Transformer
The turns ratio in the case of a series transformer is
provided as follows:
(23)
The VA rating of the transformer is listed as:
(24)
The current flowing through a series
compensator is equal to the grid current.
3.3.5 Series Compensator Inductor Ripple Filter
The specified inductor ripple filter is
(25)
In this case, the inductor ripple current is
denoted by . With the use of CT2FLC and
DDSRF theory, control over the series and shunt
compensators is enabled.
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3.4 Modelling of CT2FLC
CT2FLC, which consists of two Type 2-FLC, is in
responsible for regulating the operation of UPQC
(T2FLC). The T2-FLC is utilised in this work
instead of its counterpart, the T1-FLC, since it is
more equipped to handle problems involving non-
linearity and uncertainty. The second T2FLC
receives its input as the control signal from the first
T2FLC.
Fig. 8: The complete architecture of the T2FLC
Fig. 9: The FOU representation related to T2FLC
The configuration of T2FLC, which is a logical
extension of T1FLC and provides more details in
the secondary membership function, is shown in
Figure 8. The former differs from the later in that it
lacks the defuzzifier section and instead has an
output processing block. The output processing
module contains a type reducer and the
defuzzification block. Figure 9 illustrates how it
makes use of the footprint of uncertainty (FOU)
idea. The fuzzification block's job is to convert the
input numeric vector
. The input mapping is provided
as:
(26)
(27)
The T2FLC rule structure is written as:
(28)
The fuzzy sets T1 consequent and T2 antecedent
are represented by and
, respectively. is the output's specified
value. The inference engine uses the fuzzy sets to
create mappings. Union and intersection operations
are computed to realise these mappings. The output
of the defuzzifier is evaluated using the type
reduced set () that is produced from the type
reducer. This output is presented as:
(29)
Consequently, the UPQC's operation is
managed by the CT2FLC.
3.4.1 DDSRF Theory
The following formula can be used to express the
negative, positive, and zero components of a three-
phase power system:
=
+
+
(30)
The symbol for the asymmetrical source voltage is:
=
=
+
+
(31)
Given is the source current component:
=
=
+
+
(32)
The three-phase voltage is changed as follows using
Clark's transformation:
=
(33)
=
(34)
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The three-phase current is changed as follows
using Clark's transformation:
Following the removal of the zero-sequence
element: =
(35)
=
(36)
The power, both actual and imagined, is granted
as:
(37)
The resultant voltage is given as:
(38)
The angular frequency of the rotating coordinate
system and the voltage vector have the same
frequency in a stationary reference frame. The state
of DDSRF is determined by applying a Park's
transformation to separate the positive and negative
sequence components.
(39)
(40)
It is verified based on equations (39) and (40)
that: (41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
Equations (44) and (43), respectively, are used
to express the negative and positive sequences. The
instantaneous PQ theory equations obtained by
substituting decoupled current and voltage values
for Park's transformation are as follows:
(45)
(46)
(47)
Decoupled voltage and current are the basis for
producing the reference signal, which is provided
as:
(48)
(49)
4 Results and Discussions
Since sensitive loads are becoming more and more
common in distributed power systems, there has
been a lot of focus on the need for better power
quality. This paper demonstrates the application of a
PV-UPQC with suitable control mechanisms to raise
the PQ. An adaptive PI controller stabilizes the
increased voltage output from the Re-lift Luo
converter, which connects the PV to the UPQC.
Moreover, the DDSRF theory and the CT2FLC
were utilized to manage UPQC.
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(a)
(b)
Fig 10: Waveforms of (a) PV panel voltage (b) PV
panel current
As seen in Figure 10(a), the re-lift Luo
converter receives an input of 125 V from the PV
panel to produce a higher DC output voltage. Figure
10(b) illustrates how the different operating
circumstances cause the PV panel output current to
change suddenly before stabilizing at approximately
32 A.
(a)
(b)
Fig 11: Representation of the (a) Converter output
voltage and (b) Converter output current
With the help of an adaptive PI controller, the
re-lift Luo converter produces a stable output
voltage and output current of 600 V and 7 A,
respectively, as shown in Figure 11.
(a)
(b)
Fig 12: Illustration of the (a) Three-phase source
voltage and (b) Three phase source current
It is evident from Figure 12(a) that an
approximate 400 V AC voltage is maintained
continuously for 0.1 seconds, after which it
decreases to 250 V as a result of PQ problems.
Because of PQ problems, the three-phase source
current is highly unstable and distorted, as seen in
Figure 12(b).
(a)
(b)
Fig 13: Representation of the (a) Source voltage and
current (b) Power factor
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Figure 13(b) makes it evident that CT2FLC-
based UPQC enhances power quality and facilitates
the achievement of the unity power factor. Figure
13(a) displays the source voltage and current
waveforms.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 14: Illustration of the (a) real power and (b)
reactive power
Real power and reactive power are depicted in
Figure 14(a) and Figure 14(b), respectively. The real
and reactive power are distortion-free after applying
the recommended control approach, despite the
waveform's early power changes.
A steady load voltage of 400 V and a steady
load current of around 35 A is continuously
maintained distortion-free with the suggested PQ
enhancement technique. Thus, as illustrated in
Figure 15, the suggested PV-UPQC with CT2FLC
design successfully and efficiently raises the PQ on
the load side.
A shunt converter, which serves as a controlled
current source, is used to ensure effective load
current harmonics compensation once the proper
quantity of reactive current is injected into the line.
As indicated in Figure 16(a), to reduce the current
harmonics that are present on the load side, a
reference current of 45 A is created between 0.15s
and 0.2s.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 15: Representation of the (a) load voltage and
(b) load current
(a)
(b)
Fig. 16: Shunt converter results representation (a)
Reference current and (b) actual current
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 17: Representation of series converter’s (a)
Reference voltage and (b) actual voltage
Using a series converter, effective voltage sag
compensation is accomplished by injecting the
desired magnitude of voltage into the line. From
0.1s to 0.2s, a steady voltage of 180 V is obtained
without any abnormalities, as seen in Figure 17(b).
Figure 18 shows the estimated THD of 3.25%.
Fig. 18: Representation of the total harmonic
distortion
(a)
(b)
Fig. 19: Illustrates the dc-to-dc converters (a)
Efficiency, and (b) Voltage gain comparisons
Based on voltage gain and efficiency, the Re-lift
Luo converter's operational performance is
compared to several other current converters, as
illustrated in Figure 19. The Re-lift Luo converter
operates at an outstanding 95% efficiency and a
voltage gain ratio of 1:12.
5 Conclusion
Several PQ problems in power systems have
developed as a result of the growing use of sensitive
power electronic equipment. If these issues are not
successfully fixed, the system as a whole may
eventually fail, causing large economic losses.
When PV-based power generation and UPQC are
integrated, clean energy with higher PQ is produced.
Voltage instability is caused by the PV system
because it is a discontinuous low power source. The
voltage produced by the PV is enhanced and
stabilized by the adaptive PI controller and the re-
lift Luo converter. Moreover, CT2FLC and DDSRF
theory are used to guarantee UPQC control. The
output from MATLAB simulations indicates that the
planned UPQC setup is effective in improving both
the load side and source side PQ concerns. Re-lift
Luo converters have remarkable 95% efficiency and
a high voltage gain of 1:12.
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M. Venkateswarlu,
B Pakkiraiah, B Loveswara Rao
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/232016.2024.19.38
M. Venkateswarlu,
B Pakkiraiah, B Loveswara Rao
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
449
Volume 19, 2024
