Passive Cooling Module to Improve the Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Performance

HASSAN ABDULMOUTI

Department of Mechanical Engineering Division, Sharjah Men’s College,

Higher Colleges of Technology, P. O. Box 7946, Sharjah,

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Abstract: - Solar energy is a renewable clean energy. Photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar panels use the sun light as

the main source to produce electricity. However, the operating temperature has a significant impact on the PV

conversion process and its performance. PV cell technology performance is sensitive to the operating

temperature. Increasing cell temperature causes a significant reduction in the output voltage which in turn leads

to reducing electrical efficiency. In other words, when the temperature rises, the output current rises

exponentially which leads to output voltage to fall. Therefore, PV efficiency decreases. This paper aims to

develop a new PV panel passive cooling system that enhances the efficiency of the panel and improves its

performance. The design is based on air channels and air chimneys. Overall, cooled solar panels are efficient

and cost-effective as their performance is better and their efficiency is higher than the non-cooled solar panels.

Our project is designed to serve UAE’s 2021 vision (increased dependence on clean energy and green

development), reduce pollution in the environment, and save energy for the next generations. The goal of this

research is to lower the temperature of the PV panel., therefore, enhancing the efficiency as well as improving

the performance by cooling the PV panel. So, It has the potential to alleviate the problem of overheating solar

panels.

Key-Words: - Cooling, Energy, Solar, photovoltaic cells, power.

Received: June 24, 2022. Revised: January 2, 2023. Accepted: February 11, 2023. Published: March 1, 2023.

1 Introduction

Renewable energy sources including sunlight are

clean, alternative, sustainable energy, and do not run

out unlike traditional energy which are available in

limited amounts, costly, noneconomic, endangers

the environment. Solar power is the energy from the

solar energy turned into electricity with no noise, no

greenhouse gases, and no pollution making it

reliable and long-lasting. Further, solar, or

photovoltaic (PV) cells transform sunlight directly

into electricity, it is a straightforward way of

harvesting the sun's energy, [1], [2], [3], [4].

Electricity has become an essential and

indispensable part of our life. As the population

increased, the electricity demand increased.

Consequently, the rate of burning of conventional

fuels increased, which led to an increase in pollution

in the atmosphere in addition to the greenhouse

gases, [5], [ 6].

UAE plans to turn into a sustainable country with

environmental elements that are clean, healthy, and

sustainable. The solar energy system is the most

promising renewable energy source since the

country has a desert climate and is blessed with

plentiful sunlight. Furthermore, it plays a major role

in generating electricity as it is used as an additional

and a second source of generating electricity in the

UAE. According to environment and government

agenda "According to Vision 2021 and the national

plan, the UAE must generate 27 percent of its

energy needs from clean energy sources and cut its

per capita greenhouse gas emissions", [7]. Dubai

Electricity and Water Authority DEWA have

launched the following solar challenge statement

“We call for a proposal for a proof-of-concept of a

new or significantly improving the existing

mechanism/type/materials to bring PV modules'

temperatures down”.

In the UAE, the weather is extremely hot with

temperatures around 45 °C, however, the operating

temperature is critical to the efficiency and

effectiveness of photovoltaic conversion. When the

temperature rises, the output current rises

exponentially, causing the output voltage to fall.

Therefore, the performance decreases, [8].

Moreover, the cooling of a photovoltaic module

topic is one of several problems that faces the

performance of PV and needs to be improved. PV

cooling may be accomplished using a variety of

approaches. Our design can be the most powerful

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

and reliable that could be used to increase the

electrical efficiency of the panels.

There are three types of cooling methods as

follows: the first one is the universal smart window

made of a material that controls the light and heats

passing through it. This window is set in 3 modes by

applying a small amount of voltage. It is switched

into a cool mode to allow the light to pass through

the glass and prevent the heat from passing, thereby

protecting solar cells from high temperatures and

improving their efficiency, [9]. The second is air

channel/chimney which is an effective passive

solution that utilizes a channel or chimney to force

the natural air to pass and circulate through and

dissipate the heat, [10]. The third is the radiator

which is a heat exchanger that transfers the heat

from the fluid inside to the air outside, it controls

the temperature used by water flow control and air

flow control.

2 Design Concept and Conditions

A passive method is adopted as a new idea to

enhance the efficiency as well as to improve the

performance by cooling the PV panel. An air

channel and chimney method are selected to be

utilized for the PV cooling system, which is simple,

effective, and cheap. The main idea of our solution

depends on the airflow mechanism. Many factors

affect air flows such as air temperature, pressure,

density, and the area that air flows through. The

pressure difference can let the air flow from one

area to another from high pressure to low. This

factor (pressure difference) is directly proportional

to air quantity, when the difference increases, the

amount of airflow increases too. When the hot/warm

air inside the air channel has lower pressure than the

cold air which is outside, the cold air transfers to the

air channel. Then, the air rises to the upper level

when it becomes warm since it has a lower density

than the cold air and increases the positive pressure

at the chimney. In positive pressure, the inside air

pressure (hot air) has higher pressure which is

pushed out of the chimney, [11].

This solution works as the air enters through the

air channel and leaves from the chimney which is in

the middle of the panel. Hotter air is lighter, so it

leaves the solar panel through the chimney. The

cold air will remain in and cool the panel. Which

will lead to a decrease in the solar panel

temperature. Another way to force more hot air to

leave the panel is to increase the height of the

chimney. The design is selected and evaluated to

have a good cooling system with the highest

efficiency. Furthermore, it can be improved by

having two air channels above and below the PV

module instead of one channel for several reasons.

There are some factors to be considered in the

design which affect the PV performance such as the

rate of air flow, and the position of channels (placed

above or under the PV panel). On the other hand, to

increase the efficiency, the below air channel could

be another entrance for air to cool the PV. It is

suggested to have another air channel under the PV

with an air flow channel to cool the PV from the

below side too. So, the air could be delivered from

above, below, or on both sides of a PV. The

design consists of one air inlet, one air channel

placed above the PV panel, one air chimney, and an

air flow channel that is placed under the surface of

the panel to reduce the temperature and as a result,

increase the efficiency of the panel. Hence, two air

channels are placed from both sides, above and

under the PV panel as shown in Fig. 1. Adding those

two channels reduces the temperature more than

installing only one air channel. Thus, the efficiency

will be enhanced.

Fig. 1: The design sketch

This passive cooling technique design is mainly

based on passive air channels and a chimney and

does not need any energy for operation with low

cost since only natural air is needed to decrease the

temperature of the PV panel which in turn will

increase the efficiency. For monitoring and

controlling purposes, temperature sensors are used

that help to read the temperature of the panel.

The material of the design is very important and

should be selected with properties that do not affect

the performance or the reliability requirements. In

addition, the material should be easy to manufacture

and design. A list of criteria is developed for

material selection. as follows: cost, availability,

weight, and manufacturing. The focus is on the cost

and the availability where the selection of the

components will be the least cost to make the

system cost-effective. For the channel’s material,

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

there are two options either to use glass or acrylic.

Both materials are transparent and withstand high

pressures and can be used for several applications.

However, acrylic is chosen so that will not affect the

performance of the solar panel and because acrylic

weighs less than half that of glass, is not affected by

water and air, is stronger than glass and not easily

breakable, and is cheaper and easier to deal with and

manufacture with better thermal insulation. The

transmittance of acrylic is higher than normal glass

reaches 92%.

Several experiments were conducted to identify

the maximum output power in each case of the non-

cooling method and cooling with air and chimney.

The electrical properties and characteristics of the

tested PV panel are provided by the manufacturer

data sheet, [12], and are shown in table 1. While the

dimensions of the PV panel are 67×42cm.

Table 1. Electric Parameters of PV, [13].

Parameters

Units

Values

Maximum power

[W]

60.00

Maximum voltage Vmp

[V]

18.1

Maximum current Im

[A]

3.32

Module efficiency

[%]

17.49

Nominal operating cell

temp.

[C]

44.0

Temp. coefficient of

Pmax (the decrease in

the output for each

1°C increase in

temperature)

[%/C]

0.43

Open Circuit Voltage

Voc

[V]

22.1

Short Circuit Current

Isc

[A]

3.69

Power Tolerance

Range

[%]

±3

Weight

[Kg]

3.91

Dimensions

[mm]

630×540×25

All technical data at standard test conditions:

Temp. = 25 C

As the temperature in the UAE is very high in

summer and reaches approximately 50°C (assuming

the ambient temperature increases to 46°C), the

solar panel temperature will be 70°C, [14]. The

NOCT is the temperature attained by the panel in

the lab when exposed to 800W/m2 of irradiance

(moderate sun) at a temperature of 20°C, [14]. This

shows that the temperature of the PV panel is hotter

than the ambient temperature by approximately

24°C. This, will affect negatively on the PV panel

performance as below:

46℃ +24℃ =70℃

70℃ × 0.43% =30.1%

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 30.1% ×50𝑊 = 15.05𝑊

Therefore,

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 50𝑊 − 15.05𝑊 = 34.95𝑊

When adding an air channel and a chimney to the

system, the panel power has been affected a lot,

where the output reduced by 15.05 W. Hence, to

avoid the power losing, an air channel and a

chimney were added to the design to increase the

efficiency of the design by 2.6% and reduce the PV

panel temperature by 4.7°C, [15].

70℃ − 4.7℃ =65.3℃

65.3℃ × 0.43% =28%

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 28% ×50𝑊 = 14𝑊

therefore,

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 50𝑊 − 14𝑊 = 36𝑊

The height of the chimney plays a role in

increasing the produced voltage. By increasing the

height of the chimney, the pressure difference

between the solar chimney's input and outflow

increases hence, the velocity of the air in the solar

cooling chimney increases, and more air

enters inside the air channel, which reduces the

temperature of the PV panel and increases the

produced voltage. Therefore, for a temperature of

55°C and the height of the chimney of 0.9 m, the

improved PV panel voltage is equal to 0.4 v. While

when the height of the chimney is 3 m, the

improved PV panel voltage is equal to 0.9 v.

The functionality of this design is tested

experimentally. Multiple prototypes have been

made, each design consists of two air channels one

is placed above the PV and the other under the PV.

In addition, there are two different air chimneys

used along with each design. In each prototype, one

of the chimneys is kept constant in size while

varying the other chimney in size and height. An

important point to mention is that for each chimney

there is a cover. This cover will be used to cover the

chimney hole whenever the chimney needs to be

eliminated. So, the two prototypes are different in

the acrylic thickness of the upper acrylic layer, the

number of chimneys used and chimney’s height, and

the chimney’s cross-section area. These variables,

parameters and factors that affect the final design

and results of the prototype are tested and examined

experimentally as will be explained in later sections.

The first prototype (Prototype 1) is designed as

shown in Fig 2. It is like an acrylic box that has a

thickness of 4 mm for all the sides of the prototype

except for the top layer which has a thickness of 2.8

mm. The prototype is open sided from the front for

the air inlet. The acrylic box has the following

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

dimensions (66 × 57× 9.5) cm. The upper and lower

air gaps between each of the acrylic layers and the

PV panel are 3.5 cm, whereas the panel has a height

of 2.5 cm. The dimensions of the first chimney 1 is

(2×2×20) cm while chimney 2 is (3 ×3×15) cm. The

second prototype (Prototype 2) is designed as shown

in Fig 3. It is similar to the previous one with the

same dimensions (66×57×9.5) cm but differs in

thickness and chimney’s dimensions. It has a

thickness of 4 mm for the whole design. The

dimensions of the first chimney 1 is (2×2×20) cm

while Chimney 2 is (1×1×10) cm as shown in Fig 3.

A voltmeter is used to measure the volts and an

Ammeter, IR laser point infrared gun thermometer

is used to measure the PV temperature. A resistance

box 1051 (rheostat) is connected as circuit terminals

with connecting wires. The PV is adjusted under the

sun then after 30 minutes, the temperature

measurement of the PV is read using the IR laser

point infrared gun. Then the PV panel is connected

to the ammeter and the Ammeter is connected to the

variable load (rheostat). The voltmeter connected

across the variable load (rheostat) where the voltage

and current values were registered according to

the varying of the load to calculate the output power

and then calculate the efficiency.

Fig. 2: prototype 1.

Fig. 3: prototype 2.

The IV characteristic curve of the PV module is

used to analyze the PV performance with and

without cooling and to study the effect of

temperature on the PV panel with variable loads.

The first case is PV without cooling. The second is

for Prototype 1 and the third cases are tested for

prototype 2. The IV curve is obtained to provides

the important parameters such as the open-circuit

voltage (Voc), the maximum voltage where

resistance is infinity and zero current, the short-

circuit current (Isc) which is the maximum current

where resistance is zero and the voltage across the

load is zero, the maximum power point (Pmp)

produced by solar cell, and the efficiency (𝜂).

To have accurate results, the experiments were

repeated many times and for several days under the

same circumstances and conditions, and at the same

time (noon) to get the same sun radiation in all

cases. The weather temperature is ranging from 38

to 40º Celsius.

Comparing both results it has been noted that the

thinner the thickness the higher the output.

Table 2. Thickness comparison

Thickness 2.8

Thickness 4mm

Maximum

output

power Pout

10.7×2.35=

25.54 W

8.66×2.43= 21.04

Electrical

efficiency

𝑛

= 25.54

×100

42.56 %

𝑛 = 21.04

60 × 100

35.0 6%

Temperatur

67° - 62° = 5

degrees

58.1° - 55.4° =

2.7degrees

Table 3. Thickness result

Number

chimneys

Cross

sectional

area of

chimney

Thickness

of upper

layer

Max

output

power

Efficiency

2×2 cm2

2.8 mm

25.54

42.6%

4 mm

21.04

35.1%

Number of chimneys used

Both prototypes include two chimneys for

cooling purposes. One chimney is fixed and

normally open whereas the other chimney is

adjustable to be opened and closed easily. The result

shows that using two chimneys at the same time for

cooling has a positive effect on reducing the

temperature of the module as shown in Table 4.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

Using a single chimney is not as effective as using

two chimneys, this is because by using two opened

chimneys, the hot air output is doubled which in

turn reduces the PV temperature

significantly. Moreover, the output peak power of

the PV while using two chimneys is higher than that

of a single chimney, thus, greater efficiency was

obtained. Consequently, using two chimneys at a

time leads to a lower temperature and higher

efficiency. The results show that by using two

chimneys, the efficiency is higher than that with a

single chimney by about 4% and the temperature

reduction level of two chimneys is 4 times the

reduction level of the single chimney.

Table 4. Number of chimneys comparison

Single

chimney

(2×2×10 cm2)

Two chimneys

Maximum

output

power Pout

10.7×2.35=

25.54 W

11.2×2.48=

27.776 W

Electrical

efficiency

𝑛

= 25.54

×100

42.56 %

𝑛

= 27.776

×100

46.293 %

Temperature

67° - 62° = 5

degrees

67° - 46° = 21

degrees

Cross-sectional area of the chimney:

As the cross-sectional area of the chimney

increases, the power increases, the efficiency of the

PV increases, and the temperature reduces as shown

in Table 5. prototype 1 has the highest cross-

sectional area in chimney 2 which is (3×3×15) cm.

The maximum power produced by PV in prototype

1 and chimney two is 26.2W, and the PV

temperature was 50.4°C. The maximum efficiency

achieved is 43.667% Hence, the higher the cross-

sectional area of the chimney (in the case of squared

shape chimney), the more the temperature reduces.

Table 5. cross sectional area result

Prototyp

e 1

Chimney

(2×2×20)

Protot

ype 1

Chimn

ey 2

(3×3×1

5) cm

Prototyp

e 2

Chimne

y 1

(2×2 ×

20) cm

Prototyp

e 2

Chimne

y 2

(1×1×10)

Powe

25.54

26.2

21.0438

20.038

Temp

eratu

62°𝐶

50.4°𝐶

55.4°𝐶

56.8°𝐶

Effici

ency

42.567%

43.667

35.073%

33.397%

As a result, DEWA or/and other customers can

get benefits of our design of (66×57×9.5) cm, 60-

watt PV panel with a cost-effective,

environmentally friendly, and a unique cooling

system that is designed with the optimized materials

and components which makes our design a high-

quality product also, that withstand the weather

conditions in the UAE. See also some relevant ideas

and applications of the photovoltaic systems in [16],

[17] and [18].

3 Conclusion

A passive cooling technique is designed to decrease

the temperature of the PV panel hence increase the

efficiency and improve the performance of the PV

panel. The design is mainly based on two air

chimneys and two air channels to circulate the air

motion for the purpose of cooling. One chimney is

fixed and normally open whereas the other chimney

is adjustable to be opened and closed easily. The

effect of different parameters and variables such

as the number of chimneys, chimney cross-section

area, and acrylic thickness was studied and tested

experimentally under the same weather conditions

for all prototypes. Then the efficiency, output

power, and module temperature were identified. The

results are summarized as follows:

1- The thinner the thickness of the upper acrylic

layer, the higher the sunlight absorbed by the PV

photons. Subsequently, the higher the output power,

the higher efficiency. When 2.8 mm acrylic

thickness is used, the temperature is reduced by 5

degrees, which is almost twice as compared with 4

mm thickness which is reduced by only 2.7 degrees.

2- Since the temperature is reduced 11 degrees with

two chimneys and 5 degrees while using a

single/one chimney, it is obvious that two chimneys

are more effective in reducing the temperature of the

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

PV panel, which means a higher output is obtained

that will increase the efficiency. The efficiency is

higher than that with a single chimney by about 4%

and the temperature reduction level of two chimneys

is 4 times the reduction level of the single chimney.

3- Based on the Cross-sectional of the chimney, the

result shows that the higher the cross-sectional area

of the chimney (in the case of a squared shaped

chimney), the more the temperature reduces. A

higher cross-sectional area of (3×3×15) cm

dimensions reduces the temperature from 67°𝐶 to

50.4°𝐶 which is about 16.6 degrees.

4- Our design shows the best available solutions,

cheaper compared to other solutions, and easier to

work with. It helps to increase the efficiency and the

performance of the PV panel under some weather

conditions.

In conclusion, it is recommended to use two

chimneys with a higher cross-section area and a

lower acrylic thickness of the channels to achieve

better efficiency. Overall, cooled solar panels are

efficient and cost-effective as their performance is

better and their efficiency is higher than the non-

cooled solar panels.

Acknowledgement:

This paper was funded by Internal Research Grant.

No. (238421). Students Undergraduate Research

Fund (SURF), HCT.

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Hassan Abdulmouti

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS

DOI: 10.37394/232016.2023.18.2

Hassan Abdulmouti

E-ISSN: 2224-350X

Volume 18, 2023

Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The author contributed in the present research, at all

stages from the formulation of the problem to the

final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

Conflict of Interest

The author has no conflict of interest to declare that

is relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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This paper was funded by Internal Research Grant.

No. (238421). Students Undergraduate Research

Fund (SURF), HCT.