Passenger Mobility Impact on Customer Satisfaction and

Environmental Degradation Through Air Transportation

Crowdshipping

MODEN PURBA1*, HASDI AIMON2, ALPON SATRIANTO3

1*, 2, 3 Environmental & Development Studies Doctoral Programme, Faculty Economy and Business,

Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, INDONESIA

Abstract: This study investigates the impact and implications of passenger mobility through crowdshipping on

customer satisfaction and environmental degradation. A questionnaire was used to collect data from customers

who have been aeroplane passengers at Hang Nadim Airport in Batam, Indonesia. SmartPLS software was used

to evaluate the quality of the questionnaire data and test the research hypotheses. The SmartPLS path model

analysis results show that passenger mobility affects Crowdshipping, customer satisfaction, and environmental

degradation; Crowdshipping affects passenger mobility and environmental degradation, and customer

satisfaction affects environmental degradation. The findings of this study help understand and quantify potential

strategies for logistics delivery by utilizing aeroplane passenger crowd shipping. Consequently, it can help

policymakers and air transport companies develop air transport-based crowd shipping models to estimate the

possible impacts from an economic and environmental point of view as well as environmental utilization.

Key-Words: Passenger Mobility, Crowdshipping, Customer Satisfaction, Environmental Degradation.

Received: March 15, 2024. Revised: August 12, 2024. Accepted: September 15, 2024. Published: October 14, 2024.

1. Introduction

The quick advancement in making use of

Crowdshipping systems has actually started a

paradigmatic modification in today's traveling

characteristics [16]. which enables people to make

use of the vacant capability in the travel luggage area

for the transport of items using air transport [22].

This produces brand-new opportunities for making

use of area formerly not used efficiently in air

traveling as well as has substantial ramifications for

traditional traveling patterns of actions plus

behaviors [46]; [52].

This expanding fad elevates considerable issues

concerning its ramifications for customer

contentment plus Environmental Degradation [26]

despite the financial and easy advantages of

executing this company version [3]. In customer

complete satisfaction, focusing on elements such as

promptness of distribution, the security of items, and

top quality of solution is crucial to consider in

reviewing the performance of Crowdshipping

systems [26].

At the same time from an environmental

sustainability point of view a thorough evaluation of

the influence of carbon exhausts source usage [30]

as well as possible payment to environment

modification is required to determine proper

reductions steps [53]. Consequently a holistic

understanding of this fad's unfavorable and also

favorable ramifications is a crucial requirement for

creating plans that can fit customer demands while

focusing on ecological sustainability [30].

The Crowdshipping sensation, which requires the

engagement of people in the distribution of products

making use of easily accessible travel luggage

centres in air transport [16]; [22]; [52], has been the

topic of substantial interest in human flexibility

researches. Comprehending how guest flexibility

patterns communicate with Crowdshipping methods

is vital [16]. This permits scientists to determine

behaviour patterns that highlight choices for group

delivery solutions and variables affecting choices to

take on or desert the method [37]; [38].

Along with the financial advantages and comfort

frequently connected with Crowdshipping, there are

claims regarding its influence on customer

satisfaction and environmental sustainability.

Comprehending these elements is vital in creating an

alternative plus lasting method. A comprehensive

empirical study can assist in repainting a much more

full image of the impacts of Crowdshipping methods

on customer experiences and their effect on the

environment.

It is crucial to examine how crowdshipping

influences carbon discharges, power intake, and

source use from an ecological viewpoint [39].

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Studies on the environmental influence of these

methods can determine locations for enhancements

to minimize the downsides [4]. Recognizing

customer choices based on environmental factors

can assist in the creation of sustainable initiatives

[43].

Independent research has analyzed subjects

associated with passenger mobility, client

contentment, and environmental deterioration [33].

Studies on passenger mobility have mainly analyzed

travelling patterns, setting selection actions together

with the variables influencing travelling choices.

[3].

Similarly, complete satisfaction has

concentrator-tailored experiences and solutions of

high quality [18]. Literary works on environmental

degradation have examined how different forms of

mobility affect the environment and how this affects

air quality and climate change [14].

Passenger mobility is related to the movement of

goods and logistics during departure and arrival.

[54]. These fads are integrating to develop brand-

new opportunities for logistics [12]; [41]; [54]. The

integration between passengers and logistics opens

up possibilities in transport to minimize complete

journeys by enhancing load factor as well as product

performance [40]. The level of passenger crowd

thickness limits the separation room consisting of

guest arrivals [25].

One of the critical challenges identified here is

aligning the supply and demand of these services,

given that supply first emerges from the passenger

transportation sector. In contrast, the freight

transportation sector generates demand [57]. If

guests have a ticket, they can immediately get a

travel solution consisting of free travel luggage that

can be used separately [19]. Transportation logistics

affects the logistics costs and prices of products

consumed in a particular area, so logistics is

concerned with efficiency and effectiveness [25].

Passengers departing and arriving on flights have

accessible baggage facilities to carry personal or

logistical items [12]. Airlines limit accessible

baggage facilities, and excess baggage will be

shared with passengers with the same flight number

[46], which is the basic concept of crowd shipping

that can generally be seen and booked through

Internet services [22].

Crowdshipping is a method that utilizes crowds

of departure people to deliver packages to customers

[11]. This method is considered a sustainable

business that corresponds to supply and demand for

any logistics transportation, [52] with a market

concept that allows information connectivity to

occur [15]. The primary process of crowdshipping is

that the logistics are transported by passenger

aircraft that are traveling according to the passenger

destination [20].

The type of crowdshipping examined is based on

crowd shippers utilizing mass transit, explicitly

leveraging travel, and planning urban transportation

activities in flight paths for sustainable logistics

[22]; [42]. If accessible baggage facilities are still

available, cargo/logistics distributors who sign up

can utilize the centre, coupled with passengers

having the opportunity to become freelance couriers

[57]. Through internet solutions, freelancer couriers

can view the crowdlogistics schedule to be provided,

the logistics delivery location based on the

agreement from the operator, the settlement made as

a settlement as the operator's settlement approach, as

well as various other parcel distribution solutions

needed [15]; [22].

Along with the passion for delivery, web

solutions are also developing areas in the online

world of these freelancers, making web applications

particularly important [55]. The increasing variety

of freelance service providers will undoubtedly form

a group in the social environment of the courier

crowd [46].

Nonetheless, the impact of passenger departures

and arrivals may be disruptive for crowdshipping air

transportation [13]. The unfavourable impact of

passenger movement on crowdshipping solutions

can be credited to elements such as distribution

delays due to travel delays, solution efficiency,

passenger overflow, supply factors, and

compatibility between passengers and goods [57].

These factors must be carefully considered when

developing and implementing crowdshipping

solutions to ensure their success and sustainability

[46]. In addition, crowdshipping systems are

anticipated to be continuously improved to match

passengers' flexibility characteristics and how well

regulations and policies are implemented to

overcome these barriers [34]; [52].

The novelty of this research lies in exploring the

complex interactions between customer satisfaction

and environmental degradation in the context of

crowdshipping activities to support passenger

mobility in air transportation. This may include data

analysis on passenger behaviour, environmental

impact analysis, and policy proposals to mitigate

negative impacts while maximizing benefits.

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2. Conceptual Framework and

Hypothesis Development

2.1. Passenger mobility

Passenger mobility represents the capacity of people

to move between places using different

transportation arrangements and plays a vital role in

facilitating smooth and effective travel to various

destinations [47]. More than just convenience, this

mobility is a critical facilitator for accessing

essential aspects of life, such as employment,

education and learning, and healthcare, as

highlighted by [36]. The effects go beyond

individual benefits, leveraging significant impacts

on the economic climate and the environment,

specifically the alarming power intake and release of

greenhouse gases [16]. Therefore, it is essential to

explore and implement advancements in passenger

movement, with a more detailed concentration on

improving environmentally friendly mass

transportation systems. These efforts not only aim to

improve people's quality of life but also to ensure

environmental sustainability.

A large number of scientific investigations

investigate various aspects of passenger mobility,

including the profiling of public transport passenger

mobility using counterintuitive learning to decipher

the complex patterns controlling passenger choices

[36], then data-driven models that seek to

understand the decision-making processes

underlying passenger route choices in urban metro

networks [47], furthermore data-driven models that

seek to understand the decision-making processes

underlying passenger route choices in urban metro

networks, explaining the intricacies of passenger

behaviour [35]. As the studies above show,

innovative research, as demonstrated by the studies

above, contributes to the ongoing discourse

explaining the various factors that influence

passenger mobility.

2.2. Crowdshipping

Crowdshipping, also called team logistics, offers a

new perspective for long-distance circulation by

utilizing crowdsourcing to improve transportation

capabilities and enhance the efficiency of providing

goods [21]. It objectifies a cumulative and

sustainable method for long-distance delivery that

utilizes the travel of travellers and visitors combined

with nearby citizens to provide a flawless strategy

between areas [51]. By utilizing internet systems

that attach service providers, providers, and

recipients, crowdsourcing is emerging as an

economical and environmentally friendly option to

standard circulation techniques [2].

The main principle of crowd delivery involves

appointing distribution work to on-demand

representatives, such as travellers, tourists, and

additional locals who volunteer to augment the

transport of goods [5]. By using crowdsourcing for

the customized distribution of goods, crowd delivery

helps with a collective and holistic approach to

overcoming the difficulties inherent in long-distance

logistics [21].

2.3. Consumer satisfaction

Improving client satisfaction is a vital component of

any service, directly influencing the general success

and development of the firm [51]. This procedure

includes how consumers review a product's and

services' general top quality and their assumptions

[56]. It also works as a vital efficiency sign assessing

the degree of complete satisfaction clients acquire

from a firm's offerings. Pleased consumers are most

likely to commit to advising the business to others

and add favourable testimonials, which inevitably

reinforce sales and earnings [51].

Different aspects significantly affect client

satisfaction, such [51]: (1) Product Quality: The top

quality of a service or product plays a vital role in

shaping complete consumer satisfaction, with high-

quality offerings likely to match client assumptions;

(2) Customer Service: Top quality of customer

support is essential which includes quick reaction to

queries, efficient problem resolution, along with

interest tailored to the consumer's needs; (3)

Convenience: The ease with which a client can

access as well as use the service or product

considering variables such as delivery time, return

plans, and also user-friendly user interface, adds to

satisfaction; (4) Price: Price is important: The rate of

the service or product emerges as an essential

component with clients anticipating a reasonable

price according to the perceived value.

2.4. Environment Degradation

Environmental degradation is emerging as an

essential international issue with considerable

consequences for human health and the environment

[56]. This phenomenon is environmental

degradation due to the depletion of essential

resources such as air, water, and soil, coupled with

the destruction of ecological communities,

extermination of wildlife environments, and air

pollution [58]. This forms a turbulent procedure that

conflicts with the native environment, reduces

biodiversity, and jeopardizes the overall health and

well-being of the environment [57]. Although

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environmental degradation usually occurs, human

tasks can help or initiate these procedures [37],

turning them into multidimensional obstacles that

affect sustainable progress, economic climate, and

poverty [4]. Deforestation, overgrazing, pollution,

and climate change [9] lead to biodiversity loss,

health concerns, and economic impacts.

Then the reasons for environmental degradation

[49] consist of (1) Deforestation leading to

environmental loss, reduced water and nutrient

uptake by plants combined with payments for

environmental modification; (2) Overgrazing

leading to soil degradation, reduced water and

nutrient retention, and loss of biodiversity; (3)

Pollution, including the release of harmful

compounds into the air, water, and soil, leading to

health problems and societal deterioration; (4)

Climate adjustment caused by increased greenhouse

gases that add to the spike in ocean temperatures

worldwide, among other ecological impacts.

Based upon the research as well as examination

of various research searchings for, the literary works

testimonial, as well as the connections in between

the variables as pointed out previously the

complying with Figure 1. provides the research

study structure:

Picture 1 Conceptual Framework

Environmental degradation is influenced directly

by passenger mobility and through the moderating

variables of crowdshipping and customer

satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is influenced

directly by passenger mobility and through the

moderating variables of crowdshipping.

Crowdshipping is influenced directly by passenger

mobility.

The influence of variables can be formulated as

the formulas below:

Z1 =  …………………..……...…...formula 1

Y1 = 4 …………………..……. formula 2

Y2 = 5 …………………… formula 3

Z1: Determinants of Air Transportation

Crowdshipping

Y1 : Determinants of Customer Satisfaction

Y2 : Determinants of Environmental Degradation

: Path Coefficient from Passenger Mobility to

Crowdshipping

: Path Coefficient from Passenger Mobility to

Customer Satisfaction

 : Path Coefficient from Passenger Mobility to

Environmental Degradation

 : Path Coefficient from Crowdshipping to

Customer Satisfaction

 : Path Coefficient from Crowdshipping to

Environmental Degradation

: Path Coefficient from Customer Satisfaction to

Environmental Degradation

: Crowdshipping Residual

: Customer Satisfaction Residual

: Environmental Degradation Residual

3. Methodology

This study used primary data. Data was collected

from prospective passengers, passengers, and

former passengers at Hang Nadim Airport Batam.

The data collection technique in this study used a

questionnaire method, which was made in Google

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Form format and distributed online. The sample in

this study, namely 100 respondents, returned valid

questionnaires for analysis. Data analysis in this

study used a Structural Equation Model with a

Partial Least Square approach using SmartPLS 3.2.8

software.

The questionnaire consisted of 27 indicator

questions used to measure the constructs of the

Passenger Mobility aspect (6 indicator statements),

the Crowdshipping aspect (5 indicator statements),

the Customer Satisfaction aspect (8 indicator

statements), and the Environmental Degradation

aspect (8 indicator statements). The variables used

in this study were adopted from previous studies:

1. Passenger mobility X1 is the number of people

who travel by air transport from one city to

another city, the indicator of which is passengers

number X1.1, logistics number X1.2, vehicles

number X1.3, destinations number X1.4, baggage

additions number X1.5, logistics regulation X1.6,

[8]; [12]; [54].

2. Crowdshipping Z1 sends mass goods using

passenger departures crowd as delivery people,

known as freelance couriers, [52]. The

measurement indicator for this process is the

availability of free charge baggage 15-20 kg as

a form of service from airlines in the form of

logistics ready to be sent via passengers

(crowdlogistics Z1.1), companies or people

sending logistics (crowdshipper Z1.2),

passengers who are willing to carry logistics on

behalf of the ticket (crowdcourier Z1.3), means

of delivery (crowdplatform Z1.4), shipping costs

(crowdshare economic Z1.5), [29]; [52]; [57].

3. Customer satisfaction Y1 is the perception of

airport service users about the availability of

support for passenger mobility, and

crowdshipping activities at airport. Measuring

indicators can be seen through clarity of service

needs such as, simplicity of service procedures

(procedures simplicity) Y1.1, fast or slow service

(duration of services) Y1.2, costs required for

services (cost of services) Y1.3, suitability and

compliance with applicable rules (compliance),

security and comfort (security), safety of people

and goods (safety) Y1.4, availability of complaint

suggestions and responses to complaints

(complaint media) Y1.5, [17]; [26].

4. Environment Degradation at Hang Nadim

Airport Batam: the degradation of

environmental quality due to the impact of air

transport operations around the airport,

including the airport operations themselves in

serving customers in the form of aircraft,

passengers, and logistics. The process of

changes and degradation of environmental

quality, which has a negative impact on Hang

Nadim Airport Batam, can certainly be seen

from the measurement of indicators such as air

pollution, water pollution, rubbish, noises, green

open space, sanitation (sanitazion), drainages,

and environmental hygiene of the airport in

general, [30]; [39]; [56].

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Demographic Results

This research categorised participants into two

groups: males and females. Out of the data collected

from 100 respondents, it was found that 62

individuals, or 62%, were male, and the remaining

38 individuals, or 38%, were female. Moreover, in

terms of their professions, 76 participants, or 76%,

represented the general public, 21 participants, or

21%, were bureaucrats, and 2 participants, or 2%,

identified as entrepreneurs.

4.2. Validity and Reliability Test

Table 1 is the outer model table, which is this study's

reliability and validity assessment. This research. A

reflective measure is considered high if it correlates

more than 0.50 with the construct to be measured.

Table 1. Outer Loading

Number

Indicators

Kode

Variabel

Passanger

Mobility

(X1)

Crowdshipping

(Z1)

Customers

Satisfaction

(Y1)

Environment

Degradation

(Y2)

Passangers Number

X1.1

0.714

Baggage Number

X1.2

0.782

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Transportation Vehicles

X1.3

0.891

Destinations Number

X1.4

0.774

Baggage Additions

Number

X1.5

0.883

Mobility Regulation

X1.6

0.876

Crowdcourier

Z1.1

0.611

Crowdlogistic

Z1.2

0.869

Crowddelivery

Z1.3

0.893

Crowdshare-economi

Z1.4

0.874

Crowdair-transportation

Z1.5

0.898

Requirements Clearly

Y1.1

0.723

Procedures Simplicity

Y1.2

0.854

Duration of Services

Y1.3

0.900

Cost of Services

Y1.4

0.829

Compliances

Y1.5

0.912

Security and

Comfortable

Y1.6

0.842

Safety

Y1.7

0.837

Complaint Media

Availables

Y1.8

0.707

Air Pollution

Y2.1

0.780

Water Pollution

Y2.2

0.801

Rubbish

Y2.3

0.896

Noise

Y2.4

0.604

Sanitation

Y2.5

0.864

Green Open Space

Y2.6

0.891

Drainages

Y2.7

0.758

Environment Hygiene

Y2.8

0.881

Derived from the findings presented in the

outer loading results within Table 1, it is evident that

all the questionnaire items in all indicators exhibit

correlation values surpassing 0.50. Consequently,

all items meet the validity criteria, illustrating their

capacity to represent the variables effectively.

Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha

Variables

Cronbach's Alpha

Passanger Mobility (X1)

0.903

Crowdshipping (Z1)

0.887

Customer Satisfaction (Y2)

0.933

Environment Degradation (Y3)

0.925

Of the 4 variables above, X1 Passenger

Mobility, Z1 Crowdshipping, Y1 Customer

Satisfaction and Y2 Environmental Degradation, all

have a Cronbach's Alpha value greater than 0.7 and

an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value greater

than 0.5, so it can be stated that all variables are

reliable or fulfill the requirements.

4.3. Hypothesis Testing

Table 3 presents the results of direct structural

model testing. Hypothesis testing is done by looking

at the R square value. The results of direct model

testing are as follows:

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Table 3. R Square

Variables

R Square

R Square Ajusted

Crowdshipping (Y1)

0.883

0.882

Customer Satisfaction (Y2)

0.970

0.969

Environment Degradation (Y3)

0.950

0.948

Based on the R2 value in Table 3 above, it is

found that the Passenger Mobility able to interpret

88.3% of the variability in Crowdshipping, and the

remaining 0.7% is explained by other constructs

outside those examined in this research. Then the

variables Passenger Mobility and Crowdshipping,

are simultaneously able to interpret the variability of

the Customer Satisfaction construct by 97.0%, and

the remaining 3.0% is explained by other constructs

outside those examined in this research. Then the

variables Passenger Mobility, Crowdshipping, and

Customer Satisfaction are simultaneously able to

interpret the variability of the Environmental

Degradation construct by 95.0%, and the remaining

5.0% is explained by other constructs outside those

examined in this research.

Table 4. Path Coefficient

Variables

Original

Sampel

(O)

Sampel

Mean

(M)

Standard

Deviation

(STDEV)

T Statistics

(O/lSTDEVl)

p Value

Passanger Mobility (X1) vs

Crowdshipping (Z1)

0.940

0.015

62.483

0.000

Passanger Mobility (X1) vs Customer

Satisfaction (Y2)

0.494

0.509

0.068

7.22

0.000

Passanger Mobiliy (X1) vs

Environment Degradation (Y3)

0.740

0.731

0.145

5.101

0.000

Crowdshipping (Y1) vs Customer

Satisfaction (Z2)

0.506

0.490

0.071

7.125

0.000

Crowdshipping (Z2) vs Environment

Degradation (Y3)

-0.530

-0.515

0.177

2.986

0.003

Customer Satisfaction (Y2) vs

Environment Degradation (Y3)

0.745

0.739

0.261

2.849

0.005

As per the data presented in Table 4 it's

evident that the collective impact of the independent

variable on the dependent variable is statistically

significant. This inference is drawn from the

observation that the p-values are less than 0.05,

indicating that the Passenger Mobility variable

significantly influences Crowdshipping, Customer

Satisfaction, and Environmental Degradation

variables. Moreover, Crowdshipping's impact on

Customer Satisfaction and Environmental

Degradation is also statistically significant, as is the

influence of Customer Satisfaction on

Environmental Degradation.

5. Discussion

5.1. Passenger Mobility

The Passenger Mobility variable seen from the external

loading results offered in Table 1 can be effectively

clarified with suitable indicators consisting of the

Number of Passengers (0.714), number of Baggage

(0.782), Transport Vehicle (0.891), number of

destinations (0.774), number of Baggage Additions

(0.883), coupled with Movement Regulations

(0.876). This detailed set of indicators precisely

represents the Passenger Mobility variable.

As illustrated in Table 4, Passenger Mobility has

a significant impact on a number of important

measures. Passenger Mobility positively influences

Crowdshipping by 0.940, which represents a 94%

increase in Crowdshipping procedures. In addition,

Passenger Mobility positively contributes to

Customer Satisfaction by 0.494, which results in a

49.4% increase in customer satisfaction. In addition,

it also affects Environmental Degradation by 0.740,

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which brings a 74% increase in environmental

degradation. Utilizing passenger mobility in the

context of crowdshipping provides an efficient

method of overcoming logistical development

difficulties, meeting customer needs, and possibly

reducing air pollution [16]. This principle

emphasizes exactly how the application of

Passenger Mobility for logistics transportation can

reduce the number of logistics carriers [37].

The movement of individuals, as well as the

growing need for effective and cost-effective

transportation of goods, are the present and future

patterns in the logistics sector. Meeting the need for

the transportation of lightweight goods as well as

parcels presents both difficulties and opportunities

in the logistics chain. Sustainable intercity freight

transportation makes every effort to strike a balance

between promoting favourable influences on

availability as well as financial progress while

reducing unfavourable externalities such as

environmental pollution. The crowdshipping

principle is one possible option to achieve this

balance [36].

5.2. Crowdshipping

Using the Crowdshipping variable clarified by the

external loading results offered in Table 1, its

characterization can be explained through its

component indicators, which consist of

Crowdcourier (0.61), Crowdlogistics (0.869),

Crowddelivery (0.893), Crowdshare-Economic

(0.874), and also Crowdair-Transportation (0.898).

Collectively, these indicators provide an overall

picture of the Crowdshipping variable.

After assessing Table 4, it can be seen that the

Crowdshipping variable exerts a remarkable impact

on several measurements: it affects Customer

Satisfaction by 0.506, which leads to a significant

50.6% increase in the overall customer satisfaction

process. On the other hand, it produces an

unfavourable effect on environmental degradation,

including a directional coefficient of -0.530, which

symbolizes a 53% decrease in environmental

degradation and efficiently reduces high

environmental degradation.

Crowdshipping is defined as a version of

crowdsourced delivery, logistics, and freight

forwarding that leverages the power of

crowdsourcing to provide customized distribution

solutions by leveraging transportation guests. This

design allows many people to jointly participate in

distribution tasks along with their desired journey,

promoting shared habits along with shared solutions

within the environment [2]. This highlights how

individuals utilize the capacity of social media

networks to adhere to and also share solutions along

with possessions both for the benefit of the area and

their benefit [5]. The application of crowdshipping

stands as a dependable solution for a variety of jobs,

particularly those carried out quickly by

intermediaries, which enables a large number of

people to take part in the procedure [51].

5.3. Customer Satisfaction

The Customer Satisfaction variable, as shown by the

outer loading in Table 1, can be well represented by

its constituent indicators. These comprise Clarity of

Requirements (0.723), Simplicity of Procedures

(0.854), Duration of Service (0.9), Cost of Service

(0.829), Compliance (0.912), Security coupled with

Convenience (0.842), Safety (0.837) and also

Availability of Complaint Media (0.707). Together,

this comprehensive set of indicators provides a good

representation of the Customer Satisfaction variable.

As seen in Table 4, the variable Customer

Satisfaction strongly influences the formation of

Environmental Degradation, with a path coefficient

of 0.745. This indicates that customer satisfaction

plays an important role in strengthening the

environmental degradation procedure by 74.5%.

In enterprises, customer satisfaction is an

important statistic that affects various elements of

business efficiency [39]; [33]. In the context of

environmental degradation, overall customer

satisfaction can dramatically affect k patterns as well

as the need for services and products [3]; [26].

Consumer choice, coupled with the choice to obtain

it, contributes to shaping the ecological effects of a

company [39]. Research has actually revealed that

greater levels of consumer satisfaction are related to

increased intake along with the need for products, as

well as solutions that lead to more resource disposal,

power intake, and waste generation [45]. This

increased usage can indirectly add to ecological

damage by accelerating procedures such as

environmental damage, air pollution, contamination,

and also environmental modification [11].

In the era of industrialisation, the logistics sector

is demanding improvements, especially in terms of

increased emphasis on customer satisfaction.

Various logistics solutions have proliferated around

the world, providing opportunities to improve the

fulfilment of end-to-end customer satisfaction [2];

[7]. Efforts to improve customer satisfaction can

also be observed with partnerships associated with

factors such as reduced circulation costs, minimized

transportation times, reliable payment techniques,

and information technology. These aspects indicate

a favourable partnership with logistics customer

satisfaction, including in the case of crowdshipping

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[35]; [28]. Various other emerging principles reveal

that the perceived high quality of logistics solutions

through crowdshipping is dramatically associated

with future acquisition intentions, further

intensifying customer satisfaction in the world of

logistics coupled with supply chain monitoring.

5.4. Environmental Degradation

The Environmental Degradation variable, as

described in the pouter loading results of Table 1, is

precisely mentioned by its constituent indicators

consisting of Air Pollution (0.780), Water Pollution

(0.801), Garbage (0.896), Noise (0.604), Sanitation

(0.864), Green Open Space (0.891), Drainage

(0.758), plus Environmental Hygiene (0.881). This

broad set of indicators provides a broad picture of

the Environmental Degradation variable that shows

a positive relationship.

Based on Table 4, Passenger Mobility has a

considerable impact on environmental degradation,

with a coefficient value of 0.740. Meanwhile,

Customer Satisfaction also has a considerable

impact on environmental degradation, with a

coefficient value of 0.745. However, it should be

noted that this impact is inversely proportional to

crowdshipping, which has an influence on

environmental degradation and has a coefficient

value of -0.530. This implies that Crowdshipping

can mitigate the increase in environmental

degradation by reducing it with a coefficient value

of 53%.

The unfavourable coefficient suggests an

opposite relationship, recommending that

crowdshipping can help reduce environmental

degradation by facilitating the movement of goods

through collaborative transportation and delivery

approaches. This remains in line with previous

research, which states that crowdshipping can

provide advantages in reducing the level of

environmental damage by efficient use of vehicles

along with passengers and logistics [21]; [47].

Specific indicators related to environmental

degradation are defined as follows:

Air Pollution: This refers to a problem where

high air quality ends up being endangered and

polluted by compounds that can have both safe and

harmful outcomes for human health [48]; [4]. Water

Pollution: This includes changes in water issues

such as lakes, rivers, seas, and groundwater due to

human actions [30]; [44]; [49]. Garbage: Refers to

recurring waste from daily human activities or

natural procedures, usually in a strong form, which

is excess, discarded, or disliked, originating from

human activities Wongkitrungrueng [9]; [56].

Noise: Defined as unwanted sound that may cause

pain to the audience. Sounds can come from natural

resources such as speech or created tasks such as the

use of devices [24]; [23]; [6]. Eco-Open Space: This

term refers to a much more open, extended or

landscaped location where plants grow, consisting

of normally growing plants and also deliberately

planted plants [9]; [56]. Sanitation: Basically, health

describes the deliberate method of maintaining

sanitation to stop direct contact with dust and

various other harmful waste products with the aim

of protecting and improving human health [24];

[58]; [50]. Sewerage/drainage: This is a framework

created to help drain excess water from one area to

another consisting of natural and synthetic water

containers that ultimately channel excess water to

the ocean, rivers, lakes, wells, and also various other

infiltration centres [30]; [1]; [27]. General

Environmental Conditions: In a more

comprehensive context, the environment

encompasses the territorial unit and its stresses and

microorganisms, which consist of humans and their

actions that affect the survival and well-being of

humans and other living things [4]; [39].

6. Conclusions

This study highlights the significant impact of

passenger mobility on customer satisfaction and

environmental degradation through crowdshipping

activities. This study facilitates a more in-depth

understanding and measurement of potential

strategies for logistics delivery, especially through

the utilization of air passengers. In addition, the

findings offer valuable knowledge to policy makers

and transportation companies, guiding the

development of future crowd-based air

transportation models. This perspective makes it

possible to estimate the possible impacts from an

economic, environmental, and utilization point of

view.

Acknowledgment:

This research was purely funded by the author's

funds to support the final assignment of the

Environmental and Development Studies Doctoral

Program at Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia

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