Optimization of the Load of Production Units of the Construction
Company
VLADYSLAV VOITOVYCH1, OLENA EMELIANOVA1, VIKTORIYA TYTOK2,
VADYM POKOLENKO1, OLHA PYLYPCHUK1,
1Department of Organization and Construction Management,
Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture,
31 Povitroflotskyi Prospect, 03037, Kyiv,
UKRAINE
2Department of Construction Economics,
Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture,
31 Povitroflotskyi Prospect, 03037, Kyiv,
UKRAINE
Abstract: - The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for optimizing the work schedule under the
production program of the construction company. The sample was selected based on deterministic
mathematical methods and modelling. In particular, the method of processing expert opinions (method of
expert evaluation) is used in this study to assess the actual degree of influence of each of the factors and its
group on production indicators of the construction company. Methods of organizational and technological
modelling, elements of systems theory, elements of systematics, construction system engineering were also
used. A method of building and optimizing the work schedule under the production program of the construction
company was developed during this study. This was implemented based on the concentration and regulation of
labor resources of production units at dispersed start-up complex, as well as the maximum use of internal
reserves of production units. This technique ensures the development of typical optimization solutions aimed at
balanced resource consumption and effective fulfillment of the terms of construction contracts. Prospects for
further research are based on the development of software in compliance with the presented methodology.
Key-Words: - construction company, production unit, target function, optimization, constraints, algorithm,
model
Received: June 28, 2022. Revised: May 27, 2023. Accepted: June 17, 2023. Published: July 14, 2023.
1 Introduction
In recent years, some negative trends in capital
construction have formed in Ukraine. An annual
decrease in the volume of construction and
installation works, the financial and economic
stability of construction organizations is observed,
the percentage of profitable organizations has
decreased, and the efficiency of the sphere's work is
being minimized, [1]. And this is happening against
the background of a joint increase in the volume of
fixed assets of construction, the number of
employees, a decrease in indicators of return on
capital and the productivity of workers employed in
the construction field. According to [2], one of the
most important reasons for this situation is the low
utilization of production capacities of construction
organizations.
Planning still plays a leading role in relation to
the management of construction companies. It is
obvious that every company that has more than one
construction site in its project portfolio is forced in
one way or another to develop work schedules for
the interconnection of production processes between
the sites and the optimal load of production units of
the construction company. However, it is impossible
to develop a unified methodology that is suitable for
all types of companies of any size because it is
necessary to provide discrete accounting of the
peculiarities of conducting economic activities of
each type of construction company.
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Vladyslav Voitovych, Olena Emelianova,
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An important task at the stage of planning and
development of the production program of any
construction organization is the calculation of the
permanent and balanced load of production units
(workers of complex or specialized teams). This is
implemented with two main initial parameters —
the duration and labor intensity of construction and
installation work, [3]. In the vast majority of cases,
the duration of the works is unchanged and shall
comply with deadlines established in the concluded
construction contracts. Therefore, the optimization
of the work schedule taking into account the site
schedules in terms of time is possible in exceptional
cases. Even the artificial acceleration of the pace of
work in relation to the approved schedule also
requires a substantive justification for a specific site,
as it can disturb the balance of the work of adjacent
units on a given field of operations, [4, 5].
The aim of the work is to develop a methodology
for optimizing the work schedule under the
production program of the construction company.
The objectives of this research are:
- study the target function of optimizing the load
of production units of the construction organization;
- form the constraints of the target function;
- propose a model of the production program of
the construction company in the form of a complex
flow chart of step-by-step method algorithmization.
2 Literature Review
Current academic literature on the research issue
was reviewed in the course of the research. Bascoul
et al., [1], proposed a space planning program for
visualizing construction work during the interior
design phase of an open-plan office building. The
developed solution aims to minimize the production
costs of employees whose work is directed to the
direct execution of work, and work schedule
planning, reduces the burden of production control
and promotes transparency in the daily coordination
of the workspace between professions.
A number of authors, [6], dealt with a BIM
approach to the modeling of a sports pavilion for
university use. This approach enables solving two
very important problems: there is interaction
between different MEP disciplines in the BIM
model through IFC files for representation of
electrical and mechanical installations, etc. On the
other hand, it enables separating the content of the
BIM project from the programs that were used to
develop it, thereby guaranteeing the durability and
accessibility of the work developed.
Pan and Wang, [7], adopted a distributed system
method to solve the problems that are difficult to be
fully covered by the system in high-rise buildings
and the design of consumables and energy. The
authors proved that creating a system of high-rise
buildings using a distributed method can effectively
increase efficiency, save energy consumption, and
reduce the burden on resource use.
Dilibe, [8], focused his scientific approach on
maximizing the company’s profit by optimizing
production units using MATLAB.
Abbasi and Khalilzadeh, [9], present a model of
human resource strategy of a design construction
company in Iran by assessing the internal and
external environment and creating SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)
and QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix)
matrices.
The current state and trends of information
technologies in construction are reviewed, [10, 11].
The results provide researchers and practitioners
with a deeper understanding of the sustainable
management of information technology in
construction.
The study, [12], is based on BIM technology to
achieve 4D modeling of highway construction. It is
possible to identify potential process errors or
conflicts, optimize the construction organization
process, and reduce unnecessary capital investments
by comparing the BIM model and the construction
process. Joint management of the quality, timing
and cost of complex projects in the construction
process is carried out based on the research results.
Pei, [13], analyzes the main role and difficulties
based on the status of the application of big data
technology in engineering projects at this stage, and
conducts further analysis and research on specific
measures of its application.
Li et al., [14], examined a residential building in
detail, where BIM technology is used for modeling
and measurement, planning a construction schedule,
project cost, site planning. They also conducted an
analysis of quantity rationality and cost rationality.
The results show that the development of BIM
technology significantly facilitates the construction
design and the engineering and technical cost of
construction sites.
Mohammed et al., [15], determined the impact of
effective communication, and assessed the degree
with which effective communication affects the
construction company from the perspective of
contractors and consultants.
The analysis of the theory and practice of the
development of production programs of the
construction company in market conditions
established that the existing approaches do not
provide unequivocal decisions because of the non-
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Vladyslav Voitovych, Olena Emelianova,
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systemic conclusion of contractor’s agreements
during the reporting period, and the lack of a single
approach that reflects all the specifics of market
relations. Besides, the existing approaches to the
development of the production program do not
provide a high degree of convergence with the
forecasted (planned) indicators because of the lack
of consistent record of factors influencing the
development and implementation of the production
program, which reduces the effectiveness of
planning as a whole.
3 Methods
The research procedure is based on the assumption
of the possibility of developing and fulfilling the
work schedule under the production program of the
construction company in the market relations
through the optimization of load of the production
units of the construction company.
The object of this study is the production
program of the construction company as a whole,
and the work schedules of the production units in
particular (Figure 1).
The sample was selected on the basis of
deterministic mathematical methods and modeling.
The models associated with the application of
known methods to a new object were used. In
particular, they were used to measure the actual
impact of each of the factors and its group on
production indicators of construction production.
The following construction companies were
considered: Synergy, IntegralBud, Riel. This
research uses the method of processing expert
opinions (method of expert evaluation). The leading
specialists of the following companies were
involved as experts: Antipiur2007 LLC, Kharkiv,
<ENKOBUD> PE, Dnipro.
The matrix calculation methods were used to
calculate the numerical values of the weight of
factors and integral groups on production indicators
of programs (Q – labor intensity; T – duration of
construction and assembly works):
1. A rank matrix and a transformed rank matrix
are compiled for the data of the two production
indicators, in which the ranks of the experts
corresponding to the factors are placed by column;
2. A weighted normalized matrix is compiled for
the data of two production indicators, the individual
and group rank is calculated based on the weights of
all factors;
3. The reliability of the conducted research is
assessed.
The work involves the following methods:
- the methods of organizational and technological
modeling — the principles of the formation of
production units are studied, the general production
orientation of the construction company is
described;
- the elements of systems theory — the set of
methodological and applied problems of the analysis
and synthesis of complex software packages for the
management of the production activities of the
construction company is analyzed;
- the methods of system analysis — a sequence
of actions was formed to establish structural links
between the elements of the construction company
under study provided certain load of production
units on the construction site;
- elements of systematics —10 objects of the
construction company by production component and
resources were ordered;
- construction system engineering (the issue of
creating and the functioning of automated
production systems in the construction industry,
which are the basis for decision-making in the
current conditions.
Fig. 1: Stages of achieving the aim of the research
Complex optimized system for loading
production units of the construction company
The method of development and optimization of
the work schedule under the production program
of the construction company
Graphic model of the production program of
the construction company
Mathematical model of the production
program of the construction company
Established dependencies, principles and provisions
in the form of a step-by-step algorithm
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4 Results
The influence of a number of constituent elements
on the process of forming a production program is
shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 according to the
following indicators:
1. PP – Project preparation (developments in
compliance with the project documentation);
2. PrP – Organization and preparation of a
technological training plan for construction and
installation work (Production preparation);
3. RK – Organization and preparation of a
technological training plan for construction and
installation work
4. PlP - Planned preparation;
5. PU – Natural climatic factors (natural climatic
conditions).
Fig. 2: Diagram of the influence of a number of constituent elements on the process of formation of the
production program of the organization engaged in construction (according to the indicator of labor intensity
"Q")
Fig. 3: Diagram of the influence of a number of constituent elements on the process of forming the
production program of the organization engaged in construction (according to the duration indicator "T")
PP; 0,44256325
PrP; 0,3745652
RK; 0,125462
PlP; 0,063254
PU; 0,16895
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
PP
PrP
RK
PlP
PU
40,26%
35,63%
16,25%
8,53%
0,25%
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
PP PrP RK PlP PU
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In turn, the model organizations engaged in
construction contains two essential blocks of
elements:
a) elements responsible for computational
operations;
b) elements that visually represent the results of
calculations in the form of an algorithmization flow
chart, a linear Gantt chart (work schedule from
program objects) and combined resource charts.
In the process of implementing the methodology
for the formation and optimization of the work plan
of the production program of the organization
engaged in construction, an algorithm is executed
that uses the model of the production program, the
target function, and the given constraints. As a result
of the implementation of this algorithm, the chief
engineer is offered various options for implementing
the schedule taking into account the values of
various production indicators (the most typical
optimization schemes).
In the general case, the designed construction site
becomes the subject of an organized competition for
the selection of a contractor, and then enters the
production program of the construction company
during the current planning.
The model of the work schedule under the
production program of the organizations engaged in
construction is based on the following basic
prerequisites or provisions.
1. The scheme of planning processes is closed
and cyclical.
2. The sites of the work schedule of the
production program are subject to categorization
according to the established principles for further
concentration of units on the first-priority, start-up
complexes.
3. Adaptability of the developed methodology to
the actual features of a specific construction and
assembly organization expressed through their
capacity (numerical and qualified composition of
workers of production units; number of sites in the
work schedule of the production program; the most
characteristic schemes of using material and
technical supply).
4. Accounting for the increased labor intensity
with the help of the influence of the identified
factors for the development of the initial work
schedule of the production program.
5. Determination of tolerances for fluctuations in
the number of working production units, determined
by internal reserves of productivity with the help of
rational organization of work, as well as other
organizational and technological measures.
6. The nature of the actual load of full-time
production units for the sites of the program in each
allocated time period is constant, being as close as
possible to the output capacity of the construction
and assembly organization, which is expressed in
the description of the target function of the
optimization model (expenses tend to the minimum,
and in a separate case for main construction flow —
to zero).
The objective function, which is aimed at
optimizing the loading of the production units of the
organization engaged in the construction of the
leading stream, has the form = ( ().
In a general case (Formula 1):
(1)
In a particular ideal case (Formula 2):
(2)
where – resource, the indicator of which is
actual, by the established cross-sections of the
integral diagram of the movement of labor at the
work object of the organization engaged in
construction (production flow according to the
direction of implementation of construction
proposals);
– the projected value of the labor resource,
which corresponds to the output capacity of the
organization engaged in construction (main
production flow);
– the number of objects of the production
program formed at a certain construction object of
the organization engaged in construction in the
range [1; ] [array of natural numbers].
Similarly, in the expanded maximum form with
the decomposition of working personnel taking into
account specialties and specializations for each
elementary time segment (Formula 3):
(3)
where – the projected value of the labor resource
of the main global stream for the installation of
monolithic reinforced concrete structures
(foundation works) for the th site [people];
– increase in labor resources (predicted
value of labor resources) of the leading flow of
installation of monolithic reinforced concrete
structures (critical works) for the th site through the
impact of the set of factors of the production
program [people];
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– decomposition of the
actually required workforce of the main production
flow by specialization in accordance with the teams
of rebar workers, formwork installers and concrete
workers with mandatory consideration of the
established composition of the link () and
the number of such teams (); the
outlined set of data carries out its formation and
formation on the basis of information from the
active construction object [people];
– labor intensity;
– actual change in labor intensity;
– a period of time that is mathematically
calculable of the resource on the workforce
movement chart for the th site [days].
A number of restrictions are introduced to the
specified functional, which are formed on the basis
of the peculiarities of the development of production
programs of organizations engaged in construction.
Introduced restrictions (Formula 4):
(4)
where – the maximum number of labor
resources under the condition of maximum and
stable loading of units that are production (in
accordance with the output capacity of the
organization engaged in construction) (main
production process) [people];
– the maximum number of workers at a
separate facility of the production unit, subject to
the fulfillment of a complete list of works at the
facility and effective organization of the workplace
of a certain unit of workers in accordance with the
direction of work [people];
– the minimum number of workers at a
separate facility of the production unit, subject to
the completion of a complete list of works at the
facility or provided preparing the field of operations
for adjacent units [people];
– predicted / estimated time frame for the
execution of works on the -th object of the annual
production program of the organization engaged in
construction;
– the priority duration of work on the -th
object of the annual production program of the
construction organization is established;
– the mathematically proven time
component of the critical path, which is determined
as a result of a mathematically justified calculation
of the time parameters of the model assembled on a
certain object, which is a network according to the -
th object of the annual production program of the
organization engaged in construction.
Table 1. Limitation of the target function
Item
No.
Designation
Mathematic description
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 4 presents the model of the production
program of the organizations engaged in
construction in the form of a complex flow chart of
the step-by-step methodology algorithmization.
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Fig. 4: Model of the production program of the construction organization
The conducted research gave grounds to
elaborate a step-by-step methodology for the
development and optimization of the work plan
under the production program through the
concentration of production units of the main flow
at the start-up complex and the maximum use of
internal labor reserves. This methodology includes
stages, substages and steps.
Stage 1. The initial formation of the work plan of
the program of the organization engaged in
construction.
Substage 1.1 The initial modeling of the work
plan of the program of the organization engaged in
construction according to the array of initial data.
Step 1. Estimation of the output capacity of the
organizations engaged in construction.
Step 2. Categorization of N objects of the work
plan program of the organization engaged in
construction.
Substage 1.2. Development of organizational and
technological documentation for each site by the
production and technical department or a specialized
executor organizational and relevant technological
documentation for each construction object.
Step 1. Organizational and technological design
of the program of the organization engaged in
construction.
Step 2. Determination of the main parameters for
the construction work of the leading stream, both
technological and organizational (monolithic
works).
Substage 1.3. Formation of a complete list of the
program work plan of the organization engaged in
construction, taking into account the necessary labor
resources and the actual capabilities of the
construction and assembly organization.
Step 1. Assessment of the current production
factors in points to determine the increase in labor
intensity at all sites according to established
dependencies.
Step 2. Determining the additional need for
workers of production units of universal
specialization at all sites of the program.
Step 3. Development of the work schedule under
the production program in the form of a linear Gantt
chart and a combined resource schedule of the need
for workers.
Start
Work schedule or calendar plan with options for
graphical display of sites by duration
Organizational and technological documentation
The initial version of the work plan of the production
program
The version of the work plan under the production
program refined by the value of ∆R
The basic work plan under the production program of the
construction company was developed taking into account the effect
of destabilizing production factors on the system of current
planning, the mode of rational use of full-time production units, the
output capacity of the construction company
The basic work schedule under the
production program of the
construction company was formed,
taking into account the effect of
destabilizing production factors on
the system of current planning, the
mode of rational use of full-time
production units, the output capacity
of the construction company
Scheme of distribution of workers of
production units by sites
End
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Stage 2. Adjustment and optimization of the
work schedule under the production program
depending on operational production conditions at a
particular site.
Step 1. Obtaining indicators of operational
planning from sites included in the production
program (data based on the actual number of
workers of production units) or obtaining
information about a new added site.
Step 2. Plan-fact analysis – comparison of the
basic model of the work schedule under the
production program and operational data from new
and existing sites.
Step 3. Harmonization of work plan models of
the production program (if necessary).
5 Discussion
A multi-step method of the distribution and
optimization of the load of production units of a
construction company is proposed, which includes
the following basic provisions: initial development
of the production program based on the available
initial data (taking into account the available objects
by category and the company’s actual production
capacity). Assessment of operating production
factors in points to determine the increase in labor
intensity ∆ and the need for labor
resources (manpower) ∆ at private sites according
to established dependencies (equations) [16].
Comparison of the actual and projected (planned)
labor intensity of the construction organization, as
well as the number of labor resources at the start-up
facilities, taking into account the ranges of
permissible fluctuation values.
In case of compliance with the range of
permissible values, compensation is carried out
from labor productivity reserves, and in cases of
exceeding this “safe” tolerance, compensation is
carried out at the expense of attracting additional
resources in accordance with the fundamental
methods of optimization of linear and network
models, as well as in accordance with the principles
of categorization of objects by priority (start-up
stages).
The resource provision of the main production
process carried out by the production units of the
construction company is regulated by linking
planned and actual resources by time periods with
the use of conscious selection mechanisms. In
contrast to the existing methods [7, 12], the authors
of this study proposed to form a number of random
variants of the work schedule under the production
program taking into account the given conditions
and restrictions (priority of objects):
- the company’s output capacity;
- the conditions of saturation of the field of
operations at the private site;
- the conditions for the required minimum
number of workers at the site;
- the availability of a released resource from
other private facilities;
- the specified level of productivity at the private
site;
- the maximum distance of relocation of
production units etc.).
The developed work schedule under the
production program can be analyzed according to
the key indicators of private sites (time of
completion, work intensity, saturation of the field of
operations, total distance of relocation of production
units, share of subcontracted work, etc.). In case of
the failure to comply with the established
requirements, the mentioned procedure of
developing the work schedule is repeated until the
optimal scheme of distribution of labor resources by
sites is identified, taking into account the principles
of priority (start-up stages) and other indicators that
are significant at the construction site.
The formation of characteristic forecast work
schedules during the prospective planning of the
sites added to the production program during the
reporting period, taking into account a different
combination of influencing factors (borderline
cases: optimistic plan, pessimistic plan).
In comparison with analogues [14], the
elaborated method of developing and optimizing the
work schedule under the production program of the
construction company provides a comparison of the
actual and predicted (planned) labor intensity of the
work, as well as load optimization of the production
units of the construction company. The resource
provision of the main production process is
regulated by tying up planned and actual resources
by time periods with the use of purposeful selection
mechanisms.
6 Conclusions
The methodology of developing and optimizing the
work schedule under the production program of the
construction company has been elaborated based on
the concentration and regulation of the labor
resources of the production units (workforce) of the
main flow at dispersed start-up complexes, as well
as the maximum use of the internal reserves of the
production units. This methodology ensures typical
optimization solutions aimed at balanced resource
consumption and effective fulfillment of the terms
of construction contracts.
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The proven dependencies enabled to numerically
determine the amount of the necessary reserve of
labor resources when planning construction work at
the site to reduce the impact of various destabilizing
factors that were not taken into account before when
assigning the numerical and qualified composition
of teams at the sites. They also make it possible to
provide a balanced load of the company’s full-time
production units, taking into account tolerances for
fluctuations in the planned and actual values of the
number of labor resources.
Practical results can be used by managers of
construction companies, engineering and technical
employees of planning, production and technical
departments in the performance of current and
operational planning functions, development of
production programs, work calendars, schedules of
the movement of workers on the sites under the
program, etc.
The prospects for further research are the
software implementation of the proposed model of
the production program of the construction
organization.
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DOI: 10.37394/23209.2023.20.26
Vladyslav Voitovych, Olena Emelianova,
Viktoriya Tytok, Vadym Pokolenko, Olha Pylypchuk
E-ISSN: 2224-3402
237
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