Is peperina (Minthostachys verticillata) exclusively found in South

America?

NELIDA LUCIA DEL MASTRO

Center of Radiation Technology, Institute for Energy and Nuclear Researches (IPEN/CNEN), Av Prof Lineu Prestes 2242,

05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, BRAZIL

Abstract: Medicinal plants are used since prehistoric times all around the world, particularly among native people of South

America. In the present work several scientific studies are quoted that described the use of Minthostachy verticillata, or M.

mollis (Lamiaceae) commonly referred to as “peperina”, a medicinal native plant, with various uses and properties, considered

for many native to Argentina Northeast. Same common names can be used in different places for diverse plants, then we

consider that it is not rare the appearance of misunderstanding, using the common name “peperina” meaning different plants.

For that reason, the question stated at the title of this article: Is peperina (Minthostachys verticillata) exclusively found in South

America?” remains without a proper and unambiguous answer worldwide.

KeyWords: Genus Mentha, peperina, Minthostachys verticillata, Myinthostachys mollis, Lamiaceae, plant natural products,

systematic classification.

Received: October 26, 2022. Revised: May 22, 2023. Accepted: June 22, 2023. Published: July 18, 2023.

1. Introduction

Natural products, mainly from plants, are employed by

humans from the beginnings of time [1]. The World Health

Organization established guidelines for methodologies on

research and evaluation of traditional medicine in 2000 and

complemented with traditional medicine strategies since

then [2-4].

In Argentina, according to Barboza el al (2009) native

medicinal flora includes several members of the families

Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae rich in essential

oils, effective against viruses, bacteria, fungi,

trypanosomes, mites, nematodes, head lice, with analgesic,

antioxidant, anti-diarrheic, spasmolytic, hepatotoxic,

choleretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory,

cytoprotective, anti-allergic, and lymphoproliferative

activity [5].

Based on the published scientific literature, we will star

describing what “peperina” (Minthostachy verticillata) is,

what is used for and why we consider that due to the

employ of common names in different places lead to make

a confusion on the real endemism of this plant. Due to

varying views, the species is sometimes subsumed with

others under the name Minthostachys mollis Griseb.

Nowadays, peperina is defined in the Flora of Argentina as

Minthostachys mollis Griseb. [6-7] in agreement with

Epling and Jativa [8]. Nevertheless, most references still

quote peperina as Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.)

Epling, being the quality of its essential oil standardized as

described in the Argentine Institute of Standardization and

Certification - IRAM norms [9].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1 Definitions and Components

Binomial Name: Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.)

Epling

Family: Lamiaceae Genus Minthostachys Species:

M.verticullata

Minthostachys is a genus of the mint family Lamiaceae.

It occurs along the Andes from Northern Venezuela

through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to Central

Argentina [10]. The exact distinction between species is

unclear; it is estimated that 13 to 24 species exist.

Hybridization occurs naturally where some species' ranges

overlap. Many hybrids and cultivars are known.

The Lamiaceae, according to

wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae) are

a family of flowering plants commonly known as

the mint family. The plants are commonly aromatic in all

parts and include culinary herbs, such as basil, mint,

rosemary, sage, oregano, thyme, hyssop and medicinal

herbs such as catnip, salvia, bee balm. Some species are

shrubrs, trees or, rarely, vines. Many members of the

family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic

qualities, but also for their ease of cultivation, since they

are readily propagated by stem cutting [11,12]. Besides

those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for

decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such

as Salvia hispanica (chia) and Stachys affinis (Chinese

artichoke).

The genus Mentha (mint) of the botanical family

Lamiaceae) includes various plants, cultivated or wild,

that, due to the frequent hybridization between species, the

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.9

Nelida Lucia Del Mastro

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

Volume 1, 2023

high phenotopic plasticity and genetic variability, is a

genus taxonomically complex, with more than 3000 names

published since 1753, in his most synonyms or

denominations still unresolved. Although in the

bibliography there is no consensus for an unequivocal

systematic classification, a review, by Salehi et al., (2018)

based on morphological, cytological and genetic

characteristics allow it to be divided into 42 species, 15

hybrids and hundreds of subspecies, varieties and cultivars

distributed in the five continents [13].

In 2004 Harley et al. had reported that the enlarged

Lamiaceae contained about 236 genera. Mint,

(genus Mentha), was the genus of 25 species of the mint

family (Lamiaceae) [14]. Mint is considered as native to

Eurasia, North America, southern Africa, and Australia;

are distributed around temperate areas of the world and

have become naturalized in many places. Some species,

such as peppermint and spearmint, are employed as

flavorings for foods (including candy and gum) and

for liqueur and dentifrices. The essential oils of mints are

used in perfumery and also in herbal medicine

(https://www.britannica.com/plant/Mentha).

Latifian &Arslanoğlu [15] described in particular Mentha

longifolia, the mint known locally as “nane” (Mentha

longifolia L.) is a plant of Lamiaceae of Eurasian and

Australian origin. Piperide oxide, piperitone, piperitenone,

pulegone, d-limonene, carvone, mentone, β-caryophyllene,

1,8-cineol and menthol can be named from the herbal

compositions found in this plant. This perennial plant can

be as long as 0.5 - 1 m. It proliferates in the warm and dry

climate. The pleasant smell-leaves, are one of the most

consumed medical plants of East Azerbaijan.

Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach was first described and

published in Hist. Nat. Vég. 9: 164 (1840) as an accepted

genus, being the native range of this genus South Tropical

America, family Lamiaceae. The genus Minthostachys

Griseb. (Lamiaceae) is found in middle elevations along

the Andes, from Venezuela to Argentina [16].

Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling, first published

in: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih.85: 167 (1936),

source: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

(https://www.gbif.org/species/3884472), is a climbing

shrub and grows primarily in the subtropical biome

(https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:nam

es:1203793-2)

M. verticillata (Griseb.) Epling.

The Biodiversity Information System of the National Parks

Administration of Argentina (Sistema de Información de

Biodiversidad de la Administración de Parques

Nacionales, Argentina)

(https://sib.gob.ar/especies/minthostachys-

verticillata#presencia-title) classified Minthostachys

verticillata as: Plantae / Magnoliophyta / Magnoliopsida /

Lamiales / Lamiaceae / Minthostachys/Verticillata;

common name in Spanish: “Peperina”, Author: (Griseb.)

Epling. In that register, the origin: Autochthonous,

Argentina.

The peperina (M. verticillata) is an ethnobotanical

aromatic herb, plant height: 0.3 to 2 m, with various uses

and properties. Montironi et al. [17] considered that it is

native to Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest,

although the Lamiaceae family had a cosmopolitan

distribution. This species grows primarily in the

subtropical biome

(https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:nam

es:1203793-2).

The species M. verticillata is distributed in South American

countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador,

Peru, Bolivia, and in the northwest and central regions of

Argentina [18]; it is known as peperina, being the only

species of the genus Minthostachys known from Argentina,

where it is found in the provinces of Catamarca, Córdoba,

La Rioja, San Luis, Tucumán, eco regions: Aconquija,

Altos Andes and Selva de Yungas

(https://faunayfloradelargentinanativa.blogspot.com/2017/

09/peperina-minthostachys-verticillata.html ).

According to Fondazione Slow Food

(https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/it/arca-del-gusto-

slow-food/menta-peperina), peperina (Minthostachys

verticillata) is an aromatic wild plant, widespread in central

and northwestern Argentina, in the hilly areas and in the

“sierra” between the provinces of Córdoba and San Luis.

The soft and round leaves release a scent of mint, camphor

and rosemary; they are highly appreciated and used in the

preparation of infusions and in particular the dry leaves are

added to the famous mate.

Ojeda et al. [19] reported the variability in natural

populations of peperina (Minthostachys mollis (Kunth.)

Griseb. Glinos et al. [20]. They considered the key socio-

cultural role of Minthostachys species and evaluated their

reproductive requirements as part of their conservation.

They established that M. verticillata is a gynodioecious

species endemic from Argentina. They consider that their

populations are threatened because due to overexploitation

and habitat loss, and are dependent on animal pollination

for seed production being visited by a assemblage of

insects (Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), being the

tachinind fly Ptilodexia cf. cingulipes the main pollinator.

Ojeda et al. [21] reported that the yield of peperina

(Minthostachys mollis (Kunth.) Griseb.) populations is

dependent on the cropping regimen.

Bonafede et al. [22] studied the genetic variability among

Minthostachys verticillata populations collected in the

central and northwest region of Argentina and found huge

values of it.

Essential oils (EO) are plant derivatives usually formed by

few compounds as main constituents added with some

minority compounds. EO make a chemotype profile of the

plant and play a leading role in numerous ecological

interactions [23]. M. verticillata EO are synthesized and

stored in some anatomical structures named glandular

International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.9

Nelida Lucia Del Mastro

E-ISSN: 2945-1159

Volume 1, 2023

trichomes, which are developed mainly in leaves and

inflorescences [24]. Peperina (M. verticillata) may be the

most economically important species of its genus, as it is

collected extensively for its essential oils [25-27]. Both

extracts and essential oils display a broad spectrum of

activity, closely related to its phytochemical composition.

Zygadlo et al. [26] analyzed, by gas chromatography (GC)

and GC/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS the composition of M.

verticillata EO and corroborated the great variability

among populations in Argentina, results found already by

others.

De Feo et al. [28] had studied the chemical composition

of M. verticillata oil from Argentina and had identified, by

(GC) and (GC/MS), forty-five compounds, accounting for

94.2% of the oil, characterized by mono-terpenes (91.6%),

of which 73.6% were oxygenated compounds. They also

found that pulegone (37.8%) and menthone (29.2%) were

the main constituents.

Elechosa et al. [29] made a comparative study of the M.

mollis EO from collections in 21 populations of the

provinces of Tucuman, Córdoba, San Luis and Catamarca

in Argentina

They found that the EO yields were highly variable (0.25-

4.93%), standing out the values obtained in the populations

of the province of Córdoba (Ambul- 4.20%) and San Luis

(Merlo- 4.93%), while those of Tucumán and Catamarca

were generally less than 1%. As for the composition, the 5

collections from Córdoba respond to the type menthone

(23.8-52.6%)- pulegone (38.6-49.2%); those of San Luis to

the pulegone type (52.0-76.5%)- menthone (13.2-39.1%).

The 12 collections from Tucumán respond to various

chemotypes. The possible existence of about 10

chemotypes was detected. The collections of Córdoba

belong to the traditional (menthone- pulegone), while in

San Luis the pulegone predominates over the menthone.

Other works corroborated the qualitative chemical

composition. According to a study by Cariddi et al. [30],

also pulegone (51.7%) and menthone (37.8%) made up the

main compounds in M. verticillata oil, along with 1.4% of

cismenthone and 1.4% of piperitone.

Sanchez-Tito [31] found also that main compounds found

in M. mollis were menthone (32.9%)

and eucalyptol (28.1%). It is important to mention, that

eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-

cineol, limonene oxide, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane,

1,8-oxido-p-menthane, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,3,3-

trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo [2,2,2] octane, cineol, cineole.

repeatedly found in aromatic species growing in

Northwestern Argentina.

Ocaño [32] used wild populations of Minthostachys

verticillata (Griseb.) Epling “peperina” as a first source for

plant breeding along with the selection of individuals

derived from pre-existing Champaqui-FCA cultivar. He

obtained a broad genetic base population of peperina.

Bonafede et al. [33] studied also the genetic variability

among Minthostachys verticillata populations collected in

the central and northwest region of Argentina using a total

of 93 plants from nine locations. The chemical biodiversity

of Minthostachys mollis in Argentina was also

corroborated by Van Baren et al.

Due to the extensive use as a medicine by local people, like

many other indigenous plants that grow on the heights of

the Argentine sierras, peperina is at risk due to

unsustainable harvesting methods. Heavy or continued

exploitation of Minthostachys verticillata in Córdoba,

Argentina, mainly in the areas of the valleys of

Calamuchita, Punilla and the valley of Translasierra, risks

the regeneration of the natural sourced population. The

consumption and use for the preparation of infusions,

together with the commercial boom of products based on

this or other wild plants, have led to an overexploitation

which today is increasingly difficult to find on the

Argentine hills. Sometimes the principal threat to

medicinal species is nor over-harvesting but the destruction

and conversion of their habitats to other purposes.

As the peperina from the province of Córdoba is in danger

of extinction, in 2019 some local legislators sought to save

it through a provincial project to declare it a "provincial

flower", to train those who work in harvesting and protect

the wild crop. In Cordoba, it is cultivated mainly in the

areas of the valleys of Calamuchita, Punilla and the valley

of Translasierra.

The preservation of species in the native flora is o huge

importance and crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity

[34,35].

2.2 Peperina as a Medicinal Plant

It is well known that several members of the families

Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae, are rich in

essential oils and have their native range South Tropical

America.

Peperina, being classified as M. verticillata or M. mollis, is

used in traditional medicine for the treatment of very

different ailments. Just for mention ones, it is employed as

antidiarrheic, digestive, sedative, antispasmodic, along

with to treat respiratory ailments such as asthma and

bronchitis, to alleviate rheumatic pains, headache, heart

palpitations and anemia [36]. Basso et al. [37] validated the

folk use of M. verticillata for several of those mentioned

ailments.

Monoterpenes, as mentioned already, are the primary

components of EO herbs like M. verticillata or M. molli,

and often in combination with sesquiterpenes (C15)

and diterpenes (C20) exhibit important antimicrobial

actions. Extracts of the genus mint are commonly used as

foods and appreciated by their significant amounts of

antioxidant phenolic compounds. Studies in vitro were

published showing the antiviral, immunomodulator,

antibacterial and antifungal properties of M.

verticillata EO [38-42].

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A study of 2006 by Sutil et al. [43], had revealed that M.

verticillata EO does not induce early or severe damage on

Vero cells and the analysis of cytotoxicity on A. salina

showed that the EO was much less toxic than the isolated

constituents. So far, M. verticillata EO has proven to be

safe presenting no toxicity in different experimental

systems [44,45]. Rashed et al. [46] published in 2021 an

article highlighted the conventional and nonconventional

approaches about the properties of essential oils and their

compounds for application in skin fungal infections.

Good updates of the role of EO and plant extracts as new

approaches for the treatment for bacterial mastitis in dairy

cattle were publishing recently [47,48].

2.3 Use of Latin Names and Common Names

Latin names are the usual way to express the proper name

of plants. In principle, they are unambiguous. A Latin name

refers to only one species. At any time a species has only

one official Latin name, but other names still exist in older

texts. In ordinary language, a species may have different

names in different places, and different species may be

known by the same name [49,50]. Trying to overcome that,

in the United State of America, the American Herbal

Product Association’s book Herbs of Commerce,

2nd ed. McGuffin et al. [51] make available an extensive

list of marketed species and specifies for each the preferred

common name. A question arrives about scientific or

commercial communication among people who speak

different languages, or that there are a lot of foreign plants

that have no common names in English.

Most hybrid plants are not given formal names, but are

described by their parentage. Besides the taxonomical

richness of the native medicinal flora, no always is possible

to determine endemism areas of the medicinal flora.

Scandaliaris, Fuentes & Lovey [52] made a publication on

the individualization of "peperina", Minthostachys mollis

(Kunth) Griseb. (Lamiaceae). They reported that has been

introduced for its commercialization in the nursery market

in Argentina, in Córdoba in particular, and marketed under

the same vernacular name, an "exotic peperina" is,

Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. nepeta (Lamiaceae),

herbaceous perennial, native to the Mediterranean basin.

These aroma-like plants share chemical compounds such

as menthol, pulegone, and piperitone, but differ in their

morphological characters. Those authors highlight the

importance of the vegetative and reproductive characters

for the recognition and individualization of both species.

3. Conclusion

In the bibliography there is no consensus for an

unequivocal systematic classification of mint genus.

Native medicinal flora has such a taxonomical richness that

no always it is possible to determine properly endemism

areas of the medicinal flora. Minthostachys

verticillata (Griseb.) Epling is native to South America,

mainly Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest

(hattps://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:na

mes:1203793-2. But the Royal Botanic Garden

(https://mpns.science.kew.org/mpns-

ofportal/searchName?searchTerm=peperina&nameType=

all) registered that the term “Peperina”, has an Accepted

Scientific Name of Minthostachys verticillata with a much

smaller frequency of appearance in medicinal sources,

when compared to Mentha x piperita L. (2/58). On the

other hand, Montironi et al. mentioned in 2022 that the

plant Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb) Epling

(Lamiaceae), commonly known as ‘‘peperina’’exists in

east Azerbaijan as well as in South American countries

such as Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and

Argentina’s northwest and central regions. As a source of

that statement, they referred to Latifian and Arslanoglu that

in 2018 published an article where is described just Mentha

longifolia, the mint known locally as “nane” (Mentha

longifolia L.) a plant of Lamiaceae of Eurasian and

Australian origin. From the exposed above, is not possible

categorically to give an answer to the question raised on the

title of this article. As was already described, “peperina”

grows easily so it is possible to be carry on from one place

to another to grow or, mislead Minthostachys verticillata

with another Lamiaceae such as Mentha longifolia L. or the

hybrid Mentha x piperita L.

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International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development

DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.9

Nelida Lucia Del Mastro

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Volume 1, 2023