Analysis of Power Quality and Technical Challenges in Grid-Tied
Renewable Energy
OLADAPO T. IBITOYE, MOSES O. ONIBONOJE, JOSEPH O. DADA
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Afe Babalola University,
Ado Ekiti,
NIGERIA
Abstract: - The transition of power generation from fossil fuel to renewable energy is a cutting-edge phase in
smart grid research. Renewable energy sources (RES), such as solar, photovoltaic, and wind are gradually
overtaking other sources as the most attractive alternative within the power generation and distribution systems
across many nations. Reduction in the carbon footprint is a major consideration in the choice of the RES.
However, the technical challenges with RES pose a significant barrier to unified integration, even though the
high penetration level appears plausible. The challenges are majorly caused by the variability and
unpredictability of these sources. It is therefore a stimulating task to efficiently manage the electrical power
distribution systems in the face of renewable energy integration. The purpose of this study is to examine the
potential of renewable energy integration and the accompanying technical challenges that include power quality
issues associated with grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE). The study also recommends techniques capable of
mitigating prominent power quality challenges to guarantee seamless renewable energy integration in power
systems.
Key-Words: - Power Grid, Renewable Energy, Power Quality, Technical Challenges, Integration, Distributed
Generation
Received: September 21, 2022. Revised: September 12, 2023. Accepted: Ocotber 15, 2023. Published: November 20, 2023.
1 Introduction
Fossil fuel-based power plants have major
contributions to greenhouse effects which cause
global climate change. The use of such plants has
been declining globally over the past few decades,
[1]. Emission of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
from fossil fuels have a great influence on climate,
[2]. Apart from the effects of conventional power
system generation on climate, the motivation to
consider renewable energy sources (RES) is derived
from other factors such as rising demand for
electricity and energy poverty. Alternative power
generation resources such as solar and wind are
environmentally friendly and advanced
technologically, with the capability to generate
electrical power without contributing to carbon
footprint or having any adverse effects on people or
animals, [1], [2], [3], [4].
The integration of the RES into the utility grid
has led to the development of various Distributed
Generation (DG) technologies as one effective
solution in line with the “Paris Agreement” to
maintain global temperatures below 20C and 80%
carbon footprint elimination by 2050, [3], [4], [5].
Grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE) has a positive
impact on the stability of the power system, [6]. One
of the most recent developments in the power
distribution system is the DG, which offers a
decentralized approach to power grid architecture,
[7]. DG involves producing a considerable amount
of power close to the distribution network with
renewable generators as a typical example, [7], [8],
[9]. DG has benefits that include: lower power loss,
greater voltage support, peak shaving, and increased
system efficiency, stability, and dependability, [8],
[9]. Meanwhile, the technical challenges of GtRE
from certain sources such as solar, photovoltaic, and
wind turbines are critical power quality
determinants, [10], [11], [12], [13]. According to,
[11], power quality (PQ) is how closely the
parameters of a power supply system such as
voltage, frequency, and waveform adhere to the
predetermined standards that operate end-user
equipment appropriately.
This study focuses on reviewing the technical
challenges and issues of power quality in GtRE to
stimulate further research to address the challenges.
The other part of this article is structured as follows:
Section two presents an overview of global
renewable energy growth and contributions. Section
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Oladapo T. Ibitoye, Moses O. Onibonoje, Joseph O. Dada
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three presents the technical challenges and power
quality challenges of GtRE. Section four gives the
causes of power quality challenges, Section five
gives the impact of power quality challenges.
Section six presents possible mitigation techniques
for prominent power quality challenges. Section
seven concludes the study.
2 Global Renewable Energy Growth
and Contributions
Renewables are presently considered the energy
choice for new power generation, despite the terrible
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on society and
public agenda priorities. According to the most
recent edition of Renewable Capacity Statistics, at
the end of 2021, 38% of the global power installed
capacity was derived from renewable sources, [5].
The total global renewable energy generation from
2019 to 2021 is shown in Table 1. A sustainable
energy future would result from energy being
extracted from renewable natural resources with no
or minimal ecological damage. Solar and wind
power are two examples of renewable natural
resources that have drawn global attention due to
their popularity and investment growth, [14], [15].
These two technologies have recently grown in both
scope and importance. They are both being
deployed for use at medium and large-scale levels.
Moreover, many individuals in African countries
have either solar or wind energy systems installed to
mitigate energy poverty.
Table 1. Global Renewable Energy Generation from
2019 to 2021
Continent
Generation Per Year in GW
The year
2019
The year
2020
Year
2021
Global
2542
2807
3064
Asia
1126
1300
1456
Europe
575
608
647
North America
389
420
458
South America
223
231
245
Other
Continents
104
111
115
Africa
51
54
56
Oceania
36
43
45
Middle East
22
23
24
Central
America
16
17
18
In recent years, the penetration of solar
photovoltaic (PV) has surpassed that of wind given
the developmental trend of solar PV, [5]. The years
2020 and 2021 were excellent ones for the energy
transition; as presented in Figure 1, more than 250
Gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy were added
globally each year. Power utilities’ operators are
now allowing higher levels of RE penetration.
According to the reports presented in, [5], some
countries, including Norway, Denmark, Portugal,
Italy, Spain, Germany, the United States, and
Australia, have recently achieved great success in
integrating substantial volumes of renewable energy
into their existing power infrastructures. With wind
and solar only making up a tiny portion of
renewable energy production in Norway, hydro
dominates power generation. In Denmark, Spain,
Germany, and Italy, the majority of renewable
energy is generated by wind and solar PV, [5].
Fig. 1: Chart of Global Renewable Energy
Generation
3 Technical Challenges of Grid-Tied
Renewable Energy
Grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE) is affected by
various technical challenges such as; power quality
challenges, energy storage challenges, RES optimal
placement challenges, islanding challenges, and
power protection challenges.
3.1 Power Quality Challenges
The infrastructures for conventional power grids
were designed to handle energy produced from
conventional sources. Technologies behind these
infrastructures can adjust their output to achieve an
energy balance between supply and demand at all
times to ensure the stability and reliability of the
power grid. Due to the high penetration of RES like
solar and wind, the operators in the power sector are
worried about the stability of the grid, the quality of
the power, and voltage regulation, [4], [6], [16].
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Global
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Other Continents
Africa
Oceania
Middle East
Central America
Power Generation (GW)2021 2020 2019
Continents
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Three power quality challenges are prominent in
renewable energy systems such as; harmonics,
voltage fluctuation, and frequency fluctuation, [17],
[18]. Additionally, in the case of grid-tied RE,
voltage and frequency changes may result from
inherent power grid problems. Voltage and
frequency, as specified by the IEEE Standard 519-
2022 in, [19], are the two key factors to consider
when evaluating the power quality of RES (PV and
wind systems). Deviation from these parameters
creates power quality problems. These problems can
be discussed from two perspectives: The renewable
energy perspective and the power grid perspective.
3.1.1 Power Quality Challenges in Grid-tied
Renewable Energy
Harmonic
Harmonics are distortions in voltage and current,
[10], [20], [21]. Harmonics are essentially the most
prevalent issue in GtRE, [22], [23]. In RE
generators, harmonic distortions are increased by
the control circuit in conjunction with power
electronics. According to IEEE standard 519-2022
reported in, [19], a low voltage system must
undergo a harmonic analysis if the overall harmonic
distortion at the point of common coupling is greater
than 8%. Additionally, the term "harmonic" was
used in, [24], to describe voltage or current that is
multiplied by the system's fundamental frequency.
Harmonics are created when the waveforms deviate
from a sinusoidal shape. Such current harmonics
change the voltage waveform and disrupt the power
supply, which can cause several issues. The voltage
swing of the applied sinusoid is confined by non-
linear loads, such as an amplifier with smoothing
distortion, and the pure tone is warped with a
significant number of harmonics. Harmonic
distortion prevents the power supply from
functioning at its best.
In, [25], harmonics are said to be part of a
periodic quantity that has a Fourier series of more
than one order; for instance, the third harmonic
order in a 50 Hz system is 150 Hz. Harmonics are
capable of resulting in overheating and overcurrent,
with impacts such as supply voltage distortion and
rapid circuit breaker tripping. Authors in, [26],
categorized harmonics into short time and very short
time. For a 50Hz power supply, very short time
harmonic values are evaluated over 3 seconds, based
on the accumulation of 15 successive 10 cycles,
using the rms estimate presented in equation 1, [19],
[27], [28].
where F stands for the voltage V or current I, n
stands for the harmonic order, and i stands for a
counter. The phrase "very short" is denoted by the
subscript vs.
Short-time harmonic values for a given
frequency component are evaluated over 10 minutes
based on an accumulation of 200 consecutive
extremely short values. According to equation 2, the
200 values are combined based on an rms
calculation, [19], [27], [28].
where the word "short" is denoted by the subscript
sh.
Voltage Fluctuation
Voltage fluctuation is the variance in voltage
amplitude from the nominal value. According to
IEEE standards, it is a repeated voltage fluctuation
with a magnitude of 0.9 to 1.1 pu, [24]. It is
produced by sources whose output power varies
over time. Voltage fluctuation is one of the key
issues on power quality that emerges when RES are
integrated with the grid. The significant prevalence
of intermittent, uncontrollable RES is the main
cause of voltage fluctuation.
Voltage flicker is the major effect of voltage
fluctuations. According to, [24], voltage fluctuations
can be described using two metrics, short-term
flicker severity and long-term flicker severity.
Although, there are other inherent grid factors
capable of causing voltage fluctuations, but are
particularly heightened by renewable energy, which
has a negative impact on power quality. In other
words, the voltage may increase or decrease more
than usual when there is an excess of renewable
energy in certain locations. A typical voltage
fluctuation waveform is presented in Figure 2. All
appliances connected to electrical power that has
unstable voltage are susceptible to damage. Such
power supply has a negative impact on the
efficiency and proper operation of electrical and
electronic appliances.
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Fig. 2: Waveform of a typical voltage fluctuation,
[24].
Frequency Fluctuations
Frequency fluctuation is a significant problem to
power quality in the grid as a result of the large
penetration of RES. Frequency fluctuation is the
deviation from the nominal frequency, [29]. This is
a result of the fluctuating output power of RES.
Frequency deviation in the grid often happens when
the demand is less than or more than the generation.
And as more RES are used, this divergence gets
worse, [24]. This may lead to equipment damage,
load performance degradation, and power system
instability. The deviation of the frequency from the
reference value must never be too large, otherwise,
it becomes a serious problem. The two nominal
frequencies that are most frequently used in power
systems are 50 Hz (Africa, Asia, and Europe) and
60 Hz (North America, South Korea, Virgin
Islands). Normal conditions are often observed
when a system works within a frequency deviation
range of 0.1 Hz, while abnormal conditions occur
when the frequency ranges from 47.5 to 51.5 Hz
(for example, in a 50 Hz network), [30].
3.1.2 Power Quality Challenges in Conventional
Grid
Apart from the identified power quality challenges
in the RES power grid, existing disturbances also
affect renewable energy integration. According to,
[11], the quality of the electricity in the distribution
grid is negatively impacted due to various sorts of
disruptions at both the generator side and the load
side, and this is capable of causing electrical supply
failures. Continuous monitoring must be done on the
power supply's parameters, including voltage and
frequency. Poor power quality is caused by
variations in voltage, frequency, and noise level.
The various conditions leading to poor power
quality are discussed below.
Voltage Sags
A power system phenomenon known as voltage sag
causes the nominal RMS voltage to drop between
10% to 90% for small intervals of time, lasting from
0.5 cycles to 1 minute, [17], [31]. As shown visually
in Figure 3, voltage sag is defined by the IEC
61000-4-30 standard as a transient drop in the RMS
voltage of 10% or more just below the rated system
voltage during a period of 1/2 cycle to 1 minute. An
abrupt load change, such as the start-up of a motor
or even a short circuit, may result in a voltage sag.
Appliances that are connected are vulnerable to
damage when there is voltage sag.
Fig. 3: Waveform of a typical voltage sag, [24].
Voltage Swells
The reverse of voltage sag is the voltage swell. In,
[32], a voltage swell is defined as a brief rise in
RMS voltage of 10% or more that lasts for up to one
minute and occurs just over the rated system
voltage. An example is observed when a large load
in a power system shuts off, this will result in a brief
rise in voltage. Some electric motors consume
significantly more current during start-up than
during rated speed operation. A voltage drop will
result from a line-to-ground fault up until the
protective switchgear trips, [31]. Swells may occur
as a result of a single phase to the ground fault,
temporarily raising the voltage of other phases. In
the presence of voltage swell, appliances are
susceptible to damage. Voltage swell is graphically
presented in Figure 4.
Fig. 4: Waveform of a typical voltage swell, [24].
Transients
According to, [33], [34], transients are disruptions
that could damage the equipment in a power system
and have an impact on the power quality. The
electrical transients, which can be thought of as a
brief spike, would last only a few milliseconds. The
power system would receive a significant amount of
electricity even if this condition would only last a
few milliseconds. Despite having a much shorter
running time than a steady state condition, transient
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conditions have a substantial impact on the power
system. The presence of inductors and capacitors in
the system is the main cause of a transient, [35].
Capacitor switching, dynamic load switching,
circuit breaker activity, etc. are the main causes of
transients. The study of transient periods is crucial
because, during these times, high currents or
voltages subject the circuit components to their
maximum strains. These high voltages and currents
damage sensitive loads as well as windings, and
insulation, and cause inaccurate operation, [35].
It is therefore an important task to detect and
eliminate transients in the power distribution
networks. Researchers have used the Fourier
transform, Hilbert transform, Wavelet transform,
time-frequency resolution, and Stockwell transform
to identify the usual transients’ difficulties.
However, it has been noted in the literature that
whenever there is a sudden burst in the signal, these
approaches are unable to accurately forecast the
transient disturbance characteristics.
3.1 Energy Storage Challenge
Given the rising need for flexibility and mobility
demanded by potential users of energy in the
distribution grid, such as electric vehicles, the
development of efficient storage solutions is
necessary. RES like solar and wind present a
significant problem when it comes to storage, [36],
[37]. One of the major focus areas of research in
renewable energy storage is batteries. The European
Commission considers batteries as a critical value
chain, batteries are the focus of a specific action
plan called the European Battery Alliance, [38].
Lithium-ion technology has received widespread
acceptance in recent years, due to its miniaturized
features, and its high efficiency and robustness,
which allow the storage of energy produced by solar
PV and wind turbines, [39]. Although it is research
in progress, this approach is still not ideal for long-
term storage; Sodium Sulphur or redox-flow
Batteries are two alternatives that are currently in
full development.
3.2 RES Optimal Placement Challenges
Implementing DG is a practical means of taking the
advantages provided by the dispersion of small
and/or medium-sized power units, [32], [40].
Installation of such power units, typically at the
distribution level, has shown to have a beneficial
effect on several grid operational issues, including
loss reduction, either independently or in
conjunction with battery banks; reliability
considerations, or even improvements; voltage
stability; and other issues, such as improving DG or
RES penetration, reducing the challenges associated
with the integration of renewable energy in the
distribution network, or applied to remote hybrid
systems. The ideal positioning and sizing of the
units is the main obstacle to effective renewable
energy penetration.
To improve the grid, it is anticipated that the
Distribution Network Operators will determine how
renewable energy will be integrated. The number of
units to be installed, the sites of installation, the
capacity of each unit, and the overall amount of
renewable energy capacity that needs to be
integrated are the four variables that need to be
optimized to get the best outcomes.
3.3 Islanding Challenges
A scenario known as islanding occurs when RES
delivers power to the grid when there is no power
from electrical utility, [24]. Islanding happens as a
result of uncontrolled renewable energy
connections. The detection of islanding is one of the
difficulties that GtRE encounters, [10], [41], [42].
Islanding detection is crucial to the functioning of
grid-tied renewable energy, and it should always be
done in a timely manner regardless of the mode of
operation. The enormous synchronous generators
utilized in conventional power networks are
generally known to have a significant amount of
inertia, while the conventional synchronous
generators with contemporary generating units
coupled to inverters have low inertia because the
network is decoupled from any significant kinetic
energy. Voltage and frequency deviation from
nominal values are expected to be quite large during
severe transients in low-inertia networks. This
affects the efficacy of islanding detection
approaches as well as popular anti-islanding
techniques like vector shift and frequency change
rate, [24].
Real-time monitoring and forecast systems
should specifically be deployed to grid-tied
renewable energy so that the moment islanding is
detected, necessary action can be taken. According
to, [41], [42], [43], there are two types of islanding
detection techniques: remote and local. The local
technique is further grouped into passive, active,
and hybrid techniques. Transfer trip and power line
signaling techniques are two methods for detecting
remote islands, [41], [43]. Communication between
the main grid and the RES is necessary for the
detection of islanding. The passive detection
approach for local islanding detection involves
detecting system parameters such as voltage,
frequency, and harmonic distortion, [10]. Grid-tied
mode and islanded mode have different set
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thresholds for these parameters. Other techniques
for addressing islanding issues include; the utility
grid's reactor insertion technique and the PV side's
capacitor insertion technique, [24].
According to, [44], RES such as solar energy
will operate as an island on its local connected load
if the fault current level perceived by the embedded
relay is high enough to trip it. The island network's
operation could become unstable as a result of the
power imbalance in the isolated system. This is
represented in Figure 5.
Fig. 5: Islanding problem in grid-tied RE, [44].
3.4 Power Protection Challenges
The design of power system protection faces various
difficulties as more renewable energy units,
particularly those with power electronics interfaces,
are connected to the distribution network. It is well
known that the majority of traditional distribution
grid protection strategies in the primary radial
system rely on unidirectional short-circuit current
flow. The integration of renewable energy alters this
order by producing a complicated system with
several sources and bidirectional fault current flows.
Additionally, the presence of renewable energy
units can result in issues with reclosers, erroneous
tripping, and/or blinding in traditional radial
topologies, [1], [45], [46].
Power flows are not unidirectional in grid-tied
renewable energy, and depending on where the fault
is, fault currents might flow in either direction. In
multi-loop systems, directional overcurrent relays
are the best way to prevent incessant tripping.
However, because of their intermittent nature, RES
will have a greater impact on network failure levels
when there is a significant penetration. The feeder
won't be protected by the overcurrent relays with
fixed time dial setting and plug multiplier setting
with a significant RES penetration, [10], [44].
According to, [44], the source type, penetration
level, and position of the RES integration in the
network play a role in how the fault current changes.
The fault is provided by both the grid and the RES,
as seen in Figure 6. Depending on the RES rating
and RES impedance, the fault current perceived by
relay R2 for the fault close to relay R2 will grow
and it will decrease for relay R1. The relays will
operate below the reach due to the change in the
fault level that they detect.
Fig. 6: Integration of RES into the existing grid,
[44].
4 Causes Power Quality Challenges in
Grid-Tied RE
In order to monitor and tackle power quality
problems in the power grid, it is important to
identify the causes. The following are the common
causes of power quality challenges in GtRE.
4.1 Stochastic Nature of Renewable Energy
Generators
Two features of conventional power generation are
the ability to control where electricity generation
can be carried out and when electricity can be
generated. These features are lacking in solar and
wind power generation. This factor increases the
difficulty of the goal of instantaneously balancing
supply and demand. Solar and wind power
generation depend on natural resources. The places
with the most sun and wind are typically not those
with the most demand for electricity. For instance, it
is difficult to manage the timing of power
generation from solar and wind sources, because
only when the sun is shining and the wind is
blowing can solar panels and wind turbines provide
electricity.
4.2 Reverse Power Flow
From medium voltage to low voltage networks, the
distribution system's power flow has conventionally
been unidirectional. However, when the overall
amount of PV generation exceeds the total load
demand, reverse power flow occurs on the feeders,
moving from low-voltage to medium-voltage
networks. Utilizing voltage control components,
such as switching capacitors, automatic voltage
regulators, and on-load tap changers may be
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challenging due to the reverse power flow. Because
most distribution system components are not
designed to handle the bidirectional power flow
brought on by a sizable amount of PV generation, in
some cases modifications to existing protection
methods as well as additional equipment may be
necessary.
4.3 Variation in Standard Load Patterns
The integration of the energy from solar PV panels
in the distribution system can affect the typical load
curve significantly. This is very prominent during
the daytime when irradiance from the sun is at its
peak, the resulting effect is noticeable load
reduction. A sudden change in load can also occur
when the equipment is powered on or off, this also
has an impact on power quality.
4.4 Distribution System Stability
Small signal stability is another stability issue that
has received a lot of attention recently in
distribution systems, [30], [47], [48]. When a
distribution system is completely passive, small
signal stability might not be a problem. With the
integration of renewable generation via power
electronic interfaces and their supporting
controllers, however, the stability of the system
operating point when subjected to minor
interruptions became a critical issue. State variable
oscillation in close proximity to a growing number
of dynamics has been documented. According to
[30], small signal stability could cause oscillatory
conditions in distribution systems and result in
partial blackouts if there is insufficient damping
applied to them. The distribution system's small
signal stability may suffer significantly as the
degree of imbalance rises.
5 Impacts of Power Quality
Challenges in Grid-Tied RE
The identified power quality (PQ) challenges in
grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE) are capable of
resulting in anomaly conditions in the power
network. Table 2 presents the prominent power
quality issues in GtRE with their respective effects
and severity levels.
Table 2. Severity Levels of Power Quality
Conditions in Grid-Tied Renewable Energy
PQ
Conditions
Effects
Severity
Voltage
Fluctuations
Over-voltage, under-
voltage
Very
Severe
Harmonics
Electrical equipment
losses, and overheating
Severe
Frequency
Fluctuations
Disruption of the
operations of motors and
sensitive equipment
Severe
Voltage Sag
Overloading
Less
severe
Voltage Swell
Data loss, Damage of
equipment, Intermittent
Lockup, Grabbled data
Less
severe
Transient
Disturbance in electrical
equipment
Less
severe
6 Mitigation of Harmonic Distortion
The harmonics in GtRE emanate from background
harmonics inherent in the RE sources. Other sources
of harmonics are nonlinear loads and equipment
such as inverters of the RE, [47], [49], [50]. To
improve the power quality of GtRE, a harmonic
filtering system is required. In an electrical power
system, a filter is a circuit designed to scrutinize the
frequencies of an electrical signal and pass only the
desired signals.
Filters can be divided into noise filters and
active and passive harmonic filters, [17], [51]. Noise
filters are used to prevent unauthorized frequency,
current, or voltage surges from damaging delicate
equipment. A low-pass filter has capacitors and
inductances and generates a low-impedance path to
the fundamental frequency and a high-impedance
passage to higher frequencies. The inductance of the
coil is determined once the capacitor is selected.
The consideration of the resonance frequency is
presented in equation 3, [52].
Hence, to eliminate the harmonic order h, the
inductance is presented in equation 4, [52].
6.1 Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations
One of the extensively utilized methods for reducing
voltage fluctuations in a power system is the “on the
load” tap changer approach. The approach was used
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in [24], [53], to regulate voltage by shifting the
location of its tap during voltage swings. According
to [24], it is challenging for the tap changer devices
to control the voltage if the voltage fluctuation
happens at the end of the line. In such
circumstances, the inverter functions as a capacitor
or an inductor. In, [54], the authors proposed
dynamic control systems to monitor certain
reference values of voltage with the aid of iterative
cycles to reduce voltage fluctuations.
By adding active and reactive power to the grid,
voltage fluctuations can be reduced. In, [55], [56],
the authors suggested a control structure that
enables RES to extract the most power possible for
network injection, supply the load to satisfy network
requirements, and control the battery to balance the
system's power flow and maximize the microgrid's
performance. The suggested control technique uses
linearization with feedback to provide transient
stability within the microgrid's operational area. The
system's operations can properly feed the system
loads while improving the power quality metrics,
particularly those related to the voltage profile,
reactive regulation, and power factor correction,
while also maximizing battery life and carrying out
other tasks.
6.2 Mitigation of Frequency Fluctuations
Keeping the power supply frequency within set
limits is crucial to maintaining the intended
operating conditions and supplying energy to all
connected users. This prevents unforeseen
disturbances that could damage the connected loads
or even bring the system to a halt. Adaptive deep
dynamic programming was used in, [29], to
eliminate the frequency variation in grid-tied
renewable energy. This takes the place of generating
command dispatch and load frequency control. In
[29], the authors proposed dynamic control systems
to maintain the frequency of a GtRE within a certain
threshold.
7 Conclusion
The study examined the technical difficulties of
grid-tied renewable energy, including problems with
power quality. Solutions to the identified power
quality challenges were analyzed. The cost-
effectiveness of the techniques and features of the
existing grids are important factors to put into
cognizance in the selection of an approach to
resolve the fluctuations and uncertainty of
renewable energy generation. Seamless renewable
energy integration in a power distribution network is
possible if adequate measures are put in place to
monitor power quality. The outcomes of this study
are useful to power operators, especially in the
determination of causes and solutions to power
quality anomalies identified. An Edge-based neural
network technique is currently being developed by
the authors of this study to monitor power quality in
GtRE. The technique is aimed at developing a
robust solution to address the issues of system
complexity, high bandwidth, and high latency
involved in power quality data management.
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed to the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
Funding was received from the management of Afe
Babalola University, Nigeria.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.26
Oladapo T. Ibitoye, Moses O. Onibonoje, Joseph O. Dada
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
258
Volume 18, 2023
