Effects of ICT on the Environment and Indicators

for Their Measurement

RADOSLAV YOSHINOV1, RUMEN TRIFONOV2, GALYA PAVLOVA2,

DANIELA BORISSOVA3

1Laboratory of Telematics,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,

Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 8, Sofia 1113,

BULGARIA

2Faculty of Computer Systems and Technology,

Technical University,

Kliment Ohridski Bul, 8, Sofia 1000,

BULGARIA

3Institute of Information and Communication Technologies,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,

Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 2, Sofia 1113

BULGARIA

Abstract: - The relationship between ICTs and the environment is complex and multifaceted, as ICTs can play

positive and negative roles. The article's main idea is how the ICT sector can help tackle climate change, from

measurement, monitoring, and automation of processes to self-organizing the sector to refurbish and

ecologically scrape ICT hardware. The life cycle of services must be managed to minimize their impact on the

environment – management of production, use, and end of life. Based on the analysis, the current article

identified some groups of indicators used in the proposed model to estimate the ICT footprint. This information

contributes to a more accurate measurement of any company the effect on the environment.

Key-Words: - ICT, Climate, Environment, Indicators, Ecology

Received: November 19, 2022. Revised: June 11, 2023. Accepted: July 13, 2023. Published: September 9, 2023.

1 Introduction

Where we are? We can mark five technological

waves in IT based on the logical stance of computer

users. The arrival of mainframe computers in the

1960s generated the first wave (one computer for

many people). Followed in the late 1970s by

personal computers in the second wave (one

computer for one person). In 1988, Mark Weiser

pointedly noted that computers embedded in

everyday objects all around us formed the third

wave – what he called the ubiquitous computer

(many computers for one person). A decade later

Kavin Ashton revealed the ideas of the fourth wave

– the Internet of Things. A network of physical

objects – devices, vehicles, buildings, and other

elements with embedded electronics, software,

sensors, and network connectivity and addressing

that enable those objects to collect and exchange

data. Now we are in the time of the Internet of

everything, unifying people, data, processes, and

things.

Given the rapid development of ICT and the

challenges of climate change, this work aims to

analyze the impact of these technologies on the

environment and how the ICT sector can help

address climate change.

1.1 ICT and the Environment

The relationship between ICTs and the environment

is complex and multifaceted, as ICTs can play both

positive and negative roles. A recent review of the

impact of ICT on the economy and the environment

showed conflicting results, [1]. It is found that ICT

adoption within urban areas can improve

environmental quality in developing and developed

countries, [2]. The empirical estimations unfold that

ICT and globalization contribute to reducing CO2

emissions, [3]. Positive impacts can come from

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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Volume 1, 2023

dematerialization and online delivery, transport, and

travel substitution, a host of monitoring and

management applications, greater energy efficiency

in production and use, and product stewardship and

recycling.

Negative impacts can come from energy

consumption and the materials used in the

production and distribution of ICT equipment,

energy consumption in use directly and for cooling,

short product life cycles and e-waste, and

exploitative applications (e.g. remote sensing for

unsustainable over-fishing. The impacts of ICT on

the environment can be direct (i.e. the impacts of

ICTs themselves, such as energy consumption and

e-waste), indirect (i.e. the impacts of ICT

applications, such as intelligent transport systems,

buildings, and smart grids), or third-order and

rebound (i.e. the impacts enabled by the direct or

indirect use of ICTs, such as greater use of more

energy-efficient transport).

1.2 From Traditional to Future ICT

The invention of mainframe computers in the 60s

and personal computers in the 70s focused on

improving the efficiency and productivity of

different industries by using computers and

networks. Since the late 80s the movement towards

a digitized economy through the adoption of cloud

computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and network

of physical objects (with embedded sensors,

software, and other technological solutions for data

processing and exchange over the Internet),

advanced digital technologies (5G mobile

networks), big data analysis, [4], [5], [6]. Digital

technologies have grown exponentially and in 2023

the global information technology market reached

$8852.41 billion in 2027 is expected to grow at an

annual growth rate of 7.9% and reach $11995.97

billion, [7].

The development of modern computer, network,

and mobile communication technologies has both

positive and negative effects on the environment, so

how they are used is essential. The example of the

positive and negative impacts of ICT are given in

Table 1.

ICT tools such as weather forecasting and

precision farming can be used for the optimization

of crop yields, reducing water consumption, and

preventing soil erosion.

The impacts of ICT on the environment can be

direct (energy consumption of electronic devices

and e-waste), indirect (intelligent transport systems,

smart cities, and smart grids), or third-order and

rebound (direct or indirect use of ICTs, i.e.

extensive use of more energy-efficient transport),

[8].

The life cycle of ICT products and services must

be managed to minimize their impact on the

environment – management of production, use, and

end-of-life.

Six Sigma, Lean, and Lean Six Sigma are

popular process improvement methodologies that

can help to minimize waste, reduce defects, and

improve the processes to improve a business’s or

organization's performance, [9]. Lean focuses on

identifying and reducing waste and increasing

efficiency in a process. It emphasizes minimizing

the steps and resources involved in a process to

improve productivity and reduce costs. The main

principles of lean include identifying and

eliminating waste, continuous improvement, and

respect for people. Six Sigma is a data-driven

methodology used to identify and eliminate defects

in a process. It emphasizes reducing variation in a

process to improve quality and reduce costs. The

main principles of Six Sigma include defining,

measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling a

process.

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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Volume 1, 2023

Table 1. Impact of ICT on the Environment

Industries

Positive

Negative

Energy

consumption

 Energy consumption can be reduced by using energy-

efficient technologies and devices, energy-saving

technologies such as virtualization and cloud computing,

energy-efficient buildings, etc.

 ICT can be used to develop smart grids that can reduce

energy consumption by improving the efficiency of the

power grid.

 ICTs require a significant amount of

energy for device operation

(computers, data centers,

communication networks).

Transport

 Virtual meetings and conferences, e-commerce,

Intelligent transport systems, and other digital services

can significantly reduce the need for physical business

travel and resource consumption and can contribute to

greenhouse gas emissions.

 The energy consumption associated

with data centers and communication

networks.

Waste

 ICTs have enabled organizations to optimize their

operations and reduce waste production and paper

consumption.

 Smart waste management systems for proper disposal,

collection, and recycling of electronic waste.

 Use of non-renewable and

environmentally damaging resources.

 The large number of ICT devices and

equipment leads to the accumulation

of electronic hazardous waste, that

can pollute the environment.

Climate

Change

 ICT is used to monitor climate change (Earth observation

satellites for monitoring, gathering, and analyzing

environmental data).

 ICT generates carbon emissions and

contributes to greenhouse gas

emissions.

Lean Six Sigma combines the principles of both

methodologies to create a comprehensive process

improvement methodology. It emphasizes reducing

waste and variation in a process to improve quality,

productivity, and customer satisfaction. The main

principles of Lean Six Sigma include understanding

the customer’s needs, identifying and eliminating

waste and variation, continuous improvement, and

respect for people.

Regardless of which of the methodologies will

be used to determine the current state and the

change, it is necessary to follow the following

sequence of actions:

1) Determination of system requirements and

objectives;

2) Measuring the current process and collecting

the relevant data;

3) Analyzing the data;

4) Controlling the current processes based on the

data analysis, and

5) Controlling future state processes to ensure

that any deviations are corrected.

The usage of such methodologies relies on

properly defined indicators. Therefore, the current

article is focused on the determination of specific

indicators for the measurement of ICT impact on the

environment.

The rest of the article is structured as follows:

Section 2 concerns green computing and ICT green

sustainability strategies; Section 3 is focused on

indicators for measuring ICT effectiveness; Section

4 describes the direct impact of hardware lifecycle

on the environment, and the conclusions are drawn

in Section 5.

2 Green ICT

Green ICT refers to the use of environmentally

sustainable technologies and practices in the design,

manufacture, use, and disposal of ICT equipment

and services. It aims to reduce the consumption of

energy, water, and mineral resources as well as CO2

emissions and their carbon footprint, toxic materials,

etc., and other negative impacts of information and

communication systems on the environment and

society.

Green ICT stands for a set of initiatives

organizations undertake to reduce carbon emissions

and the carbon footprint produced by their

information and communication systems.

Technology for energy saving in information,

communication, and technology. Green ICT is the

study and practice of using computing resources

efficiently and effectively with minimal or no

impact on the environment.

Green computing involves designing and

developing software and applications that are

energy-efficient while also promoting sustainable

development and economic growth. Green ICT

practices include the design of energy-efficient

equipment; replacement of energy consumption in

data centres; web-based business services;

improvement of cooling technology; adoption of

carbon offset programs; energy management; etc.,

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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Volume 1, 2023

[10]. Some guidelines for the green design of

computer products can be found in [11]. Some

authors find that the level of digitalization

development effectively promotes green economic

growth, [12].

2.1 ICT Green Sustainability Strategies

ICT Green sustainability strategies can be a

complex task that requires careful planning and

consideration of various factors. This is due to the

complex interrelationship of components, which are

needed to leverage ICT for sustainable economic

development as shown in Figure 1, [13].

Fig. 1: GeSI’s ‘SMARTer 2030’ report

The steps, that could be followed to formulate

such green strategies, include:

 Sustainability assessment of ICT business

organization or a process (measuring the

organization’s carbon footprint, identifying

areas of waste and inefficiency, existing

opportunities to improve the process

efficiency;

 Set sustainability goals, which are specific,

achievable, relevant, measurable, and time-

bound and also to be aligned with the vision

and mission of the business company;

 Identification of ICT green solutions that can

help the organization achieve its sustainability

goals – implementing energy-efficient

technologies, using renewable energy sources,

optimizing data centers, and reducing paper

usage, among other things.

 Development of implementation plan –

timelines, milestones, and metrics for

measuring progress toward achieving the

sustainability goals.

 Engagement of stakeholders (employees,

partners, customers, suppliers) in

sustainability efforts by providing training, as

well as encouraging participation in

sustainability initiatives.

 Monitoring and reporting the process toward

achieving the green goal.

2.2 The Global e-Sustainability Initiative

The Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI) is a

leading international organization, which supports

the efforts of ICT companies and non-governmental

organizations to promote the use of sustainable

innovative technologies and digital solutions to

address global sustainability challenges. GeSI was

founded in 2001 by a group of leading ICT

companies, and it has since grown to include over

40 members from the technology industry, as well

as governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders,

[14]. It is the source of important information, best

practices, and resources for the goal of creating a

sustainable world through responsible,

transformative digital solutions. To achieve its

mission, GeSI focuses on:

 Advocacy (including promoting the use of

renewable energy in the technology industry,

advocating for policies that encourage the

circular economy, and supporting the

development of international standards and

best practices);

 Collaboration (including working with other

organizations to develop joint projects and

initiatives, sharing best practices and

knowledge, and promoting cross-sectoral

collaboration) and

 Thought leadership (includes conducting

research and analysis on key sustainability

topics, publishing reports and other thought

leadership content, and promoting public

awareness and understanding of sustainability

issues), [15].

2.3 The European Green Deal

The European Green Deal is a comprehensive set of

policy initiatives and proposals introduced by the

European Commission in December 2019, aimed at

transforming the European Union into a sustainable

and climate-neutral economy by 2050. The ultimate

goal of the European Green Deal is to achieve zero

net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, which would

require significant reductions in emissions across all

sectors of the economy, as well as the development

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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of new technologies and practices to support

sustainable growth, [16].

The design and manufacture of ICT products

should be focused on making them more durable,

easy to maintain, reusable, upgradable, reliable,

recyclable, renewable, energy, and resource-

efficient.

3 Indicators for Measuring Impacts

on the Environment

Society needs ICT hardware to produce, process,

and store highly valuable information. High-quality

and transparent data is crucial to achieving the 2030

Agenda. It is difficult to measure the impact on the

environment in any area, but there are additional

challenges and complications for ICT because of

their diversity and rapidly changing nature, as well

as difficult determination of causation. The authors

found 77 different indicators measuring the impact

of ICT hardware, [15].

The different ICTs (mobile phones and mobile

telecommunications, general purpose technologies,

services, etc.) have different impacts in different

countries and contexts. The measurement of impact

could be done by analytical techniques, case studies,

statistical surveys, panel studies, direct observation,

and document examination. Different ICT has

different impacts on the environment depending on

a range of factors. Depending on the specific

objectives and context of measurement of ICT

impact on the environment, various indicators can

be used for this purpose. Some of these commonly

used indicators include:

 Number of individuals, organizations, and

communities, which access the ICTs

(smartphones, tablets, laptops, internet,

households with broadband access, cloud,

collaborative platform, Smart robotics, IoT,

etc.) can indicate the level of impact on the

environment;

 Digital literacy of the users can indicate the

number of people who have the skills and

knowledge to use these technologies

effectively;

 Economic benefits of ICT (innovations,

increasing productivity, services developed

through the use of technology, smart energy

systems or e-government services, gross

domestic product (GDP) or employment rates,

etc.);

 The amount of e-waste generated by ICT

equipment and devices and the percentage of

e-waste properly recycled or disposed of;

 Measurement of greenhouse gas emissions

associated with the production, use, and

disposal of ICT equipment and devices (in

terms of carbon dioxide equivalents);

 The amount of energy consumed by ICT

devices and infrastructure (including access to

distance education and other public services).

Other indicators might include data privacy and

security, research, and the role of ICT in promoting

sustainable development.

3.1 Model for Assessing the Impact of ICT

on the Environment

All of these groups of indicators need to be

determined for a particular organization or company

and obtained results to be involved in the following

mathematical model:

󰇛󰇜









 

 (1)

s.t.





   (2)







   (3)

Here in relation (1), index       expresses

the set of weighted coefficients for the importance

of the groups of indicator and has to comply with

the relation (2). The parameter 

 expresses the

normalized value (in the range between 0 and 1) of a

particular indicator from i-th group determined for a

particular organization or company, while 





expresses the weighted coefficient for the

importance of the j-th indicator from the i-th group.

Likewise, the relation (3) must be satisfied to have

comparable measures.

Some indicator groups have better performance

if their value is bigger (for example – the digital

literacy of the users) and for some indicator groups,

we are looking for minimal value for their

performance (for example – the amount of e-waste

generated by ICT equipment and devices and the

percentage of e-waste properly recycled or dispose

of).

Unlike, [17], where only four indicators (primary

energy consumption, gross domestic product, CO2

emissions, and N2O emissions) are used, the

proposed model can take into account many

different groups of indicators to estimate the ICT

footprint.

In addition, it is worth mentioning also the

environmental impact of cloud computing. To

measure the environmental impact of cloud

provisioning, a set of critical indicators related to

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

123

Volume 1, 2023

energy use at different levels in the cloud

architecture must be defined, [18].

Once these indicators are identified, they can be

used in the formulated model (1) – (3) to assess the

impact of ICT on the environment.

4 Direct Impact of Hardware

Lifecycle on the Environment

The ICT hardware is a diverse gathering of

workstations (desktop and laptop), servers, network,

and telecommunication devices, and mobile

intelligent devices (phones, tablets, etc.). They have

a lifecycle in which they are consuming energy and

give off heat. Their hardware elements – boards,

processors, chips, integral schemes, capacitors, etc.

contain toxic elements that pollute the environment

if not properly handled. Their waste management

done according to standards has its lifecycle, which

includes storage, recycling, reintegration, and

monitoring. That is why the empirical results unfold

that positive shocks in ICT negatively affect CO2

emissions, [19]. In this regard, some authors

propose designing sustainable computer systems

with an architectural carbon modeling tool, [20].

A product’s carbon footprint (PCF) could be

used to help us understand its impact on the

environment. providing valuable insight to design

more sustainably. That is why many companies run

what’s called a life cycle assessment, which

includes a PCF report. The PCF reports typically

cover a whole life cycle from the initial extraction

of the raw materials, through the manufacturing and

assembly process, through distribution, use, and end

of life when it is recycled or otherwise disposed of.

Knowing the PCF allows us to make informed

decisions.

The PCF for typical ICT equipment is as follows

[21]:

 Desktop & screen: 621kg CO2e,

 Laptop & screen: 691kg CO2e,

 Desktop & 2 screens: 903kg CO2e,

 Laptop & screen at office & screen at home:

928kg CO2e,

 Desktop & screen & laptop: 1,030kg CO2e.

Reducing the carbon footprint of production

leads to a reduction in waste, which in turn requires

recycling old technologies, using sustainable

packaging, and optimizing delivery logistics.

Therefore, reducing IT waste is a step in the right

direction to reduce our carbon footprint. In, [22], a

global review of consumer behavior towards

sustainability environmental and implications for

the circular economy can be found. The following

simple steps can be used for personal contribution to

the footprint: avoid purchasing additional screens;

choose of desktop or laptop, but not both; return

unused equipment; turn off the computer at the end

of the day.

5 Conclusion

Green ICT deals with people, processes, and

technologies relating to the environment.

Understanding green ICT allows the use of

computing resources efficiently and the use of

technologies and techniques to lower (or reduce the

rate of increase of) the power consumption or

carbon footprint of the ICT function. In a broader

sense, green ICT also addresses the use of ICT as an

enabling technology to help reduce power

consumption leading to low greenhouse gas

emissions, and using ICTs as an enabler to reduce

greenhouse gases in other industries.

Environmentally sensitive information and

communication technologies are designed to save

energy, compared to their conventional

counterparts, an important component is addressing

the direct impact of ICT hardware on the

environment. The identified indicators facilitate the

measurement of environmental impact in different

areas, but there are additional challenges and

complications for ICTs due to their diversity and

rapidly changing nature, as well as the difficulty of

determining causality. By usage of the proposed

mathematical model, it is possible to estimate the

ICT footprint of any organization or company. The

team is collecting data to test the applicability of the

proposed model, which will be processed and

published in the next stage of the present study.

Acknowledgement:

This work is supported by the Bulgarian National

Science Fund through the project “Mathematical

models, methods and algorithms for solving hard

optimization problems to achieve high security in

communications and better economic

sustainability”, KP-06-H52/7/19-11-2021 and is

supported by “National Science Program of Security

and Defence” (NSP SD) funded by the Ministry of

Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria,

agreement no. Д01-74/19-05-2022.

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

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Volume 1, 2023

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International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

125

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The authors equally contributed to the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

This work is supported by the project

“Mathematical models, methods and algorithms for

solving hard optimization problems to achieve high

security in communications and better economic

sustainability”, KP-06-H52/7/19-11-2021 and by

“National Science Program of Security and

Defence” (NSP SD) funded by the Ministry of

Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria,

agreement no. Д01-74/19-05-2022.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.14

Radoslav Yoshinov, Rumen Trifonov,

Galya Pavlova, Daniela Borissova

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

126

Volume 1, 2023