In today’s society with highly competitive business, no

matter which company or seller is concerned, partners

are afraid of digging into each other’s corners. The

current freight forwarding operation system focuses on

freight calculation, customs declaration and shortest path

optimization. Especially when it comes to commercial

activities between import and export trade, the consid-

erations are more complicated; whether it is a freight

forwarding company at home and abroad, it is most

afraid of partners to dig each other’s corners. Therefore,

how to prevent these situations from happening is a

difﬁcult problem for everyone. This research intends

to use Partial Information in the theory of Knowledge

Management to try to deal with and solve corner-

cutting incidents. Corresponding research at home and

abroad is currently at the initial stage, and there are

very few similar subjects. At the same time, our team

proposed this system in the context of research. It will

improve trade security and enhance the feasibility of

transactions between the two parties, thereby promoting

the development of cross-border e-commerce. As an

emerging foreign trade model, cross-border e-commerce

is booming. This foreign trade model has shortened the

distance between products from manufacturers to foreign

consumers, and has reshaped the value chain of foreign

trade. However, because buyers and sellers use virtual-

ization Negotiations and consultations on the platform

may also involve the participation of freight forwarders

and the services of shipping companies, which increases

the uncertainty of the transaction process and results.

How to efﬁciently and conﬁdentially transfer information

to each other is the main idea and goal of this project.

The main highlight and contribution of this research is

that the integrated cross-border e-commerce information

leakage prevention system of this program can be used

as a part of the management information system (MIS,

Management Information System) system of the cross-

border e-commerce platform. This system is proposed

optimize the information security of both parties to the

transaction, thereby improving the security of cross-

border e-commerce transactions, protecting the rights

and interests of buyers and sellers, and freight forwarders

can trade safely. Therefore, this scheme has a high degree

of commercial value and can be practically applied in

commercial trade. With the construction of China’s “One

Belt One Road’ policies and the increase of import and

export trade, I am more convinced of the research value

of this research.

In 2007, Zhang et al. [1] used the game theory method

to explore the process of freight information exchange

network promotion. Wei [2] mentioned the formulation

of port of loading and unloading in the bill of lading in

2008. In the same year, Deng and Zhang [3] proposed

A Novel Integrated Freight Forwarding Information System Based on

Block-Chain Technology

1CHENGLIAN LIU, 2SONIA C-I CHEN

1School of Computing, Neusoft Institute of Guangdong, Foshan 528225, CHINA

2School of Economics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, CHINA

Abstract: As an emerging foreign trade model, crossborder E-commerce is booming. This foreign trade model

shortens the distance between products from manufacturers to foreign consumers and reshapes the value chain of

foreign trade. However, because buyers and sellers use virtualization. Negotiations and consultations on the

platform may also involve the participation of freight forwarders and the services of shipping companies, which

increases the uncertainty of the transaction process and results. How to efficiently and confidentially transfer

information to each other is the main idea and goal of this paper. Foreign buyers, domestic sellers, shipping

companies, and freight forwarding companies are independent entities. Due to common transaction events, the

interaction between the four parties has been promoted. However, independent information systems cannot

exchange information (or content) with other entities. Based on this point, our goal has formulated an integrated

freight forwarding program.

Keywords: ElGamal Algorithm, Anonymity, Double- Blind Mechanism

Received: April 28, 2021. Revised: July 18, 2022. Accepted: August 14, 2022. Published: September 14, 2022.

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

186

Volume 19, 2022

the design of electronic customer relationship manage-

ment system for freight forwarding industry. Yang and

Luo [4] also proposed a management information system

for freight forwarding business of small enterprises;

Zheng [5] mentioned that computerization is an im-

portant way for China’s international freight forwarders

to improve their competitiveness. Hu et al. [6] studied

the integration of supply chain information resources to

promote the development of freight forwarding industry.

The application of blockchain technology in supply chain

management literatures such as Jabbari and Kaminsk [7],

and Jabbar et al. [8]. The application of blockchain

technology in logistics includes Issaouia et al. [9], Tijan

et al. [10], Irannezhad [11], and Koh et al. [12]. The

related research of freight agency in other aspects are

listed in Table 1.

Table 1

RELATED LITERATURES

Year SCM CRM Logistics Others

2007 Zhang et al. [1]

2008 Wei [2]

2008 Deng & Zhang [3]

2009 Yang & Luo [4]

2010 Zheng & Xu [5]

2010 Poon & Choy [13]

2015 Hu & Liu [6]

2016 Huang [14]

2017 Hopkins [15]

2018 Jabbari & Kaminsky [7]

2019 Issaouia et al. [9]

2019 Tijan et al. [10]

2019 Irannezhad [11]

2019 Hackius et al. [16]

2019 Elbert & Gleser [17]

2020 Tsiulin et al. [18]

2020 Jabbar et al. [8]

2020 Koh et al. [12]

2021 Tan & Sundarakani [19]

This article extends the concept of information se-

curity technology and management, and speciﬁcally in-

troduces cryptography and information security mecha-

nisms into the securities regulatory system review sys-

tem, combined with the ElGamal algorithm, to meet

the requirements of the securities regulatory process.

In the process of submitting materials, the supervisory

system can set to know or not know the identity of

the investor (double-blind mechanism). Based on this

design concept, the handler passively knows or does

not know the identity of the investor. This article is

a conditional anonymity plan. During the submission

process, investors and brokers have registered and issued

accounts and order conﬁrmations, and investors, brokers,

and regulators are anonymous to each other. The system

processes the investor has no direct dealings with the

stock exchange, stock exchange can not know the true

identity of the investor; the Commission is entitled to the

role of supervision and inspection of the contents of in-

vestor transactions, and exchanges of information inquiry

; and SEC The securities ﬁrm is responsible for reporting

the business to the Securities Regulatory Commission;

the securities dealers need transaction returns to the

Stock Exchange. The core of this algorithm has 8 stages,

namely: registration stage, account issuance stage, order

placement stage, order conﬁrmation stage, transaction

return stage, report business stage, data inquiry and

supervision and inspection stage. The detailed process

of each stage is as follows description:

Step 1. The purchaser orders something by merchant.

Step 2. The merchant receives an order, he then autho-

rizes the freight forwarder to process Shipments.

Step 3. The freight forwarder books compartment with

shipping company (may be airline).

Step 4. The shipping company sends back the bill of

lading to the freight forwarder. 5

Step 5. The freight forwarder sends back the bill of

lading information to the merchant.

Step 6. The merchant provides shipping information to

the purchaser.

Step 7. The shipping company informs the purchaser to

pick up the cargoes.

Step 8. Purchaser pick up his cargoes.

Step 9. The shipping company informs the freight for-

warder of the delivery result.

Notation and Signiﬁcant:

p: is a prime number, usually more than 1024 bits

length.

g: is the primitive root of prime number p.

xi: is a private key in ElGamal like algorithm.

yi: is a public key in ElGamal like algorithm.

m: digitized message.

Purchaser: mean to foreign buyer, we usually use

‘purchaser’ instead of buyer in this paper.

Merchant: mean to domestic seller, we usually use

‘merchant’ in this article.

Freight Forwarder: is sometimes called cargo agent.

Shipping Company: express the transportation company

such as railway, shipping or airline. It depends on the

contract content of the transaction.

3.1 In the system initialization phase, all users such as

purchaser, merchant, freight forwarders and the shipping

company set their own account numbers and passwords,

and share primitive parameters gand a large prime

numbers pthrough the system.

The merchant randomly selects a number xa, as its

3. Our Research Methodology

3.1. System Initialization Phase

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

187

Volume 19, 2022

Puchaser

Merchant Freight Shipping

Company

Forwarder

1. Ordering

2.Authorizing 3. Booking

4. Replying

5. Responding

6. Reporting

7. Announcing

8. Getting

9. Checking

Figure 1. The Idea of Conception.

private key and satisﬁes gcd(xa, p −1), then calculates

his public key

ya≡gxa(mod p)(1)

The freight forwarder (or agent) randomly selects its own

private key xbto calculates its own public key yb, and

then announces

yb≡gxb(mod p)(2)

The purchaser randomly selects its own private key xc

to calculates its own public key yc, and publishes it

yc≡gxc(mod p)(3)

Shipping company will randomly select its own private

key xdto calculate his public key yd, and then publishes

yd≡gxd(mod p).(4)

Please see Figure 2.

Merchant Freight Forwarder Purchaser Shipping Company

Compute:

ya≡gxamod pyb≡gxbmod pyd≡gxdmod p

yc≡gxcmod p

Figure 2. The System Initializing Phase.

3.2 The purchaser uses his private key xc, nonce key

kcand merchant’s public key yato produce an order Sc

where

Sc≡yxc

a·rkc

amod p. (5)

and sends these two parameters {Sc, rc}to the merchant,

see Figure 3.

Puchaser Merchant

1. {Sc, rc}

rc≡gkc(mod p)

Sc≡yxc

a·rkc

a(mod p)

Figure 3. The Ordering Phase.

3.3 When the merchant receives {Sc, rc}from pur-

chaser, he then authorizes the freight forwarder to dele-

gate shipments, see Equation 6 and Figure 4.

Wc≡sc·r−ka

c·yrc

bmod p. (6)

And sends {Wc, rc}to freight forwarder, see Figure 4.

Merchant Freight Forwarder

2. {Wc, rc}

Wc≡Sc·r−ka

c·yrc

bmod p

Figure 4. The Authorizing Phase.

3.4 The freight forwarder obtains a valid delegation

and after books some cabins according to the contract

information by shipping company, see Equation 7 and

Figure 5.

Tc≡(wc)xb·y−rcxb

bmod p, (7)

see Figure 5.

Freight Forwarder Shipping Company

3. {Tc, rc}

Tc≡(Wc)xb·y−rc·xb

bmod p

Figure 5. The Booking Phase.

3.5 The shipping company uses his private key xdto

sign the bill of lading before he returned {Vc, rd}to

freight forwarder, see Equation 8 and Figure 6.

Vc≡(tc)xdmod p. (8)

Shipping Company

Freight Forwarder

4. {Vc, rd}Vc≡(Tc)xdmod p

Figure 6. The Replying Phase.

3.6 Freight forwarder received a valid bill of lading

from shipping company, freight forwarder uses his pri-

vate key x−1

bto endorse it, and then forward partially

information to merchant, see Equation (9) and Figure 7.

zc≡(vc)x−1

bmod p. (9)

3.2. Ordering Phase

3.3. Authorizing Phase

3.4. Booking Phase

3.5. Replying Phase

3.6. Responding Phase

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

188

Volume 19, 2022

Merchant Freight Forwarder

zc≡(Vc)x−1

bmod p

5. {zc}

Figure 7. The Responding Phase.

3.7 The merchant reported the cargoes progress to

purchaser before merchant endorsed the bill of lading,

see Equation (10) and Figure 8.

ηc≡(zc)x−1

amod p, (10)

Merchant Purchaser

6. {ηc}

ηc≡(zc)x−1

amod p

Figure 8. The Report Business Phase.

3.8 In the same time, the shipping company will also

announce cargoes information such as arrival date, time

and place of port, see Equation (11) and Figure 9.

βc≡rkd

cmod p. (11)

Purchaser Shipping Company

7. {βc}βc≡rkd

cmod p

Figure 9. The Information Inquiry Phase.

3.9 When purchaser got an announcement from ship-

ping company, the purchaser will ready to fetch these

cargoes, see Equation (12) and Figure10.

ψc≡(βc)k−1

cmod p. (12)

Purchaser Shipping Company

8. {ψc}

ψc≡(βc)k−1

cmod p

Figure 10. The Supervision and Inspection Phase.

Proof. Omitted.

123243

3.10 In ﬁnally phase, the shipping company will result

the useful information after purchaser ﬁnished to picked

it up all cargoes, see Equation (13) and Figure11.

ρb≡ykd

bmod p. (13)

Shipping Company

Freight Forwarder

9. {ρb}ρb≡ykd

bmod p

Figure 11. The Checking Phase.

Puchaser

Merchant Freight Shipping

Company

Forwarder

1. Sc, rc

2. Wc, rc3. Tc, rc

4. Vc, rd

5. zc

6. ηc

7. βc

8. ψc

9. ρb

Figure 12. The protocol of this scheme.

1312321

Deﬁnition 1. Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)

When the calculation formula yi≡gxi(mod p), and as

known parameters {p, g, yi}, to ﬁnd the private key xi

while prime approaching inﬁnite, it is very difﬁcult to

calculate xi; it is impossible computation, in which case

the condition is called Solving the discrete logarithm

problem (Solving Discrete Logarithm Problem) [?]. The

current public key cryptosystem based on discrete loga-

rithm has value parameters that are greater than 1024

bit length or 2048 bit length.

Deﬁnition 2. Computation Difﬁe-Hellman Problem

(CDHP)

The Computation Difﬁe-Hellman Problem [?]is derived

on the Difﬁe-Hellman key exchange principle (Difﬁe

Hellman Key Exchange) [?]. The main ideas are de-

scribed as follows: Given {g, gx, gy}to ﬁnd gxy .

Here, gis known parameter, the xand yare unknown

parameters.

Deﬁnition 3. Decisional Difﬁe-Hellman Problem

(DDHP)

The Decisional Difﬁe-Hellman Problem [?] is a variant

of the Difﬁe-Hellman computation problem. Given

{g, gx, gy, gz}, to ﬁnd the Zpis satisﬁed z=xy.

3.7. Reporting Phase

3.8. Announcing Phase

3.9. Getting Phase

3.10. Checking Phase

4. Security Analysis

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

189

Volume 19, 2022

Given {g, gx, gy}, to ﬁnd gxy . Here the parameter gis

known, and the parameters {x, y, z}are all unknown.

Theoretical Security Level Analysis Analysis security

of theoretical level

Lemma 1. If Purchaser is honest, then the Equation (5)

holds, that is, the broker veriﬁed the user.

Proof. As known the Equation (5) Sccalculated by

purchaser, if purchaser honestly use his private key xc

and nonce key kcto sign the Merchant’s public key ya

and semi public key rcsince

Sc≡yxc

a·rkc

a(mod p).(14)

The merchant can re-express the Equation (7) to

≡yxa

c·rka

c(mod p).(15)

If merchant honestly uses his private key xaand nonce

key ra, the Equation (7) and (30) are equal to pass the

veriﬁcation. Otherwise, it is a contradiction.

Lemma 2. If Merchant is honest, then the Equation (6)

holds, that is, the broker veriﬁed the user.

Proof. As known the Equation (8) Wccalculated by

merchant, the merchant honestly uses his semi key kato

public key yb, and the purchaser’s semi key rc. Thus, we

can rewrite the the Equation (8) to

≡Sc·r−ka

c·yrc

b(mod p)

≡yxc

a·yrc

b(mod p)

≡yxa

c·yrc

b(mod p)(16)

Therefore, the purchaser and merchant verify each other

through equation (30), they can also verify each other

by Equation (31).

Lemma 3. If Shipping Company is honest, then the

Equation (6) and Equation (6) holds, that is, the broker

veriﬁed the user.

Proof. As known the Equation (8), the shipping com-

pany announces βcto purchaser, the purchaser can verify

whether the shipping company is honest, as shown in

Equation (32).

βc

≡rkc

d(mod p),(17)

and purchaser used k−1

cto sign in ψcwhere

ψc≡rd.(18)

On the other hand, the freight forwarder can also check

whether shipping company is honest or dishonest; the

freight forwarder used x−1

bto recover rdby τb, namely

τb≡rd.(19)

In summary, the purchaser and the freight forwarder can

verify the identity of the shipping company.

Lemma 4. If Freight Forwarder is honest, then the

Equation (6) and Equation (6) holds, that is, the broker

veriﬁed the user.

Proof. Because the merchant sent Wcand rcto the

freight forwarder, and then the freight forwarder returned

zcto merchant. Consequently, the freight forward pro-

duce Tcbefore he used y−rcxb

bto sign the message. Based

on this point, shipping company can verify the identity of

freight forwarder. When Vcis generated by the shipping

company, it means that the four party agreement has

been generated, The freight forwarder generated zcand

transmitted it to the merchant, he also used x−1

bbefore

decoding. It fully proves the freight forwarder honesty.

Therefore, it is impossible for the freight forwarder to

cheat only one side and be honest with the another sides,

or cheat both sides“merchant–shipping company”, it is

a contradiction with our assumption. Thus, the freight

forwarder have to honest in the stage “3-5” of phases “2-

3-4-5”; otherwise, from Lemma 1 to Lemma 3 became

contradictions.

Analysis security of practical levels

User identity leak concerns: investors to brokerage

orders, the identity with anonymity, Stock Exchange

even by Equation (16) to obtain the original content m,

stock exchange still does not know the original user’s

identity. The Securities Regulatory Commission obtains

the content mthrough equation (13), which does not

mean that the Securities Regulatory Commission knows

the identity of the investor. Therefore, the identity of

the investor is anonymous to the stock exchange and the

China Securities Regulatory Commission. To a certain

extent, the identity of the investor is prevented from

leaking in this link.

Leakage of the contents of risk: If the broker (system)

invaded, hacked-off attempt by the brokerage has made

investors under a single content is in vain. Only Stock

Exchange and the SFC in after signing, can the number

of bits of content is reduced to m, brokerage in before

the transaction return phase , such as the Equation (8)

and (9), are powerless to encrypted number of bits

content reduced to m. If the hacker colludes with the

4.1. Theoretical Security Level Analysis

4.2. Analysis of Practical Safety Levels

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

190

Volume 19, 2022

stock exchange or with any party of the China Securities

Regulatory Commission, since the stock exchange or

the China Securities Regulatory Commission can only

obtain at most, there is no way to obtain the identity,

and there is still no need to worry about the exposure of

the identity under the risk of the original content being

leaked problem.

Key theft issue: Investors, brokerage ﬁrms, stock ex-

changes, and the China Securities Regulatory Commis-

sion each keep their own keys. Although their public

keys are public, hackers cannot use known public keys

to calculate the corresponding keys, a discrete logarithm

problem of the Deﬁnition 1, has been charged part

narrative. Unless any party who owns the key reveals

the key held by himself, this research does not consider

this assumption.

This research is mainly about the four-party supervi-

sion and management plan of investors, securities ﬁrms,

stock exchanges, and the China Securities Regulatory

Commission. The improved ElGamal algorithm is used

in the application of the securities industry regulatory in-

formation system. This information system is anonymous

and the identity of any investor is strictly controlled.

Keep it secret. If the brokerage (system) is invaded, hack-

ers cannot obtain investor transaction content through the

brokerage. If the hacker colludes with any of the regula-

tory agencies to deceive, he still does not have to worry

about identity exposure. If the investor has breached the

contract, the manager and the system center can track

the anonymous identity under certain conditions, and

ﬁnally restore the anonymous identity to the real-name

user identity. In this way, the investor’s security can be

protected. The identity is protected from exposure, and

on the other hand, it can deter investors from maliciously

defaulting on transactions. This program has the best of

both worlds. This research plan puts forward 6 lemmas, 3

deﬁnitions and 19 equations to run through the full text,

provide a strong theoretical support for the thesis, and

ﬁnally put this idea into reality. The real system proposes

a securities industry supervision system with anonymity,

non-modiﬁcation, security, and double-blind mechanism

to achieve a combination of theory and practice.

The authors would like to thank the anonymous re-

viewers for their useful comments. This work is partially

supported from university project under the number

NUIT2020-001. This work also partially supported by

Guandong province special funds to foster the student’s

science and technology innovation under the number

PDJH2020B0689 (Climbing program funds).

[1] L. Zhang, Z. Fu, and Z. Juan, “Study on the popularizing

process of freight information exchange network based on

evolutionary game theory,” in 2007 International Conference on

Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,

2007, pp. 6187–6190.

[2] R. Wei, “A critical issue of making out loading port and

unloading port in the bill of lading for marine transportation,”

in 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communica-

tions, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008, pp. 1–4.

[3] S. Deng and F. Zhang, “Design of a knowledge-based e-crm

system: A case of freight forwarding industry,” in 2008 4th

International Conference on Wireless Communications, Net-

working and Mobile Computing, 2008, pp. 1–4.

[4] X. Yang and J. Luo, “Design and realization of management

information system for the freight forwarding agency business

of mini-enterprise,” in 2009 International Symposium on Com-

puter Network and Multimedia Technology, 2009, pp. 1–4.

[5] J. Zheng and M. Xu, “Computerization, an important way for

china’s international freight forwarders to improve competitive-

ness,” in 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-

Government, 2010, pp. 3836–3839, in Chinese.

[6] X.-L. Hu and D. Liu, “Information resource integration of the

supply chain to promote freight forwarding industry,” in 2015

Third International Conference on Robot, Vision and Signal

Processing (RVSP), 2015, pp. 117–120.

[7] A. Jabbari and P. Kaminsky, “Blockchain and supply

chain management,” https://www.mhi.org/downloads/learning/

cicmhe/blockchain-and-supply-chain-management.pdf, January

2018.

[8] S. Jabbar, H. Lloyd, M. Hammoudeh, B. Adebisi, and U. Raza,

“Blockchain-enabled supply chain: analysis, challenges, and

future directions,” Multimedia Systems, Nov 2020. [Online].

Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-020-00687-0

[9] Y. Issaoui, A. Khiat, A. Bahnasse, and H. Ouajji, “Smart

logistics: Study of the application of blockchain technology,”

Procedia Computer Science, vol. 160, pp. 266–271, 2019, the

10th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems

and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN-2019) / The 9th International

Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information

and Communication Technologies in Healthcare (ICTH-2019)

/ Afﬁliated Workshops. [Online]. Available: https://www.

sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050919316825

[10] E. Tijan, S. Aksentijevi´c, K. Ivani´c, and M. Jardas, “Blockchain

technology implementation in logistics,” Sustainability, vol. 11,

no. 4, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/

2071-1050/11/4/1185

[11] E. Irannezhad, “Is blockchain a solution for logistics and

freight transportation problems?” Transportation Research

Procedia, vol. 48, pp. 290–306, 2020, recent Advances and

Emerging Issues in Transport Research – An Editorial

Note for the Selected Proceedings of WCTR 2019

Mumbai. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/

science/article/pii/S2352146520304397

[12] L. Koh, A. Dolgui, and J. Sarkis, “Blockchain in transport and

logistics – paradigms and transitions,” International Journal of

Production Research, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2054–2062, 2020.

[13] T. C. Poon and K. L. Choy, “Design of a logistics costs analyzer

to formulate distribution routes for freight forwarders,” in 2010

8th International Conference on Supply Chain Management and

Information, 2010, pp. 1–6.

5. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

191

Volume 19, 2022

[14] H. H. Huang, “Authorized economic operator in taiwan - an

example of international freight forwarders,” in 2016 IEEE

International Conference on Management of Innovation and

Technology (ICMIT), 2016, pp. 172–176.

[15] R. A. Hopkins, Making the Sale: Proposals, Shipping,

Payment, and Trade Finance. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017,

pp. 115–142. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/

978-1-4842-3114-2 8

[16] N. Hackius, S. Reimers, and W. Kersten, “The privacy barrier

for blockchain in logistics: First lessons from the port of ham-

burg,” in Logistics Management, C. Bierwirth, T. Kirschstein,

and D. Sackmann, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publish-

ing, 2019, pp. 45–61.

[17] R. Elbert and M. Gleser, “Digital forwarders,” in Logistics

Management, C. Bierwirth, T. Kirschstein, and D. Sackmann,

Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp. 19–

31.

[18] S. Tsiulin, K. H. Reinau, O.-P. Hilmola, N. Goryaev, and

A. Karam, “Blockchain-based applications in shipping and

port management: a literature review towards deﬁning key

conceptual frameworks,” Review of International Business and

Strategy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 201–224, Jan 2020. [Online].

Available: https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-04-2019-0051

[19] W. K. A. Tan and B. Sundarakani, “Assessing blockchain

technology application for freight booking business” a case

study from technology acceptance model perspective,” Journal

of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.

202–223, 2021.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the Creative

Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS

DOI: 10.37394/23209.2022.19.19

Chenglian Liu, Sonia C-i Chen

E-ISSN: 2224-3402

192

Volume 19, 2022