<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<doi_batch version="5.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0 https://www.crossref.org/schemas/crossref5.4.0.xsd" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:fr="http://www.crossref.org/fundref.xsd" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xmlns:rel="http://www.crossref.org/relations.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head>
    <doi_batch_id>NONE</doi_batch_id>
    <timestamp>20260624104028616</timestamp>
    <depositor>
      <depositor_name>wseas/wseas</depositor_name>
      <email_address>content-registration-form@crossref.org</email_address>
    </depositor>
    <registrant>content-registration-form</registrant>
  </head>
  <body>
    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>PROOF</full_title>
        <issn media_type="print">2944-9162</issn>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2732-9941</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>Ternary Matrices over B3 and (k+, k−)–Balanced Regular Structures</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Hasan</given_name>
            <surname>Keleş</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Mathematics Karadeniz Technical University Campus of Kanuni, Ortahisar, 61080 Trabzon TÜRKÍYE</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract>
          <jats:p>This paper introduces a comprehensive theory of matrices whose entries are drawn from the ternary set B3 = {−1,0,1}. We introduce a base-3 coding scheme that provides a lexicographic ordering of rows and columns, which in turn leads to the definition of canonical ordered matrix classes C3 and D3. Extending classical results for binary regular matrices, we define and characterize (k+, k−)-balanced matrices as their ternary analogues. We prove that the sequence Hn = 3 n − 1 represents the maximum attainable row or column code in this framework. Furthermore, we establish the core structural properties and symmetries of these matrix classes. These results provide a rigorous mathematical foundation for modeling systems with ternary interactions, including signed networks, neural connectivity patterns, and other ternary-structured systems.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>24</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>24</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>20</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">3</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
        <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
        </ai:program>
        <doi_data>
          <doi>10.37394/232020.2026.6.3</doi>
          <resource>https://wseas.com/journals/proof/2026/a06proof-003(2026).pdf</resource>
        </doi_data>
        <citation_list>
          <citation key="ref0">
            <unstructured_citation>K. Yordzhev. On an algorithm for isomorphismfree generations of combinatorial objects. CoRR, abs/1404.6451, 2014. https://ar xiv.org/abs/1404.6451. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref1">
            <unstructured_citation>K. Yordzhev. Factor-set of binary matrices and Fibonacci numbers. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 236:235–238, 2014. DOI:10.1016/j.amc.2014.03.073.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref2">
            <unstructured_citation>K. Yordzhev. On some classes of binary matrices. Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, 31(4):728–735, 2025. DOI:10.7546/nntdm.2025.31.4.728-735.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref3">
            <unstructured_citation>K. Atanassov, V. Atanassova, A. Shannon, and J. Turner. New Visual Perspectives on Fibonacci Numbers. World Scientific, Singapore, 2002. https://www.vitalsource.com/pr oducts/new-visual-perspective s-on-fibonacci-numbers-atanass ov-krassimir-t-v9789812776839? srsltid=AfmBOoopfjVv9gwMVg2lce vk_BEk3eDy_DqDevvu_LO-BLPesiHtW ElW. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>C. M. Da Fonseca and P. Saraiva. Some remarks on bivariate Mersenne–Lucas polynomials. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 200:116901, 2025. DOI:10.1016/j.chaos.2025.116901.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref5">
            <unstructured_citation>T. Koshy. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2011. DOI:10.1002/9781118033067.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref6">
            <unstructured_citation>V. A. Nosov, V. N. Sachkov, and V. E. Tarakanov. Combinatorial analysis (matrix problems, order theory). Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 21(6):910–937, 1983. DOI:10.1007/BF01089193.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref7">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Kele¸s. On The Basic Structure of Logic B3. In Advanced Research in Mathematics, Technology and Social Sciences, pages 4–20. BIDGE Publications, Ankara, 2024. https://www. bidgeyayinlari.com.tr/yayinlar -2/. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref8">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Kele¸s and H. ˙I. ¸Sahin. On some logical properties in B3. Journal of Applied Mathematics &amp; Informatics, 43(2):267–275, 2025. DOI:10.14317/jami.2025.267.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref9">
            <unstructured_citation>A. H. Deger, M. Be¸senk, and B. O. Güler. ˘ On suborbital graphs and related continued fractions. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 218:7460–7467, 2011. DOI:10.1016/j.amc.2011.03.065.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref10">
            <unstructured_citation>T. Koshy. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Volume 1. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001. DOI:10.1002/9781118033067.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref11">
            <unstructured_citation>R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth, and O. Patashnik. Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science. Addison-Wesley, 2nd edition, 1994. https://theswissbay.ch/pdf /Gentoomen%20Library/Maths/Com p%20Sci%20Math/Concrete%20Math ematics%20A%20Foundation%20for %20Computer%20Science~tqw~_dark siderg.pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref12">
            <unstructured_citation>R. P. Stanley. Enumerative Combinatorics, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2011. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139058520.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref13">
            <unstructured_citation>R. P. Stanley. Catalan Numbers. Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139871495.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref14">
            <unstructured_citation>S. Vajda. Fibonacci &amp; Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section: Theory and Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989. https://www. abebooks.co.uk/9780745807157/F ibonacci-Lucas-Numbers-Golden-S ection-0745807151/plp. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref15">
            <unstructured_citation>H. S. Wilf. generatingfunctionology. A K Peters, 3rd edition, 2006. DOI:10.1201/b10576.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref16">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Aigner and G. M. Ziegler. Proofs from THE BOOK. Springer, 6th edition, 2018. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-57265-8.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref17">
            <unstructured_citation>V. E. Hoggatt, Jr. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers. Houghton Mifflin, 1979. https:// softouch.on.ca/kb/data/Fibonac ci%20and%20Lucas%20Numbers.pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref18">
            <unstructured_citation>R. A. Brualdi. Introductory Combinatorics. Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 2004. https: //archive.org/details/introduc torycomb0000brua. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref19">
            <unstructured_citation>P. J. Cameron. Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, 1994. https://www.amazon.com /Combinatorics-Techniques-Algor ithms-Peter-Cameron/dp/05214576 10. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref20">
            <unstructured_citation>L. Lovász. Combinatorial Problems and Exercises. AMS Chelsea Publishing, 2nd edition, 2003. DOI:10.1090/chel/361.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref21">
            <unstructured_citation>P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick. Analytic Combinatorics. Cambridge University Press, 2009. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511801655.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref22">
            <unstructured_citation>A. T. Benjamin and J. J. Quinn. Proofs That Really Count: The Art of Combinatorial Proof. Mathematical Association of America, 2003. https://www.ams.org/books/do l/027/dol027-endmatter.pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref23">
            <unstructured_citation>N. J. A. Sloane. The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation, 2024. DOI:10.48550/arXiv.1805.10343.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref24">
            <unstructured_citation>L. Comtet. Advanced Combinatorics: The Art of Finite and Infinite Expansions. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1974. DOI:10.1007/978- 94-010-2196-8.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref25">
            <unstructured_citation>J. Riordan. Combinatorial Identities. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1968. https://archive.or g/details/combinatorialide00jo hn. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref26">
            <unstructured_citation>G. E. Andrews. The Theory of Partitions. Cambridge University Press, 1976. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511608650.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref27">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Bóna. A Walk Through Combinatorics: An Introduction to Enumeration and Graph Theory. World Scientific, 4th edition, 2015. https: //www.abebooks.co.uk/978981314 8840/Walk-Combinatorics-Introdu ction-Enumeration-Graph-9813148 845/plp. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref28">
            <unstructured_citation>R. A. Beeler. How to Count: An Introduction to Combinatorics and Its Applications. Springer, 2015. https://wvw.zlibrary.to/dl /how-to-count-an-introduction-t o-combinatorics-and-its-applica tions-pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref29">
            <unstructured_citation>K. H. Rosen. Handbook of Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics. CRC Press, 2000. DOI:10.1201/9781420041761.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref30">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Erickson. Introduction to Combinatorics. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1996. DOI:10.1002/9781118033149.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref31">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Hall. Combinatorial Theory. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2nd edition, 1986. https://www.wi ley.com/en-us/Combinatorial+Th eory%2C+2nd+Edition-p-978111803 1117. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref32">
            <unstructured_citation>S. J. Miller and R. Takloo-Bighash. An Invitation to Modern Number Theory. Princeton University Press, 2017. https://www.academ ia.edu/123578816/Chapter_One_o f_An_Invitation_to_Modern_Numb er_Theory. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref33">
            <unstructured_citation>I. Niven, H. S. Zuckerman, and H. L. Montgomery. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 5th edition, 1991. https://editorialdinosaurio.wo rdpress.com/wp-content/uploads /2012/03/itn-niven.pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref34">
            <unstructured_citation>G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Oxford University Press, 6th edition, 2008. https://global .oup.com/academic/product/9780 199219865. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref35">
            <unstructured_citation>T. M. Apostol. Introduction to Analytic Number Theory. Springer, 1976. DOI:10.1007/978-1- 4757-5579-4.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref36">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Davenport. Multiplicative Number Theory. Springer, 3rd edition, 2000. DOI:10.1007/978- 1-4757-5927-3.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref37">
            <unstructured_citation>V. H. Moll. Numbers and Functions: From a Classical-Experimental Mathematician’s Point of View. American Mathematical Society, 2014. https://sites.oxy.edu/lengyel/ originals/papers/hivatkozo/M oll%20Numbers%20and%20Function s%20(2014)/stml065-endmatter%2 0(item%20%5B199%5D).pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref38">
            <unstructured_citation>D. Kalman and R. Mena. The Fibonacci Numbers—Exposed. Mathematics Magazine, 76(3):167–181, 2004. DOI:10.1080/0025570X.2003.11953176.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref39">
            <unstructured_citation>D. E. Knuth. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, 3rd edition, 1997. https: //www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/ ~knuth/taocp.html. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref40">
            <unstructured_citation>M. C. Er. A fast algorithm for generating set partitions. The Computer Journal, 37(5):421– 426, 1994. https://scispace.com/pdf /a-fast-algorithm-for-generatin g-set-partitions-1rl5b0cvak.pdf. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref41">
            <unstructured_citation>R. P. Grimaldi. Fibonacci and Catalan Numbers: An Introduction. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012. DOI:10.1002/9781118159743.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref42">
            <unstructured_citation>P. Hilton and J. Pedersen. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers in Teaching and Research. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 16(2):169–208, 1997. https://api.semanticscholar.or g/CorpusID:122637155. [Accessed: 30 January 2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref43">
            <unstructured_citation>G. Gonzalez-Avalos, G. Ayala-Jaimes, T. Lopez-L, and A. A. Castillo Barron. Modeling and Simulation of Balanced Systems formed by Synchronous Generator-Infinite Bus in a Multi-Bond Graph Approach. WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, 19:407– 414, 2024. DOI:10.37394/23203.2024.19.44.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref44">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Nicolaescu and I. Crmidaru. A Framework for Customizing Balanced Scorecards for Educational Nonprofit Organizations. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 22:979–987, 2025. DOI:10.37394/23207.2025.22.81.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
        </citation_list>
      </journal_article>
    </journal>
  </body>
</doi_batch>
