Sustainable Water Management in Naturally Deforested Regions &

Proportional Accreditation: UAE Case Study

FIRAS FAYSSAL

Environmental & Engineering, Saint Joseph University of Beirut,

ESIB, Beirut,

LEBANON

Abstract: This article explores the imperative of integrating UNFCCC water efficiency standards in naturally deforested

regions, focusing on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as a case study. As the global climate crisis intensifies, preserving

and efficiently utilizing water resources is crucial, particularly in arid regions like the UAE with scarce water supplies.

Leveraging mechanisms from Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, this study investigates the potential for crediting water

efficiency initiatives in deforested areas where desalination predominates. Through an interdisciplinary approach,

encompassing environmental science, hydrology, horticulture, policy analysis, and socio-economic considerations, the

research assesses the feasibility of incorporating UNFCCC water efficiency standards into regional sustainability

frameworks.

Key components include evaluating current water management practices with indigenous plants such as Prosopis

cineraria, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Phoenix dactylifera, analyzing deforestation's environmental impact on water

resources, and exploring policy frameworks promoting water efficiency. Additionally, the study addresses socio-

economic factors influencing water generation and usage patterns, considering the role of incentive mechanisms and

private sector integration. The findings highlight the challenges and opportunities of applying water efficiency standards

under the Paris Agreement’s Article 6 crediting mechanism in deforested regions.

The UAE case study offers insights into sustainable water management in environmentally constrained nations, focusing

on reverse osmosis desalination, the environmental footprint of various power sources, and managing distances between

desalination plants and water generation sites. This research underscores the importance of proactive policy interventions

and international collaboration in addressing water scarcity and advancing towards sustainable, climate-resilient futures.

Keywords: Water Efficiency, Carbon Credits, Carbon Footprint, Proportionality Ratios, UAE Environmental Strategy,

UNFCCC Standards, Afforestation and Reforestation, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), CO2 Sequestration,

Climate Action Plans, Sustainable Water Management, International Standards, Paris Agreement, Sequestration Rate,

Regional Adaptation, Global Methodologies.

Received: March 19, 2024. Revised: October 12, 2024. Accepted: November 15, 2024. Published: December 30, 2024.

1. Introduction

It is widely acknowledged that the global climate is

undergoing profound changes, predominantly driven by

human activities. These diverse shifts are well-

documented across various sectors and regions. In tropical

regions, deforestation has notably extended the dry season,

both locally and in broader areas where forest loss has

significantly reduced net evapotranspiration. Alterations

in surface hydrologic fluxes are frequently linked to

increased soil moisture, which can, in turn, lead to higher

rainfall in deforested zones. Consequently, changes in

water availability in these regions often exhibit self-

reinforcing patterns.

Although numerous studies have examined regional

climate alterations resulting from land cover changes, our

comprehension of the specific climatic mechanisms

involved remains limited. In any given area, the

interaction between land surface modifications and

regional climate is often complicated by natural climate

variability. This complexity poses challenges for the

development of predictive models and impact

assessments for policymakers. Constructing a

mechanistic understanding and identifying critical

processes for a particular region necessitates detailed

analysis through modeling experiments. Climate models,

coupled with simplified representations of land surfaces

and their vegetation, can facilitate this process [1].

In this study, we focus on a naturally deforested area in

the United Arab Emirates, employing an idealized

modeling approach to explore these dynamics.

Section 5 provides an analysis of observed water

consumption patterns alongside preliminary efforts to

counteract deforestation, serving as a baseline. This

allows us to validate the model without delving into

specific details, enabling the identification of key

hydrologic changes for simulation. Section 5 examines

these changes in the context of international policies, with

a particular focus on the UNFCCC's water efficiency

crediting mechanisms and their proportional applicability

to naturally deforested regions in comparison to global

benchmarks. This analysis will help us understand the

variations in surface forestation, the underlying processes

driving these changes, and the associated accreditation.

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2. Problem Formulation

Our primary focus lies in the intersection of water

resources and sustainability. While water availability is

anticipated to decline in many developing nations, our

study targets regions that are expected to experience

reduced water availability and have a history or ongoing

situation of deforestation.

The ultimate objective of any environmental study or

policy is to enhance environmental conditions or to

prevent and mitigate adverse environmental changes.

High-confidence statements in the domains of climate

change and water resources often provide a robust

framework for documenting successes and failures,

serving as a blueprint for future actions.

Climate models that visualize potential future climates

on Earth offer a specific framework for analysis,

commonly referred to as climate change scenarios. An

illustrative, fully integrated scenario that couples water

consumption with deforestation mitigation efforts offers a

compelling example of future challenges. This scenario

considers factors such as population growth, GDP,

technological advancements, and a commitment to

emissions-free development. The result is a balanced

scenario that emphasizes both the mitigation of land use

changes and atmospheric alterations. Measures aligned

with the UNFCCC, including those under the Kyoto

Protocol, often include explicit or implicit goals to

compare these measures against either a baseline scenario

or a climate change scenario, calculating associated

carbon savings and changes in water usage and other

resources. Developing countries with similar risk

management strategies may be motivated to conduct

comparable impact and mitigation studies.

Moreover, environmental policies in developing

countries are not only influenced by international aid from

developed nations or multilateral development banks but

are often driven by the mandates of international

conventions to which these countries are signatories.

These policies aim to achieve the goals outlined in the

conventions, often reinforced by external aid. The Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto

Protocol is a notable example, where developing countries

pursue economic development while adhering to

environmental objectives set forth in international

agreements. In such cases, the environmental goals—

whether explicit or implicit—serve as an insurance and

mitigation strategy to safeguard against potential future

environmental damage during the course of development.

Over the past thirty years, numerous international

conferences and conventions have placed considerable

emphasis on improving environmental quality and water

efficiency in developing countries [2]. These efforts have

often sought to facilitate the transfer of policies and

technologies from developed to developing nations,

recognizing that the prevailing conditions were

unsustainable and advocating for the adoption of best

practices that bypass developmental stages associated

with environmental degradation. Examples of such

technology transfer include the Montreal Protocol and

various clean development initiatives (e.g., CDM) under

the Kyoto Protocol [3]. These interventions were

frequently supported, and sometimes driven, by

international aid and non-governmental organizations.

However, for technologies and policies to gain traction in

developing countries, they must first be demonstrated to

be economically viable.

2.1. Sub- Purpose of the Study

This research is a crucial component of an ongoing

effort to develop strategies that mitigate the impacts of

global climate change. The United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has

emphasized the necessity for nations to adapt to the

changes resulting from past and current greenhouse gas

emissions, particularly concerning deforestation and

water conservation. These impacts manifest as alterations

in resource availability and increased destruction from

extreme weather events. The convention has also urged

developed nations to support developing and especially

vulnerable countries through financial aid and technology

transfer to implement these adaptation measures

effectively.

In response to these challenges, this study aims to

explore methods for integrating the water resource

management standards outlined by the UNFCCC, with a

particular emphasis on leveraging the deliverables and

actions from the Ministerial Declaration of the 10th World

Water Forum to aid implementation in regions highly

susceptible to climate change impacts. The primary focus

will be on water resource management in naturally

deforested areas. During the 10th World Water Forum, a

coalition of countries, including the UAE, advocated for

increased support in climate change adaptation,

particularly concerning water resources, in light of

predicted increases in drought and tropical cyclone

frequency. This research will also explore how similar

methodologies can be applied to support climate change

adaptation efforts in other regions with the assistance of

developed nations.

The specific objectives of this study are:

- To explore how recent advancements in climate and

water resource modeling can be utilized to enhance the

understanding of climate change impact on water

resources through region-based assessments.

- To outline the steps required to identify areas most in

need of climate change adaptation measures.

- To evaluate modern UNFCCC water resource

management standards and assess their suitability for

addressing climate change impacts on water resources in

various arid regions.

- To establish correlations between water scarcity and

deforestation mitigation efforts through a steady baseline

and patterned modeling approach.

- To ensure that international bodies relatively accredit

water efficiency measures and deforestation mitigation

credits achieved through a patterned model, validated by

an approved case study.

This research will involve consultations with UNFCCC

representatives and national policymakers, as well as case

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studies on past and ongoing efforts in both developing and

developed countries. Additionally, an assessment will be

conducted to determine how well these standards can be

adapted to better meet the needs of highly vulnerable

regions.

2.2. Scope and Limitations

Climate change today has a profound impact on water

scarcity and forests, prompting concern and action from

governments, non-governmental organizations, and

international bodies. The 10th World Water Forum

highlighted a critical international program for climate

change mitigation: the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Technology

Executive Committee (TEC) Brief [3]. The primary goal

of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous human

interference with the climate system. A secondary

objective is to monitor and evaluate the impact of water

efficiency and deforestation mitigation measures on

climate change across all nations. The third goal is to

establish a patterned system capable of generating

actionable information with a significant impact on

climate change. The final target, as outlined in Article 3

of the UNFCCC, is to enhance the capacity for adapting

water efficiency measures to prevent environmental

damage.

Implementing indicators of climate change impacts in

the forestry sector within the UAE would significantly

contribute to the overall program. Achieving these

indicators would enable the UAE to meet the

requirements of Annex II (Decision 2/CP.7) under the

UNFCCC, as these indicators are necessary for countries

undertaking activities with a high potential impact on

climate change [3].

The UNFCCC currently lacks specific water

management standards within the forestry sector, creating

a gray area that complicates the implementation of

activities affected by the program. This has led to the

development of water efficiency standards for forestry

projects. Naturally deforested regions, often located in

headwaters, face significant challenges in maintaining

water availability. These regions are frequently required

to support other forest areas due to their strategic location.

To sustain the environment, governments, NGOs, and

local communities have engaged in reforestation efforts.

However, the high level of activity and lack of

preparedness during such projects can negatively impact

the environment, particularly in terms of exacerbating

extreme weather events and destabilizing the climate

system.

The involvement of the UNFCCC in these projects can

indirectly affect naturally deforested regions, as

highlighted by Decision 16/CP.7 concerning guidance to

the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [4]. Although

these projects may not directly relate to climate change

mitigation, monitoring, or system development, their

location in water-sensitive areas means they inevitably

impact local activities. Over time, these projects become

integrated into the broader UNFCCC program, following

its development and obligations. However, without

specific standards or guidelines, it is challenging to take

meaningful action. This situation is further complicated

by a lack of knowledge about the UNFCCC's role and

availability in naturally deforested regions, creating

uncertainty in project execution. Therefore, it is crucial

for projects to have access to information about the

UNFCCC, specific action guidelines, and regular updates

on relevant decisions.

This article explores the necessity of integrating

UNFCCC water efficiency standards into naturally

deforested regions, using the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

as a case study. In regions like the UAE, characterized by

arid climates and limited water supplies, the efficient use

and preservation of water resources are paramount [5].

Methods, Procedures, Process

This study utilizes the mechanisms outlined in Article

6 of the Paris Agreement to investigate the potential for

crediting water efficiency initiatives in naturally

deforested regions, where desalination plays a significant

role in water consumption. The research adopts an

interdisciplinary approach, drawing from environmental

science, hydrology, horticulture, policy analysis, and

socio-economic perspectives to evaluate the feasibility

and implications of incorporating UNFCCC water

efficiency standards into sustainability frameworks.

Key components of this analysis include:

- An evaluation of existing water management practices

based on indigenous plant species

- An analysis of the environmental impact of deforestation

on water resources

- An exploration of policy frameworks that promote water

efficiency in deforested areas

3. UNFCCC Water Efficiency Standards

3.1 Overview of UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC), established in 1992, is an

international treaty aimed at addressing the global

challenge of climate change. Its primary objective is to

stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

at levels that prevent harmful human interference with the

climate system. The UNFCCC serves as a framework for

international collaboration and negotiations focused on

mitigating climate change and adapting to its effects [3].

3.2 Importance of Water Efficiency Standards

Water efficiency standards are essential in addressing

global water-related challenges, particularly within the

broader context of climate change. These standards are

designed to promote the sustainable management of water

resources, minimize water waste, and improve overall

water management practices. With approximately 2.3

billion people worldwide living under water-scarce

conditions [6], the importance of efficient water

management cannot be overstated. The United Arab

Emirates (UAE), which has one of the highest per capita

water consumption rates globally at around 550 liters per

day, exemplifies the critical need for implementing and

adhering to these standards [7].

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Internationally, several legal frameworks and

agreements support the adoption of water efficiency

measures. The UNFCCC underscores the importance of

water management as part of broader climate change

mitigation and adaptation strategies. Additionally, the

Paris Agreement, particularly through its mechanisms

outlined in Article 6, facilitates the crediting and trading

of water efficiency initiatives, encouraging countries to

adopt practices that reduce water stress while contributing

to their climate goals [8].

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) also

plays a role in promoting water efficiency by advocating

for the sustainable use of ecosystems that provide critical

water resources. Moreover, the Ramsar Convention on

Wetlands encourages the conservation and sustainable

use of wetlands, which are vital for maintaining water

quality and availability [9].

By implementing these international standards,

countries can significantly enhance water availability,

alleviate water stress, and contribute to global efforts in

mitigating and adapting to climate change. In water-

scarce regions like the UAE, the adoption of these

standards is not only a necessity but also a critical step

toward ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience

against climate impacts.

3.3 Implementation Challenges

Implementing water efficiency standards involves a

range of challenges, particularly in regions like the UAE.

Key obstacles include limited financial resources,

insufficient awareness and capacity among stakeholders,

technological barriers, and the need for effective

coordination across various sectors. A comprehensive

cost-benefit analysis indicates that while the initial

investment in water-efficient technologies may be

substantial, it is typically outweighed by significant long-

term savings in both water consumption and energy costs.

For instance, the UAE could achieve up to a 30%

reduction in water usage through the adoption of water-

saving technologies, yielding considerable economic and

environmental benefits.

However, the implementation of these standards in the

UAE faces specific constraints. The high initial costs of

advanced water-efficient technologies can be a deterrent,

particularly in sectors with tight budget constraints.

Moreover, there is often a lack of awareness about the

importance of water efficiency and the potential long-

term savings among both policymakers and the general

public. This is compounded by limited technical expertise

and capacity to implement and maintain these

technologies effectively.

Technological barriers also pose significant challenges.

The UAE's reliance on energy-intensive desalination

processes for its water supply makes the integration of

water-efficient technologies more complex. The existing

infrastructure may not always be compatible with new,

more efficient systems, necessitating costly upgrades or

replacements.

Coordination among various stakeholders—including

government agencies, private sector entities, and local

communities—is crucial but can be challenging due to

differing priorities and levels of engagement. Ensuring

that all stakeholders are aligned in their goals and

approaches to water efficiency requires strong policy

frameworks that encourage collaboration and provide

clear guidance on implementation.

To overcome these challenges, the UAE must prioritize

the development of robust policy frameworks that

incentivize the adoption of water-efficient practices.

Adequate funding mechanisms should be established to

support both the initial investments and ongoing

maintenance of water-efficient technologies. Capacity-

building initiatives are essential to enhance the technical

skills and knowledge required for successful

implementation. Additionally, a concerted effort to raise

awareness about the importance of water efficiency—

through public education campaigns and stakeholder

engagement—is critical to driving behavioral change and

ensuring the long-term success of these initiatives.

In summary, while the UAE faces specific challenges

in implementing water efficiency standards, a strategic

approach that addresses financial, technological, and

coordination issues can lead to significant long-term

benefits in water conservation and energy savings,

contributing to the nation's overall sustainability and

resilience in the face of climate change.

3.4 Forestation and Deforestation Insights

Globally & Locally

Forestation and deforestation dynamics in naturally

deforested areas present complex environmental

challenges globally and are particularly significant in the

context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Naturally

deforested regions, often characterized by harsh climates,

poor soil quality, and limited water availability, struggle

to support vegetation and are highly susceptible to further

degradation due to human activities and climate change.

Worldwide, efforts to reverse deforestation in such areas

involve reforestation and afforestation projects, which

aim to restore ecosystems, improve biodiversity, and

enhance carbon sequestration. However, these initiatives

often face obstacles, such as harsh environmental

conditions, the high cost of implementation, and the need

for sustained maintenance and monitoring.

In addressing these challenges, international

frameworks and agreements play a pivotal role. The

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement encourage

nations to enhance carbon sinks through reforestation and

afforestation as part of their Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs) [10]. The Convention on

Biological Diversity (CBD) also emphasizes the

restoration of degraded ecosystems, including naturally

deforested areas, as crucial for biodiversity conservation.

Regionally, the UAE is a signatory to the Gulf

Cooperation Council's (GCC) environmental agreements,

which promote sustainable land management and

reforestation initiatives.

Locally, the UAE has implemented several laws and

policies to support reforestation and combat

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desertification. Federal Law No. 24 of 1999 for the

Protection and Development of the Environment outlines

the country's commitment to environmental protection,

including the preservation of forests and the promotion of

reforestation activities. The UAE's National

Environmental Strategy 2021-2025 further emphasizes

the importance of afforestation in mitigating the effects of

climate change and enhancing biodiversity. Additionally,

regional initiatives like Abu Dhabi's Green Legacy

Program and Dubai's Desert Conservation Reserve focus

on the restoration of naturally deforested areas through the

planting of native species and the protection of existing

vegetation [4].

These legal frameworks and policies are essential in

guiding the UAE's efforts to manage naturally deforested

areas. They reflect a broader commitment to sustainable

development and environmental stewardship, aligning

with international goals to restore degraded lands and

mitigate the impacts of climate change. The success of

these initiatives in the UAE depends on overcoming

significant challenges, including water scarcity, extreme

temperatures, and the need for advanced irrigation

techniques, making legal and policy support crucial for

their long-term viability.

It includes sampling, sample preparation, preparation of

control sample, measurement detail including Instrument

and suppliers/chemicals and suppliers, experimental set

up, map/details of sampling site or study area, source of

sample, where ever necessary ethical clearance obtained

must be stated [7].

4. Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism -

Article 6

4.1 Overview of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 under the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), is a landmark international treaty

aimed at mitigating global warming. The primary

objective of the agreement is to restrict the increase in

global temperatures to well below 2 degrees Celsius

above pre-industrial levels, with a more ambitious target

of limiting the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The framework

of the Paris Agreement encourages countries to enhance

their climate actions through the submission of Nationally

Determined Contributions (NDCs) and establishes

mechanisms for international collaboration and support

[11].

The agreement emphasizes the importance of long-

term climate resilience and sustainability, requiring

signatory countries to regularly update and strengthen

their climate commitments. It promotes transparency and

accountability through a robust system of monitoring,

reporting, and verification.

In alignment with the Paris Agreement, the United

Arab Emirates (UAE) has implemented several measures

to improve water efficiency and support climate goals.

The UAE's Water Security Strategy 2036 focuses on

enhancing water use efficiency, reducing water waste, and

investing in advanced technologies such as desalination

and wastewater recycling. The UAE has also introduced

regulations and incentives to promote sustainable water

practices and integrate climate considerations into water

management. By aligning its national policies with the

Paris Agreement, the UAE demonstrates a commitment to

reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving water

resource management, and contributing to global climate

objectives [12].

4.2 Crediting Mechanism in Article 6

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement outlines a crediting

mechanism designed to facilitate international

cooperation in achieving climate objectives. This

mechanism permits countries to transfer mitigation

outcomes, such as emissions reductions, among

themselves, thereby creating a framework for both

market-based and non-market approaches to climate

action. The aim is to enhance global climate efforts and

promote sustainable development through flexible and

cooperative measures [13].

However, the application of this crediting mechanism

can be inequitable, particularly for naturally deforested

regions like the UAE, which face unique challenges.

Despite the UAE's significant advancements in water

efficiency and sustainable management practices, the

crediting framework may not fully account for the specific

circumstances of such regions. For instance, the UAE's

limited water resources and its substantial investment in

water-saving technologies might not be adequately

recognized under the current crediting system. This can

lead to an imbalance where the contributions of regions

with high water efficiency and mitigation measures are

not proportionately reflected in their crediting outcomes.

Such disparities highlight the need for a more tailored

approach within the crediting mechanism to ensure that

naturally deforested and resource-constrained areas are

fairly rewarded for their climate action efforts [14].

4.3 Integration of Water Efficiency

Standards in Article 6

Integrating water efficiency standards within the

framework of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement can play a

crucial role in advancing climate objectives. By

implementing water-efficient practices, countries can

lower greenhouse gas emissions related to water usage

and bolster water resilience. For instance, in the UAE,

enhanced water efficiency could potentially reduce CO2

emissions by up to 1.5 million tons annually, largely due

to decreased energy demands in desalination processes

[15].

Despite these benefits, the UAE faces challenges in

receiving equitable recognition under Article 6's crediting

mechanism. The UAE has enacted several measures

aligned with Article 6, including significant investments

in water-saving technologies and infrastructure retrofits.

However, the crediting system may not fully acknowledge

these efforts, particularly when compared to regions with

more abundant water resources. The disparity arises

because the current framework often fails to adequately

account for the unique circumstances and high-efficiency

measures of water-scarce regions. As a result, the UAE’s

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substantial achievements in water efficiency and emission

reductions may not be fairly reflected in the carbon credits

it receives, highlighting a need for more equitable and

tailored crediting approaches that better recognize the

efforts of regions with severe water constraints, the matter

that we addressed in this article, and we reflected in the

equity crediting model in the section 5.

4.4 Proportionality of Credit Mechanisms in

Deforested Areas vs. Global Standards –

UAE Model

To evaluate the proportionality of credit mechanisms

for water efficiency and deforestation in the UAE

compared to global standards, we analyze numerical data

from international frameworks and local regulations. The

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) provides guidelines for carbon

crediting mechanisms, emphasizing the need for

proportionality in carbon credits issued for reforestation

and afforestation projects. Under the UNFCCC's Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM), credits are allocated

based on the amount of CO₂ sequestered, with a baseline

set against which reductions are measured.

Globally, the UNFCCC issues credits based on

established methodologies, such as the "Tool to calculate

the emission reductions from afforestation and

reforestation projects" (CDM Tool). For instance, a

project that sequesters 1,000 tons of CO₂ might receive

1,000 carbon credits. Similarly, the Paris Agreement

encourages countries to integrate water efficiency into

their climate action plans, where credits are proportional

to improvements in water usage and conservation [16].

In the UAE, local regulations under Federal Law No.

24 of 1999 for the Protection and Development of the

Environment align with these international standards. The

UAE's National Environmental Strategy 2021-2025

incorporates water efficiency and reforestation into its

framework. For example, the Abu Dhabi Green Legacy

Program aims to plant 10 million trees by 2030, with

anticipated CO₂ sequestration of 1.2 million tons,

proportional to the credits awarded under international

carbon accounting methodologies [12].

Numerical analysis reveals that while international

standards provide a baseline for credit issuance, the

UAE's local models apply these standards with region-

specific adjustments. For example, if an international

standard credit 1 ton of CO₂ sequestered with 1 credit, the

UAE’s reforestation projects are designed to meet or

exceed these metrics, ensuring alignment and

proportionality. As per local measures, if the UAE

reforests 5,000 hectares with an expected sequestration

rate of 200 tons per hectare, it translates to 1 million tons

of CO₂ sequestered. This would correspond to 1 million

credits if the credits are issued on a 1:1 basis.

In conclusion, the UAE’s proportionality in crediting

mechanisms for deforestation and water efficiency aligns

closely with international standards. By applying global

methodologies to local projects, the UAE ensures that its

environmental credits are both scientifically and

administratively consistent with international practices,

thereby enhancing the credibility and effectiveness of its

climate action strategies.

5. Climate Action Pathway for Water

– UAE Case Study

5.1 Understanding the Climate Action

Pathway

The Climate Action Pathway for Water represents a

strategic framework designed to tackle water-related

challenges within the broader context of climate change.

This initiative seeks to advance sustainable water

management practices, bolster water resilience, and

support climate change mitigation and adaptation

objectives. By offering a structured approach, the

pathway enables countries to devise and execute

comprehensive strategies and actions aimed at addressing

the multifaceted issues associated with water resources

amidst a shifting climate [10].

The pathway emphasizes the integration of climate

resilience into water management by advocating for the

adoption of innovative technologies, efficient resource

utilization, and adaptive policies. It encourages the

development of robust water governance frameworks that

can withstand the impacts of climate variability and

extremes, including increased frequency of droughts and

floods.

Key components of the Climate Action Pathway for Water

include: [4]

- Sustainable Water Management: Promoting practices

that ensure the efficient use of water resources, minimize

waste, and enhance the capacity of water systems to adapt

to changing climate conditions.

- Water Resilience Enhancement: Implementing measures

that improve the ability of water systems and communities

to cope with and recover from climate-induced stresses

and shocks.

- Mitigation and Adaptation Integration: Aligning water

management strategies with broader climate change

mitigation and adaptation goals, such as reducing

greenhouse gas emissions through water-efficient

technologies and practices.

- Policy Development and Implementation: Guiding the

formulation of policies that support sustainable water

management and foster collaboration among stakeholders,

including governments, private sector, and civil society.

- Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing mechanisms to

assess the effectiveness of implemented strategies, track

progress, and make necessary adjustments based on

evolving climate conditions and emerging scientific

insights.

By aligning national and regional water management

practices with the Climate Action Pathway, countries can

better navigate the complexities of climate change while

ensuring the sustainable use and protection of vital water

resources. This pathway not only supports immediate

water security but also contributes to long-term climate

resilience and sustainable development goals.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has actively

embraced the Climate Action Pathway for Water by

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integrating its principles into national water management

strategies. The UAE’s initiatives include the development

of advanced water-saving technologies, such as smart

irrigation systems and wastewater recycling, to enhance

water efficiency. The country’s Water Security Strategy

2036 outlines ambitious goals for sustainable water use

and resilience against climate impacts. Additionally,

UAE's efforts in large-scale afforestation projects and

investment in desalination technology reflect its

commitment to adapting to climate change while

managing water resources effectively. These actions align

with the pathway’s objectives of promoting sustainable

water management and enhancing resilience in the face of

climate change [8].

5.2 Role of Water Efficiency in Climate

Action

Water efficiency is pivotal in climate action strategies,

as it directly influences both resource conservation and

climate resilience. Enhancing water efficiency helps

reduce overall water demand, mitigate waste, and

improve water availability across various sectors. Key

measures for improving water efficiency include adopting

advanced irrigation techniques, implementing water-

saving technologies, and promoting sustainable water

management practices. These strategies not only

contribute to climate change mitigation by lowering

energy consumption but also enhance adaptation by

increasing water resilience.

A significant aspect of the energy-water nexus is the

energy required for desalination, particularly through

reverse osmosis (RO), which consumes approximately

3.5-5 kWh per cubic meter of water produced. Efficient

irrigation systems can cut water usage by up to 50%,

highlighting their substantial impact on water

conservation and energy reduction [4].

In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), water efficiency

has been a central focus in climate action. The UAE has

introduced innovative measures such as the use of smart

irrigation systems that optimize water use and reduce

wastage. The country's investment in state-of-the-art

water-saving technologies, including advanced drip

irrigation and wastewater recycling, further underscores

its commitment to efficient water management.

Additionally, the UAE's strategic initiatives, such as the

Water Security Strategy 2036, aim to enhance water

efficiency and resilience in response to the challenges

posed by its arid climate. These efforts demonstrate the

UAE's proactive approach in integrating water efficiency

into its broader climate action framework, aligning with

global objectives to mitigate climate change and adapt to

its impacts [17].

5.3 Case Study: UAE's Approach

5.3.1 Overview of Water Resources in the UAE

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) 86,000km2, is

situated in an arid region characterized by extremely low

annual precipitation and high evaporation rates. On

average, the UAE receives around 78 millimeters of

rainfall per year, with some areas experiencing even less.

This scant rainfall, coupled with high evaporation rates

exceeding 2,000 millimeters annually, contributes to the

country’s severe water scarcity [7].

Table 1. Average Annual Rainfall Across the UAE [12].

Region

Average Annual

Rainfall (mm)

Region

Abu Dhabi

Dubai

Sharjah

Ajman

Table 2. Water Supply by Source [14].

Source

Quantity

(MCM)

Percentage

(%)

Groundwater

1,850

43.7

Treated Water

615

14.5

Desalinated

Water

1,750

41.4

Surface Water

0.4

Table 3. Water Usage by Sector [18].

Year

2002

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2050

Household

830.7

1,045.

1,571.

2,363.

3,274.6

4,923.2

6,646

Industrial

332.9

381

477.1

597.3

715.1

895.4

1,791

Agricultur

2,340.

2,753

3,637.

4,865.

6,207.1

8,561

Total

3,504.

4,179.

5,686.

7,826

10,196.

14,379.

19,13

The UAE’s water resources are predominantly

dependent on desalination, which plays a critical role in

meeting the nation’s water needs. Desalinated water

accounts for approximately 42% of the UAE's total water

supply. Given the limited natural freshwater sources, this

reliance on desalination is crucial for sustaining both

residential and industrial water demands. UAE Per Capita

Water Consumption is approximately 550 Liters per

person per day.

Summary of UAE federal water laws and their goals: [12]

- Law no.18 implemented on 1 July 2007: To enable other

wastewater and sewerage services entities to be licensed

by the regulation and Supervision Bureau in Abu Dhabi

and to connect these entities to the Abu Dhabi Sewerage

Services Company’s (ADSSC) network.

- Law no.12 implemented on 11 November 2008: To

enable ADSSC to sell treated wastewater to different

entities.

- Law no.12 implemented on 1 July 2009: To change the

internal governance and structure of ADSSC and provide

reports directly to the Abu Dhabi government.

These visual figures in Tables 1, 2 and 3 can effectively

convey the stark contrast between the UAE’s water

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availability and its consumption needs, as well as the

critical role that desalination plays in the country’s water

management strategy. Including these figures will help

illustrate the extent of water scarcity and the reliance on

desalination in a compelling and accessible manner.

5.3.2 Water Generation and Desalination

The UAE has invested significantly in desalination

technology, with around 70% of the country's drinking

water sourced from desalinated seawater and desalination

dependency reached up 42% of total water supply. The

UAE operates over 70 desalination plants (Figure 1), with

a combined capacity of more than 9 million cubic meters

per day and a daily energy requirement of approximately

72 GWh or an annual energy requirement of

approximately 26,280 GWh [7]. However, desalination is

energy-intensive, and the country’s desalination plants

consume around 10% of the total national energy

production. The environmental impact of desalination

includes high energy consumption and the discharge of

brine, which can negatively affect marine ecosystems.

To meet both qualitative and quantitative drinking

water standards, domestic water supplies in the UAE

predominantly rely on desalinated water, which

constitutes approximately 99% of the total supply. This

desalinated water is used directly or blended with

groundwater to ensure adequate provision.

Figure 1. Desalination Plants distribution all over the UAE

[14].

Following Saudi Arabia, the UAE ranks as the second

highest globally in desalination capacity. Most

desalination facilities in the UAE employ co-generation

multi-stage flash (MSF) technology or multiple-effect

distillation (MED), while only two plants utilize reverse

osmosis (RO) technology.

The relatively low cost of desalinated water has also

made it an appealing option for industrial use. Industries

are prepared to pay higher rates for water compared to

domestic and agricultural sectors, leveraging the

affordability and availability of desalinated water to meet

their needs.

Renewable energy is pivotal in reducing the cost of

desalinated water, and the UAE has made significant

strides in advancing green technologies. Addressing food

and water security is crucial for the UAE, given that it

imports over 90% of its food. The country has set a target

to increase its renewable energy share to 24% by 2021.

With water demand projected to rise by approximately 30%

by 2030, it is important to note that seawater desalination

processes require ten times more energy compared to

surface water production. This underscores the need for

integrating renewable energy solutions to manage both

energy consumption and water costs effectively.

5.3.3 Power Sources and Eco Footprint

The UAE's approach to desalination is critical for

managing its water resources, as the country heavily relies

on this technology due to its arid climate. Currently, the

majority of desalination plants in the UAE are powered

by natural gas, a fossil fuel that significantly contributes

to the country’s carbon footprint. Desalination processes

alone are responsible for generating approximately 20

million tons of CO2 emissions annually, which

constitutes around 10% of the UAE's total energy

consumption [4].

Natural gas, while an efficient energy source, has a

substantial ecological footprint. The extraction,

transportation, and combustion of natural gas all

contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.

Consequently, this reliance on fossil fuels exacerbates

environmental degradation and contributes to global

warming.

In contrast, the UAE is increasingly investing in

renewable energy sources to reduce its environmental

impact. Solar power has emerged as a particularly viable

option given the UAE’s high solar insolation. Solar-

powered desalination has the potential to cut CO2

emissions by up to 80% compared to traditional fossil

fuel-based methods. For instance, the Al Khafji solar-

powered desalination plant, one of the pioneering projects

in this area, is anticipated to save around 1.5 million tons

of CO2 emissions annually. This significant reduction

demonstrates the potential of renewable energy to

mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of

desalination.

The comparison between different power sources for

reverse osmosis (RO) desalination underscores the

environmental benefits of renewable energy. Fossil fuel-

based desalination plants contribute heavily to CO2

emissions and environmental degradation throughout

their lifecycle—from extraction and transportation to

combustion. On the other hand, renewable energy sources,

including solar, wind, and hydro power, generally present

a lower environmental impact. Solar and wind power have

minimal direct emissions, though they require suitable

geographic and infrastructural conditions for optimal

implementation. Hydro power, while also low in

emissions, can impact local ecosystems due to changes in

water flow and habitat (Table 4).

Nuclear power offers a lower carbon footprint

compared to fossil fuels but introduces challenges related

to radioactive waste management and long-term

sustainability. Despite its high energy output and low

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greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear power's potential risks

and waste concerns must be carefully managed [19].

The distance between water generation sites and

desalination plants in UAE plays a crucial role in

optimizing efficiency and reducing environmental impact.

For fossil fuel-powered plants, longer transmission

distances increase energy losses and environmental costs

associated with transportation and energy transmission.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, can

mitigate some of these issues due to their decentralized

nature, but they still face limitations related to distance

and infrastructure. Solar and wind farms need to be

relatively close to desalination facilities to reduce energy

losses, while hydro and nuclear power, due to their high

energy density, can be transmitted over longer distances,

albeit with additional safety and waste management

considerations.

Table 4. Environmental Impact of Various Energy Sources

Adopted in UAE [4].

Power

Source

Annual

CO2

Emissions

Percentage of

Reliance for Water

Production &

Transmission

CO2

Emissions

per MWh

Environmental

Impact

Natural

Gas

20 million

tons

95%

400 kg per

MWh

High emissions, air

pollution

Solar

Power

4 million

tons

(20%)

~1%

50 kg per

MWh

Minimal direct

emissions, land use

Wind

Power

Negligible

~0.5%

20 kg per

MWh

Minimal direct

emissions

Hydro

Power

Negligible

~0.5%

10 kg per

MWh

Minimal direct

emissions

Nuclear

Power

Negligible

~4%

20 kg per

MWh

Low emissions,

waste management

In conclusion, transitioning to renewable energy

sources for desalination and minimizing the distance

between power generation and desalination sites are

essential strategies for reducing the environmental

footprint of water management in the UAE. Emphasizing

solar power and other renewable technologies, alongside

advancements in energy efficiency and infrastructure, can

lead to more sustainable practices and significant

reductions in CO2 emissions, and these goals are included

in detailed terms in UAE’s efficient water supply strategy

presented during the 10th water world forum in May 2024

in Indonesia.

5.3.4 Water Transmission

In the UAE, the maximum distance between

desalination plants and key water distribution points can

exceed 100 kilometers, particularly in regions like Al Ain

and Fujairah. This considerable distance necessitates the

use of energy-intensive pumping stations, which further

amplifies the environmental impact of water transmission.

To address these challenges, the UAE is investigating the

implementation of gravity-fed systems and the adoption

of more efficient pipeline materials to reduce energy

consumption in water transport. The significant energy

requirements for transmission underscore the importance

of these efficiency improvements. A map (Figure 1)

illustrating the locations of desalination plants and their

distances to major water distribution points could

effectively highlight the logistical and environmental

challenges associated with water transmission in the

region [14].

5.3.5 Adoption of Advanced Irrigation Technologies

To combat water scarcity, the UAE has adopted a range

of advanced irrigation technologies, with a focus on the

agricultural sector, which accounts for 60% of the

nation’s total water consumption. The implementation of

techniques such as drip irrigation and hydroponics has

been instrumental in reducing water usage in agriculture

by up to 40%. Additionally, the UAE has significantly

promoted the use of treated wastewater for irrigation

purposes, which now constitutes 30% of the country’s

irrigation water supply. These measures not only help

conserve valuable freshwater resources but also align with

the nation’s broader goals of sustainable water

management and environmental conservation.

TARSHEED, an initiative launched by the Abu Dhabi

Distribution Company (ADDC), is a comprehensive

conservation program aimed at significantly reducing

water and electricity consumption across Abu Dhabi.

Since its inception, TARSHEED has been instrumental in

achieving substantial savings, helping to reduce

electricity consumption by over 2,000 GWh and water

usage by approximately 6 billion Liters annually. These

efforts have led to a reduction of 1.5 million tons of CO2

emissions, equivalent to taking 300,000 cars off the road

[18].

The program targets both residential and commercial

sectors, promoting the adoption of energy-efficient

appliances and water-saving devices through educational

campaigns and incentives. By 2023, TARSHEED had

succeeded in reaching 90% of households in Abu Dhabi,

with 80% of participants reporting a noticeable decrease

in their utility bills. The initiative is aligned with Abu

Dhabi’s broader environmental strategy, aiming to reduce

overall water and electricity demand by 20% by 2030,

thereby contributing to the sustainable management of the

Emirate's natural resources [18].

5.3.6 Water Conservation Campaigns in UAE

The UAE's commitment to water conservation is

evident in its robust public awareness campaigns, which

aim to achieve a 20% reduction in domestic water

consumption by 2030. These initiatives are not merely

aspirational; they are backed by concrete measures and

substantial investments. Since the early 2010’s, the UAE

government has rolled out a series of programs to install

water-saving fixtures and appliances in households and

commercial buildings. These installations have been

heavily subsidized, making them accessible to a wide

range of the population.

Data from the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority

(DEWA) and the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi

(EAD) show a consistent decline in residential water

usage. For instance, in Dubai, water consumption per

capita dropped from 660 Liters per day in 2010 to 555

Liters per day by 2023. This trend is mirrored across the

country, with Abu Dhabi reporting a similar decrease

from 640 Liters to 545 Liters per capita per day during the

same period. These reductions are attributed to the

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successful implementation of water-saving technologies

such as low-flow showerheads, dual-flush toilets, and

efficient irrigation systems in public parks and private

gardens [7].

Moreover, the UAE's focus on education and

community engagement has played a crucial role in

changing public behavior. The government, in

collaboration with various environmental organizations,

has launched campaigns like "Every Drop Matters" and

"My Sustainable Living," which educate citizens about

the importance of water conservation and provide

practical tips for reducing water use at home. School

programs and public workshops have also been

instrumental in fostering a culture of conservation among

the younger generation.

In addition to domestic efforts, the UAE is exploring

advanced technologies like smart metering, which allows

consumers to monitor their water usage in real-time,

further driving down consumption. The integration of

these technologies is part of the UAE's broader vision to

become a global leader in sustainable water management,

aligning with its strategic objectives under the UAE Water

Security Strategy 2036.

Overall, the UAE's water conservation campaigns are a

critical component of its strategy to manage the country's

scarce water resources efficiently. The success of these

initiatives is not only measured by the reduction in per

capita water consumption but also by the increased

awareness and participation of the population in

conserving one of the nation's most vital resources.

5.3.7 Implementation of Water Pricing Mechanisms

The UAE has strategically implemented water pricing

mechanisms aimed at promoting efficient water usage and

curbing excessive consumption. These mechanisms

include a tiered pricing structure, where households with

higher water consumption face tariffs up to 10 times

greater than those for low-consumption households. This

approach is designed to incentivize more sustainable

water practices across all sectors. Since the introduction

of this pricing model, there has been a notable 15%

reduction in water demand from high-consumption

sectors. This significant decrease reflects the

effectiveness of the pricing strategy in encouraging

conservation and aligns with the UAE's broader efforts to

ensure sustainable water management amid growing

demand and limited resources. Additionally, the program

has been supported by public awareness campaigns and

technological innovations, further reinforcing its impact

on reducing water usage [12].

5.3.8 Contribution to Climate Goals

The UAE's commitment to its climate goals under the

Paris Agreement is strongly supported by its integration

of water efficiency standards, especially through the use

of renewable energy in desalination processes and the

implementation of advanced irrigation techniques. These

initiatives are key components in the nation's strategy to

reduce GHG emissions, contributing significantly to its

target of a 23.5% reduction by 2030 [2]. By focusing on

enhancing water efficiency, the UAE not only addresses

its critical water scarcity issues but also directly impacts

its carbon footprint. The adoption of renewable energy in

desalination plants, along with the widespread use of

water-saving technologies in agriculture and other sectors,

exemplifies the country's holistic approach to

sustainability. These efforts are integral to achieving the

ambitious emissions reduction target, demonstrating the

UAE's leadership in balancing environmental stewardship

with development needs in a region where water resources

are limited, and the climate is particularly challenging [7].

5.3.9 Progressive Model of Forest Coverage and

Irrigation in the UAE vs. Carbon Credits

Acquired

As of 2021, forests cover approximately 4.5% of the

UAE's total land area, reflecting a modest increase from

4.4% in 2002. These forests consist of both natural and

planted stands, primarily composed of indigenous species

that are well-adapted to the country's arid climate. The

UAE's forests play a vital role in combating

desertification and maintaining ecological balance in the

region.

In terms of irrigation, the UAE employs two primary

systems: drip irrigation and center pivot irrigation. Drip

irrigation is particularly efficient in the UAE's arid

environment, delivering water directly to the root zones

of plants, thereby minimizing water waste. Centre pivot

irrigation, typically used in large-scale farming, involves

a rotating sprinkler system that irrigates circular sections

of land. To further optimize water use, the UAE has

implemented advanced water-saving technologies,

including moisture sensors and smart irrigation

controllers, which help ensure that water is applied only

when necessary.

The total area equipped for irrigation in the UAE is

significant, as agriculture heavily relies on artificial

irrigation due to the scarcity of natural freshwater sources.

These measures are crucial for sustaining the agricultural

sector while conserving the UAE's limited water

resources.

This growth underscores the UAE's commitment to

combating desertification and maintaining ecological

balance in its arid environment. Additionally, the use of

treated wastewater for irrigation has become prominent,

accounting for 30% of the water used in agriculture [20].

The geographical distribution of forest density and

irrigation practices reveals a strategic approach to

balancing conservation with agricultural demands. The

UAE’s efforts in integrating water efficiency measures

and expanding its forested areas align with its broader

climate goals, contributing to enhanced sustainability and

resource management.

To introduce our adopted model comparing

conventional water resources with artificial water

resources, incorporating extreme measures to reduce

carbon emissions while recognizing water's vital role and

necessity in societies, particularly in the context of water

scarcity in the UAE, we define hereafter the key metrics

and indicators integrated into our model. These metrics

enable a comprehensive comparison between water

irrigation and afforestation initiatives in the UAE

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correlated in a progressive exponential model, in

alignment with the accreditation mechanisms and policies

outlined in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Our model

takes into account all factors influencing ecological

conservation and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

reduction strategies implemented by the UAE

government.

Key Metrics and Indicators:

1- Water Efficiency Metrics:

- Water Use Efficiency (WUE) =

𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠) (1)

- Reduction in Water Consumption (RWC)

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ×

100%

(2)

2- Forestation Metrics:

- Area Reforested (AR) = Total Land area reforested in

hectares.

- Increase in Vegetation Cover (IVC) =

𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 −𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ×

100% (3)

- Impact on Local Water Resources (ILWR) = Change in

groundwater levels (meter) due to reforestation

(4)

3- Baseline Data:

- Baseline Water Use (BWU): BWU= Current water

consumption before implementing efficiency measures (5)

- Baseline Deforested Area (BDA): BDA= Total area of

deforested land before reforestation efforts. (6)

4- International Standards:

- Compliance Rate Calculation (CR):

(CR) = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 × 100%

(7)

- UAE (CR) = international Benchmark 80 liters per

hectare and UAE’s current efficiency is 100 liters per

hectares

5- Impact of Measures:

- Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA):

- Net Benefit (NB)= Total Savings(TS) – Total Costs(TC)

(8)

- Percentage Reduction in Water Use (PRWU):

𝐵𝑊𝑈−𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑠𝑒

𝐵𝑊𝑈 × 100%

(9)

6- Scenarios:

- Scenario Analysis (SA): Develop scenarios with varying

levels of compliance and analyze the projected outcomes.

- Scenario 1 could simulate 90% compliance, Scenario 2

could simulate 70% compliance, and the impact on water

resources and deforestation is calculated for each.

7- Integrate Regional and International Frameworks:

- Framework Alignment Score (FAS):

Alignment Score= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 ×

100% (10)

Figure 2. Water Efficiency Metrics: Bar chart comparing

WUE before and after implementation

Figure 3. Compliance and Impact: Scatter plot showing the

correlation between compliance rates and

deforestation impact

Figure 4. Compliance and Impact: Scatter plot showing the

correlation between compliance rates and

deforestation impact

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5.3.10 Quantitative Assessment of Water Efficiency

and Forestation Strategies: Aligning UAE

Practices with International Standards

To present the correlation between international water

efficiency laws and deforestation management in the

UAE, a structured approach involves several key steps.

First, defining relevant metrics is crucial (refer to section

5.3.9). For water efficiency, this includes measuring water

use efficiency (e.g., liters per hectare for irrigation) and

the reduction in water consumption achieved through

efficiency measures. For deforestation management,

metrics such as the area of land reforested, increases in

vegetation cover, and impacts on local water resources

like groundwater levels are essential.

Baseline data collection is the next step, involving the

current rates of water consumption, the extent of

deforested areas, and the effectiveness of existing water

management practices. With this baseline data, the

alignment of UAE’s practices with international standards,

such as those set by the UNFCCC, can be assessed. The

compliance rate can be calculated by comparing UAE’s

current water efficiency metrics to international

benchmarks, using the formula (7) section 5.3.9.

Following this, the impact of water efficiency measures

and reforestation projects needs to be evaluated through

cost-benefit analysis and impact evaluation. The cost-

benefit analysis involves estimating the costs of

implementing efficiency measures (e.g., technology,

infrastructure) and calculating potential savings. The net

benefit is derived from formula (8) section 5.3.9.

Impact evaluation measures changes in water usage

and deforestation over time, calculating the percentage

reduction in water use as shown in formula (9) section

5.3.9.

Simulating different policy scenarios helps project

outcomes based on varying levels of compliance with

international laws. Scenario analysis involves creating

simulations of water efficiency and reforestation

scenarios and analyzing their impacts on water resources

and deforestation.

To evaluate how UAE’s measures align with

international frameworks, the framework alignment score

can be calculated as shown in formula (10) section 5.3.9.

the evaluation of credit mechanisms for water

efficiency and deforestation into an integrated model

based on CDM program for water efficiency "Water

Purification and Water Efficiency SSC-Water

Purification/WC-01” and Verified Carbon Standards,

“Methodology for Improved Forest Management”,

requires proportionality and alignment with international

standards in a methodical analysis adopting the following

variables and parameters and equations:

Cint: Carbon credits issued based on international

standards per ton of CO₂ sequestered.

CO2: Amount of CO₂ sequestered by a project (in tons).

Cloc: Carbon credits awarded under local regulations per

ton of CO₂ sequestered.

ARint: Amount of CO₂ sequestration required for 1 credit

under international standards.

ARloc: Amount of CO₂ sequestration required for 1 credit

under local regulations.

H: Area of land reforested (in hectares).

SR: Sequestration rate per hectare (in tons of CO₂ per

hectare).

Cproj: Total carbon credits issued for a project.

-International Credit Allocation: Cint= 𝐶𝑂2

𝐴𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 (11)

- Local Credit Allocation: Cloc=𝐶𝑂2

𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑐

(12)

- Calculation of CO₂ Sequestration for a Reforestation

Project: CO2= H × SR

(13)

- Total Carbon Credits Issued for a Project: Cproj=𝐻 ×𝑆𝑅

𝐴𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡

(14)

This assumes that the credits are awarded based on

international standards.

- Proportionality and Alignment Check: 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐

𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =𝐴𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑐

(15)

This equation ensures that the credits issued locally are

proportional to those issued under international standards,

considering the different baselines.

The proportionality in credit issuance between

international and local standards ensures that UAE’s

credits are consistent and scientifically valid, reflecting

both the global and local approaches to carbon crediting

and environmental impact management.

Figure 5. Correlation between Water Use & Reforestation in

UAE with Carbon Credits Granted by the Current

Mechanism Before Applying the Naturally

Deforested Areas Proportionality

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2024.2.24

Firas Fayssal

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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Figure 6. Correlation between Water Use & Reforestation in

UAE with Carbon Credits Granted by the Proposed

Mechanism After Applying the Naturally

Deforested Areas Proportionality

Finally, simulating the results of both scenarios with

adaptation of progression on monthly basis through

MATLAB & Simulink, provides a clear presentation of

the data (Figures 5 & 6). Comparative models showing

correlated water efficiency and increases in reforested

areas metrics before and after implementation and their

impact on carbon emissions and accreditation mechanism.

5.3.11 Conclusion of the Case Study

The UAE’s initiatives in integrating UNFCCC water

efficiency standards illustrate the effectiveness of

advanced technologies, public engagement, and policy

mechanisms in addressing water scarcity while

contributing to broader climate goals. These strategies

position the UAE as a model for sustainable water

management in naturally deforested, arid regions.

By analyzing the relationship between water use and

reforestation in the UAE, a naturally deforested area, and

applying international carbon crediting mechanisms

(CDM & VCS Mechanisms), it becomes evident that the

proportionality between credit earning, and the measures

required to obtain those credits significantly differs

between naturally deforested and forested regions.

Specifically, the UAE, by implementing stringent

measures to conserve water and increase reforestation, is

entitled to earn carbon credits at a ratio of 3 to 1 compared

to forested areas.

The yellow zones in the models shown in Figures 5 &

6, which correspond to credits linked to GHG emissions

reduction measures, illustrate a marked expansion when

proportionality is applied.

This results in greater weight being assigned to the carbon

credits for water efficiency and reforestation initiatives

undertaken by the UAE and alike naturally deforested

areas worldwide.

6. Conclusion

The integration of UNFCCC water efficiency standards

under the "Climate Action Pathway for Water" in

naturally deforested regions, such as the UAE,

demonstrates a powerful approach to sustainable water

management. By adopting stringent water conservation

measures and leveraging the Paris Agreement's Article 6

crediting mechanism, the UAE is not only addressing

water scarcity but also contributing significantly to global

climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Projections indicate that while water demand in the

UAE could rise by 30% by 2050, the implementation of

advanced water efficiency practices could mitigate this

increase, leading to more sustainable water use. The

application of proportional crediting, which awards the

UAE a 3:1 credit ratio compared to forested regions,

highlights the effectiveness of these measures. This

approach underscores the importance of tailored

strategies in regions with unique environmental

challenges, such as naturally deforested areas.

The study also emphasizes the broader socio-economic

impacts of water management and the potential for

integrating private sector incentives to enhance water

conservation. The UAE's efforts serve as a model for other

nations facing similar environmental constraints,

demonstrating the critical role of proactive policy

interventions, technological innovation, and international

collaboration in achieving sustainable development goals.

By aligning with the objectives of the Paris Agreement,

these strategies contribute to a more resilient and

sustainable future.

This article will be a part of a proposed mechanism

program to be submitted to the UNFCCC through the

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Acknowledgments

Thankful to UNFCC-CDM committee of programs

evaluation & MoWE in UAE

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The author contributed in the present research, at all

stages from the formulation of the problem to the

final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The author has no conflict of interest to declare that

is relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2024.2.24

Firas Fayssal

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

282

Volume 2, 2024