Power Loss Analysis with Dispersed Generation in Multifunction Power
Conditioner Design to Improve Power Quality
OLUWAFUNSO OLUWOLE OSALONI1,3, AYODEJI STEPHEN AKINYEMI2,
ABAYOMI ADURAGBA ADEBIYI2, OLADAPO TOLULOPE IBITOYE1
1Department Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering,
Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti-State,
NIGERIA
2Department Electrical Power Engineering,
Durban University of Technology, Durban,
SOUTH AFRICA
3Electrical & Electronics Engineering Science,
University of Johannesburg,
SOUTH AFRICA
Abstract: - The recent modification in utilizing Multifunction Power Conditioner (MPC) such as Unified Power
Quality Conditioner devices in power systems has led to different degrees of power losses, owing to electronic
power impacts. This paper presents a detailed comparison of power loss analysis in various configurations of
MPC, that is, the conventional unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) and the UPQC with distributed
generation (). The independent losses based on inverter design and distributed generation interfacing
to the distribution form the basis for each configuration case. The investigation considered conventional UPQC
as the base case for power losses, and the study was extended to at steady state operating condition. In
all configurations, Switching Losses (SL) and conduction losses were considered using simulation studies
carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the results obtained in all cases were used for comparative studies.
Finally, the outcome indicates that the losses in is more than conventional UPQC based on simulation
results in all cases.
Keywords: - Multifunction Power Conditioner (MPC), Switching Losses (SL), Distributed Generation (DG),
Active power filter, Photovoltaic (PV) solar, Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
Received: July 21, 2022. Revised: April 17, 2023. Accepted: May 21, 2023. Published: June 30, 2023.
1 Introduction
The advancement of power electronic technology
enables the realization of numerous types of
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems
Devices (FACTSD) to obtain high-quality electrical
energy and improve power system control in which
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is
inclusive [1]. The UPQC can improve power quality
at the point of common coupling of distribution
systems, [2], [3]. Nevertheless, owing to the recent
universal use of non-linear loads and the laborious
progress of power electronics devices application,
many power quality (PQ) challenges are
experienced in power systems resulting in power
losses, lack of efficiency, and reduction in the life
span of equipment, [4], [5], [6], resulted to the
economic degradation and the cost of maintenance
of distribution apparatus, [6].
Most of the electronic equipment used is
microprocessor-based and extremely sensitive to
power quality. Power quality issues such as voltage
swell, sag, interruptions, and different kinds of
harmonics pose a challenge to utilities. However,
UPQC appears to be a comprehensive solution for
PQ amelioration [7], though they come in various
configurations and diverse control architectures.
A good algorithm design is necessary for any
power electronics-based device for overall system
efficacy. Various algorithms/control systems have
been devised to control, compensatory custom
devices. In the case of UPQC, it offers some
varieties of control approaches such as Power Angle
Control (PAC), [8], [9], Synchronous reference
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DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.10
Oluwafunso Oluwole Osaloni,
Ayodeji Stephen Akinyemi,
Abayomi Aduragba Adebiyi, Oladapo Tolulope Ibitoye
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
94
Volume 18, 2023
strategy is considered in [10], the technique of unit
vector format production is employed in, [11],
model predictive regulator (MPR) in, [12] are
common in literature. All these control methods
have proved effective for different configurations.
The UPQC design allows for electric charge and
potential difference correction via a parallel/series
active power filter, [13]. The electric charge-
associated issues, such as the proportion of real
power consumed by the load to the apparent power
flowing through the network and unbalanced
electric charges flow, are being taken by shunt
inverter that act as current sources while series
inverter functions as a voltage source to mitigate
voltage-related challenges such as voltage dip and
swell. The UPQC also takes the advantage offered
by distributed generation as an alternative source
connected via the DC link to compensate for PQ
issues [14], [15].
The pairing of multifunction power conditioners
with distributed energy resources has the potential
to transfer imaginary energy assistance to a
distributed network. In comparison to fundamental
UPQC, the UPQC link with DG has too numerous
advantages such as better DC link regulation that
offer improved PQ compensation, exclusion of dear
grid integration inverter demand for DG, capacity to
ameliorate for source voltage interruptions, the
flexibility of shunt and series inverter control, and it
fosters clean energy production.
The various configurations of UPQC suffer
from different degrees of power losses, regardless of
the numerous advantages they offer, and it must be
quantified in order for its overall performance to be
assessed. The UPQC power losses have been
investigated for different control architectures in,
[16], [17] and Power losses are given in,
[9]. The concept of UPQC and in the
literature are discussed extensively nevertheless, the
power loss quantification that comprises switching
and modeling losses are not considered. This is due
to recent modification in utilizing Multifunction
Power Conditioner (MPC) such as Unified Power
Quality Conditioner devices in power systems,
which has led to different degrees of power losses,
owing to electronic power impacts and DG
integration.
When evaluating the effectiveness of a
multifunction power conditioner in alleviating PQ
problems in a network with DGs connected, it is
worthwhile to investigate energy losses/dissipation
across the distribution grid. This study attempted to
compare the energy losses generated when
employing MPC to alleviate power quality in a
traditional network and when renewable distributed
generation is connected to the network. The power
losses have been investigated for several operational
scenarios, including steady-state, voltage dip, swell,
the stochastic nature of irradiation, and load change.
A non-linear load is considered in this study. All
investigations of the designs were carried out in
MATLAB/Simulink when series inverter of a
UPQC compensates for voltage while its shunt
counterpart compensates for reactive power. The
research findings are summarized below:
The calculation of power loss of
conventional UPQC and
.installation in a distribution
network.
The calculation of the power losses
resulting from DG integration using a
UPQC and DC-DC converter.
The advantages that conventional UPQC
has over owing to the losses.
Therefore, the major contribution of this study is the
application of power angle control in shunt inverters
to enable them to participate in voltage
amelioration, while the percentage loss per PV
integration is kept at reasonable level as well.
The remainder of the paper is organized as
follows: The MPC circuit construction,
configurations of UPQC, , and controls are
considered in Section 2. The power loss evaluation
details were presented in Section 3. Finally,
MATLAB/Simulink results presented power loss
comparisons in Section 4. Section 5, which wraps
up the investigation and results, completes the
paper.
2 Construction and Control
The single-phase wire type of UPQC is considered
for the study because the bulk of alternating current
energy is managed by employing a one-phase
approach. The concept of is displayed in
Figure 1. Following is a discussion of the design and
control schemes for UPQC and .
2.1 Fundamental UPQC
The parallel active power filter (APF) named
(DSTATCOM) is integrated across the load side in
this configuration to address current-related issues,
and the series active power filter is linked across the
sending end to regulate the potential difference
associated issues. Both APF (shunt and series
inverter) necessitate a stable potential difference in
the direct current connection to complete those
activities. To achieve an error-free signal generated
by a parallel connected inverter, a direct current-link
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voltage is made greater than twice the maximum
alternating current network voltage, [18]. Shunt
APF's main job is to regulate the direct current-link
voltage at a predetermined stage.
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) infuses voltage
using single-phase transformers to maintain this
same load voltage somewhere at the reference level.
Figure 2 depicts the phasor illustration of the
in the dip disorder, [19], when the dip/swell disorder
occurs, the voltage is infused in series with the
sending end voltage.
Fig. 1: Structure of and distributed
generation [20]
Fig. 2: A schematic phasor illustration
Fig. 3: Control framework for series APF [13]
This section describes the series active filter's
control strategy. Unit direction pattern production is
the control approach applied to monitor the DVR. A
reference voltage signal is produced, which is
displayed in Figure 3. To regulate the error voltage
generated at the Connection Point (PC),
countersignals are created to block a large part of
external error sources resulting in the correct
voltage magnitude at the PC. The series active
power filter regulates sags of different levels for
varying durations. To accomplish supply voltage
synchronization, the phase lock loop is utilized.
Two quadrature unit vectors are produced as the
PLL's output, and they are synchronized with sine
and cosine. Using the equations below, this outcome
is employed to calculate the input synchronization
for the three-unit vectors (, , and ) that are
120° out of phase, [20], [21].
(1)
Equation (1) computed unit vectors multiply by
the intended PCC peak voltage (Vm), which is
regarded as the standard PCC voltage.
(2)
Comparing the reference voltage calculated
using the control method to the detected PCC
voltage ( will provide distortion that is
supplied to the regulator of the lagging between
input and output in the system upon a change in
direction (hysteresis). The output of the regulator
produces the gate pulse for the series converter. The
regulator determines how switching sequences
occur, and the DVR infuses potential differences
appropriately. The following expression can be used
to compute the amount of injected voltage derived
from Figure 4.
(3)
denote converter-infused voltage,
load voltage, Source Voltage.
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Fig. 4: Block of parallel APF controller
2.2 The
As depicted in Figure 1, a direct current-to-direct
current Boost Converter is employed to link the
Photovoltaic module to the DC link. The load is
connected to the parallel active power filter, while
the sending end is integrated with the series active
power filtering circuit. It is anticipated to enhance
the UPQC performance because the UPQC can use
the electricity provided by the PV array to make up
for power outages and because the feed-forward
gain enhances the DC-link response. To satisfy the
energy demand by the loads, ameliorating currents
(
are needed. The a-b-c coordinates of these
amelioratory currents are converted from the -
coordinate using Equation (4).
(4)
The Boost Converter (BC) causes interference
with the PV array DC link. The highest allowable
voltage and current from the photovoltaic systems
are used while increasing the voltage at the output
terminal. A less complex method known as the
Incremental conductance (IC) approach is utilized to
access the peak power point as indicated in equation
(5), [20]:
(5)
The BC is designed in such a way that the
output is nearly equivalent to the direct current link
controller set point, while the parallel active power
filter resists the maximum power generated by the
Photovoltaic modules.
3 Power Loss Calculation
There are 12 active switches on each of the two
voltage source inverters, and together they make up
the 3-, 3-wire . One more active boost
converter switch is present in the
configuration. The conduction losses are produced
by the device's current and the reduction in voltage
along the line. Conduction losses are also
significantly influenced by the total series resistor
(TSR) of passive elements and the resistance of
semiconductor switches in their on-state. Also
directly related to these losses is the duty cycle. SL
is yet another substantial contributor to losses in
addition to conduction losses.
The active behaviour of IGBTs, the full wave
rectifier, and the BC diode, are considered when
calculating power loss. The UPQC and
combined power losses include:
Power electronics conduction losses with
diode energy dissipation.
Semiconductor device and antiparallel
rectifier switch losses.
Forward voltage drops cause on-state power
losses in switches.
Elements of RC filters, power losses.
Apart from the losses in the switching sequence,
all the power shortfalls are discovered through
simulations. Using an analytical method, the
volt/amp measured from the simulation is used to
calculate SL. To obtain the full performance
analysis, the simulated energy structure has been
made quite feasible by using the real arithmetic
quantities of forward voltage and forward rectifier
voltage of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor from
the information pane. The following represents the
IGBT switching energy dissipation formula [14].
(6)
where is the current dependent exponential
is the voltage-dependent exponential
is the SL temperature coefficient
Nevertheless, the IGBT's switching energy ()
is reliant on the dissipation of turn-on and turn-off
energy () is expressed as;
(7)
The turn-on energy dissipation expression can be
stated as follows in accordance with the IEC 60747-
9 standard:
(8)
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The integral lower and upper limits are set at 2% of
and 10% of (on) respectively. It is
possible to define the formula for as follows,
with integral bounds of 90% of (on)( ) and 2%
of ():
(9)
Table 1. Simulation Parameters
Table 1 depicts and
configurations. The heat/power losses for the 6-
switching devices from the DVR and the
distribution static compensator combined are
indicated. When compared to DSTATCOM
switches, it has been found that DVR inverter
switches dissipate more energy. Similar to Table 1,
Table 2 lists the losses as a result of the switching
sequence in the BC of the . Using Eq. (6),
the SL is calculated from the dissipation of the
energy rate of the switch.
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Performance during Voltage Sag
The simulation parameters are shown above in
Table 1. All the parameters kept the same for all the
three scenarios. The dynamic performance
under voltage dip is displayed in Figure 5 (a). At
time t=0.45s, a voltage dip occurred, and it is
observed that DVR was injecting voltage to keep the
load voltage level constant. Additionally, there is a
noticeable rise in source current. Similar
circumstances are observed in Figure 5 (b) for
. The DC link voltage is kept constant by the
PI controller to account for voltage dip. Active
electricity from the PV array maintains the direct
current link voltage. It was chosen because of
stochastic nature of renewable energy source. The
direct current link waveform does, however,
experience a brief transient alteration at the dip
time. But within 0.1s, the PI controller maintains the
value at the desired level.
Fig. 5 (a): The currents and irradiation of
shunt inverter in 35% dip
Supply Parameters
Voltage
415 V
Frequency
50 Hz
Impedance
DC Link Parameters
Capacitor
Reference DC Voltage
700 V
Series APF Parameters
Inductance
1.22 mH/phase
Resistance and Capacitance
R = 300, C = 75
Injection Transformer
2 kVA
Photovoltaic array
Peak Power
15.3 kW
Peak volt
547 V
Peak amp
28.8 A
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Fig. 5 (b): The voltages of series inverter
in 35% dip
At time t=0.45s, a voltage swell occurred
between t=0 to 0.05s, and it is observed that DVR
was injecting voltage to keep the load voltage level
constant. Additionally, there is a noticeable rise in
source current. Similar circumstances are observed
in Figure 6 for . The DC link voltage is kept
constant by the PI controller to account for voltage.
Fig. 6: UPQC representation 30% dip
4.2 The Effectiveness during a Voltage Surge
The dynamic performance during a
voltage surge is displayed in Figure 7. The signals
generated are the DC link, the signal generated from
the loads, the DVR signal, and the voltage dip. The
load voltage is regulated at a constant magnitude
while the voltage surge is reduced by DVR. The
power loss due to voltage variation is 3.09% in
and 1.84% in UPQC. In comparison to the
source depicted in Figure 8, the input current is
smaller. In a situation of a voltage swell, DVR
injects voltage that is out of phase with the provided
voltage. In less than 0.05 seconds, the undershoot
that occurred during the swell is likewise stabilized.
Fig. 7: waveform during voltage surge
(30%)
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Fig. 8: UPQC representation in 35% dip
4.3 Performance during Varying Irradiation
Figure 9 depicts the appropriate behaviour of
over the period of irradiation. PV was
chosen because of stochastic nature of it source.
The signals generated are the current flows in the
load (), input current (), inrush current (),
solar insolation, direct current link voltage (),
input voltage () and the voltage across the load
(). The decline in PV power output is brought
on by a shift in Photovoltaic irradiation is from 1000
W/m2 to 600 W/m2. When a load is applied, the
source current's direction changes to the network.
The magnitude of the direct current-link voltage and
the voltage output are kept at the optimum
consistency, while both and BC are
operational, a loss of 1.43% is discovered.
Fig. 9: UPQC-DG signal as PV irradiation changes
(40%)
4.4 Comparison of Power Loss Analysis
under Various Conditions
The data in Table 2 compares the power losses
experienced by with regular UPQC. It
consists of PV output power () of various
conditions exposed to and UPQC, as well
as input power (), load power (), total power
losses (W), and so forth.
Every condition has a t = 0.05 s simulation time.
The system's performance in a steady state is
assessed for 0.05 s in the first scenario. Under
steady-state conditions, no electricity is
absorbed or provided. Power from the PV
system is seen to exceed load requests. In this
situation, experiences a 3.04% power
loss, while UPQC experiences a 2.13% loss.
In the second scenario, both systems are subject
to a 30% dip. The PV output power exceeds the
load requirement, as indicated by the source
power's negative sign, and power flows to the
grid from the load. Related events occur under a
variety of circumstances. The amounts of losses
generated through the dip in case of
activation is higher than the situations put on the
system. In and UPQC, the voltage dip
losses are respectively 3.4 and 2.51%. The shunt
APF ameliorates for real/imaginary power as
well as harmonic removal of load current under
all these circumstances.
The variance in PV array irradiation is
introduced in Table 2 in the 5th row of
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causing a fall in the output of the photovoltaic
resulting in a reduction in the amount of current
drawn by the network.
In the table's final row, a conjunction of all
circumstances is applied to both schemes. The
network is simulated for 4 seconds. At 0.1
seconds, the system undergoes a voltage surge
of 35%, while at 0.2 seconds, a voltage dip of
about 35% occurred. At 2 seconds, the system
experience stable equilibrium under full load.
Between 2.7 and 3.7 s, a steady state with half
of load 1 is added, followed by a stable
condition with half of load 2 for 0.8 s.
Additionally, the system is subjected to a 40%
decline in irradiation for 0.4 s. When compared
to traditional UPQC, has greater
overall losses.
Table 2. and UPQC losses in Diverse Circumstances
Cases
Time (s)
Load
Power
(kW)
UPQC
Source
Power
(kW)
Losses
(kW)
Source
Power
(kW)
PV
Power
(kW)
Losses
(kW)
0.45
32.56
32.091
595.30
10.500
44.162
97.82
0.45
31.90
32.703
803.01
11.819
45.061
1076.10
0.45
33.21
33.603
611.40
10.929
45.097
1009.67
Overall (Dip/Swell)
0.45
29.13
27.490
590.10
14.467
44.274
780.09
Table 3. Comparison of percentage power loss analysis with previous works.
PV input
kW
UPQC
% Loss
Reduction
% Loss/PV
Integration
(kW-1)
E. Ozdemir
(2011)
-
987.10
-
-
V. Khadkikar
(2011)
30
802.10
499.72
3.90%
0.130
Sisir Kumar
(2022)
36
778.09
522.03
3.03%
0.084
P. Shah (2022)
37
790.09
760.70
2.99%
0.081
Current Work
45.09
590.10
780.09
2.13%
0.047
4.5 Comparison of Power Loss Analysis with
Previous Work
The previous research done on the effectiveness of
different operating conditions of UPQC with respect
to their power loss compared with the current
approach indicated that under PAC control of
UPQC both inverters are put into optimum use.
Also, the PAC control algorithm was able to
effectively ameliorate the current and voltage along
with the integration of solar PV better than existing
approach used. Table 3 below shows the summary
of this comparison. Table 3 shows the past works
and losses percentage reduction and there is a clear
indication that previous work losses reduction is not
as good as what is obtainable this work. It can also
be seen from Table 3 that the loss percentage/ PV
integration is at its lowest in this study compared to
previous work. The overall power loss for
is 2.68%, whereas it is 2.12% for UPQC.
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5 Conclusion
This study examines the level of power loss in
several UPQC configurations, referred to as PAC of
UPQC, and a version integrated with distributed
generation energy sources, in which both the
parallel and series active power filters portion of the
load imaginary energy requirement. The
investigation is proven by carrying out a rigorous
simulation on MATLAB/SIMULINK. With the
incorporation of solar PV, the algorithms used were
able to enhance the voltage and current parameters.
In the instance of , the combined losses of
the parallel/series inverter and direct current to
direct current BC exceed the losses of the in
the case of .
Overall power loss for is 2.68%,
whereas it is 2.12% for UPQC. Losses are seen to be
higher in due to the use of two inverters
and one converter. Regardless of the outcome, the
study also assesses the benefit of . It boosts
the grid electricity supply, usage of renewable, clean
energy, and removes harmonics. Experimental
validation of the work shall be carried out in future
work.
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Contribution of Individual Authors
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS
DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.10
Oluwafunso Oluwole Osaloni,
Ayodeji Stephen Akinyemi,
Abayomi Aduragba Adebiyi, Oladapo Tolulope Ibitoye
E-ISSN: 2224-350X
103
Volume 18, 2023
