wseas-12181-20261008073540-be3710 20261008073540128 wseas/wseas wseas.group@gmail.com WSEAS International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development 2945-1159 06 09 2026 06 09 2026 4 Christos Papakitsos Hellenic Army Academy Vari, Attica GREECE Dimitrios Bourlekas Dept. of Industrial Design and Production Engineering University of West Attica Aegaleo, Athens GREECE Evangelos Papakitsos Dept. of Industrial Design and Production Engineering University of West Attica Aegaleo, Athens GREECE Dionysios E. Mouzakis Hellenic Army Academy Vari, Attica GREECE Theodore Ganetsos Dept. of Industrial Design and Production Engineering University of West Attica Aegaleo, Athens GREECE Electric mobility is widely featured as a solution to zero-carbon transportations. Nevertheless, this approach poses two major problems internationally; the first one is the cost of replacing the vast number of internal combustion engines globally; the second one is that efficient electric motors require a substantial amount of Neodymium, which is a rear earthly material, especially considering the first problem. Therefore, regarding zero-carbon transportations, a technically feasible and economical solution would be the conversion of existing internal combustion engines in order to function with zero-carbon emissions. 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