Update to the Status of Lindeni Tetraphylla (Vander Linden, 1825)
(Odonata Gomphidae: Lindenia (De Haan, 1826)) in Uzbekistan, With
Special Reference to the Khorezm Region
1AKHMEDOVA MOHKIRA SHAVKATOVNA, 2MEDETOV MAXSET JAPAKOVICH,
3IKRAM ABDULLAEV ISKANDAROVICH, 4DOSCHANOVA MANZURA BABAJANOVNA,
5DOSCHANOV JALOLBEK SAPARBOYEVICH
1Khorezm Mamun Academy, PhD student, Khiva, Markaz Str.,1 UZBEKISTAN
2Uz. A.S. Zoology institute, senior scientific researcher, UZBEKISTAN
3Khorezm Mamun Academy, Chairman, Khiva, Markaz Str.,1 UZBEKISTAN
4Khorezm Mamun Academy, senior scientific researcher 220900, Khiva, Markaz Str.,1 UZBEKISTAN
5Khorezm Mamun Academy, senior scientific researcher 220900, Khiva, Markaz Str.,1 UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: Considering that odontological studies have not been adequately conducted in the Khorezm oasis
located in the north-western part of Uzbekistan, we presented the obtained results about the state of Lindenia
tetraphylla (Vander Linden, 1825) for the last three years. Species L. Tetraphylla was included in the section
“Endangered species” (LC- Least concern ver 3.1) of the International Red Book (IUCN). During our
researches, this species was recorded in 3 regions of the oasis, as well as in one region of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan. The species L. Tetraphylla was found mainly in the protected tugai biotope areas of the oasis.
Кey words: population, phenology, imago, migration
Received: October 5, 2022. Revised: March 6, 2023. Accepted: April 7, 2023. Published: May 30, 2023.
1. Introduction
Species Lindenia tetraphylla (Vander
Linden, 1825) is the only species of Lindenia genus.
The fair yellow, gray and dark gray forms of this
species are common.The dark gray form of this
species were observed in the “inkit” lake (Western
Caucasus, Abkhazia, near the Pistun) and named as
Lindenia inkiti. Whether Lindenia inkiti is actually
a separate species is debatable and disputed, its
distribution in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Tyanshan
up to 1300 m altitude has been recorded (Belyshev,
1989). The main range of Lindenia tetraphylla is in
the Mediterranean Sea and Central Asia, and from
Pakistan to the Mediterranean Sea (eastern Spain)
and Bulgaria (Gastarov, Beshkov, 2010). It was
recorded for the first time in Dagestan in 1928 in the
territory of the Russian Federation (Artobolevskiy
G. V. 1929) and is a species endemic to the
Mediterranean Sea - Central Asia (Borisov S.N.,
2007, Surdo S., 2017, Rizervato et al., 2014). In
North Africa, it is assessed as a rare and declining
species (Boudot et al. 2009, 2013). Imago and
larvae are found mainly in lakes with reeds, in
confluences of big rivers (Schorr et al. 1998;
Terzani F., 2002). The biology of L. tetraphylla is
poorly understood, it is noted that it prefers areas
with dense riparian vegetation, and its spores are
found in water bodies with weak currents and rich
aquatic vegetation (Rizervato et al., 2014b).
According to observations, the population was
observed in a stable state every year in isolated,
protected areas (Boudot & Kalkman, 2015). This
species is distributed in semi-desert, desert areas,
plains, and its larvae are found in saline water
(Boudot et al., 2013). Larvae are slow-moving and
occur in slow-flowing stagnant water bodies with
dense aquatic vegetation (Hardersen & Leo, 2011;
Surdo, 2017). The duration of the larval stage and
their drought tolerance are unknown. Water
pollution, reduction of natural landscapes, forests
caused by the human factor are the reason for the
reduction of the area of the species (Boudot, J.P.,
2013). In Uzbekistan, Bartenev (1913) recorded it
in Termiz and Bukhara (Schorr et al. 1998; Suhling
& Müller 1996).
The species L. Tetraphylla is listed in the
International Red Book (IUCN) – “Species in
danger of extinction” (LC- Least concern ver 3.1)
(Boudot, J.-P., Schneider, W. & Samraoui, B.,
2013) . For the odonata fauna of Italy and the
Mediterranean Sea, this species has been assessed
as “near threatened” (NT) (Rizervato, 2009,
Rizervato et al., 2014). In our republic, large-scale
reforms were carried out in the preservation of
biodiversity, protection of natural areas,
agricultural production, in this regard, special
attention was paid to the preservation of the animal
world, increasing the weight of bioresources, and
International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
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Volume 1, 2023
protection of cultivated plants from pests. Certain
results were achieved on the basis of the
programmatic measures implemented in these
directions. However, not enough attention has been
paid to fundamental research, including the
composition of dragonfly (odonata) species, their
bioecological characteristics, distribution in natural
and agrocenoses, and scientific research on their
importance. Taking into account the lack of
odontological studies in the Khorezm oasis in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, we have presented the
results of the last three years in order to monitor the
current state of dragonfly species and their biotopes
in the oasis.
2. Мaterial and Methods
Lindenia tetraphylla (Odonata Gomphidae:
Lindenia) were sampled from 2020 to 2022 for two
seasons, covering the entire period of the spring and
summer from to along the south west edge of a
riparian tugai forest fragment by the margins of the
Amudarya River, in a landscape with the
surrounding matrix composed by turanga (Populus
mutabilus) and oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
plantations, in the rural area in Cholish, of Urgench
district (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Map area of field survey, Uzbekistan, Khorezm region
Research methods and description of the
site, where the materials were collected. Khorezm
region is located in the north-western part of
Uzbekistan, along the lower reaches of Amudarya
at 60-61 degree longitude and 40-41 degree latitude.
It is located at an altitude of 113 - 138 m above sea
level. The climate is strictly continental. The
average annual precipitation is 80-90 mm. The
average temperature in January is 15 C, in July the
average temperature is +30 C. The climate of the
oasis is greatly influenced by the Kyzylkum and
Karakum deserts (Abdullaev et al., 2020).
Phenological analyzes were carried out mainly in
spring and summer.
Loc: 1. Since the research area is close to
the Amudarya coast, ponds and small water bodies
are formed from the accumulation of underground
water. This area belongs to the specially protected
areas under the management of “National Park” of
Khorezm Nature established by the Committee for
Ecology and Environmental Protection of the
Republic of Uzbekistan. Any activity serving
human needs is prohibited in these areas. During
our observations in these areas, it was found out that
turangil (desert poplar), oleaster and tamarix
formed the main vegetation.
Loc: 2. Khiva is located 2.84 kilometers
from the city center, in the northeastern part of the
city. It is a recreation and fishing zone. It is
surrounded by thick reeds. One side of the lake is
near the main Khiva highway.
Loc: 3. It is located in Beruni and
Amudarya districts of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan. The reserve is located on the right
bank of the river, at the foot of the Sultan Uwais
Mountains. It was established in 1971. The area is
6462 hectares, of which 3975 hectares are covered
with forests. The desert poplars cover the main part.
Loc: 4. District in Khorezm region. It
borders Shavat district in the south, Urganch,
International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
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Volume 1, 2023
Yangibazar districts in the southeast, the Republic
of Karakalpakstan in the north-east, and
Turkmenistan in the south-west. The place of
research is Vazir village of Gurlan district. It is
located in the northern part of Gurlan district and
Amudarya flows from the north-east.
Table 1
Visited site (4)
(long//latt.)
2020
2022
Location 1. Cholish,
Urganch district
41°38'22.79"N,
60°41'21.43"E
0
(V.20)
1exx
VI.16
5 – 8
(VI.28)
4 еxx
V.25,
4exx
V.30,
12+exx
(VI.18)
(flying,
mating)
Location 2.
Govuk Lake, Khiva
district
41°24'29.13"N,
60°22'42.41"E
1exx
(hunting time)
(VI.20)
2 exx
VI.18
5exx
VII.01.
Location 3.
Amudarya
Biosphere Reserve
41°58'43.03"N
60°21'49.15"E
5 exx/
(flying)
(VI.22)
2 exx
VI. 18.
2 exx
(near river) ,
VI.22.
Location 4.
Vazir village, Gurlan
district
41°53'24.08"N
60°25'55.46"E
2exx (flying)
VI.20
x
1 table. Information about the areas where the observations were made and the individuals
encountered (observed species presented of number).
Phenological observations were made
based on literature reviews (Kalkman, V.J., 2006,
Boudot, J.-P., Schneider, W. & Samraoui, B., 2013)
and personal observations. Observations have been
made since the appearance of imagos. The research
sites were visited in 10-day-intervals, 3-4 times a
month during the months of May-June-July
(Borisov, 1982). The total number of all
phenological observations was 20.
Figure 1. Species L. tetraphylla, Urganch district, Cholish. Tugai forest (photographed by the author,
using the Nikon D 800 device, 18.VI.2022.)
International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
13
Volume 1, 2023
3. Result and discussion
Observations were made in Khorezm
oasis in 2020-2022. From the second half of May,
L. tetraphylla began to fly actively. In early spring
(March-April), we also observed species such as, C.
erythraea (Morton, 1920), O. albistylum (Selys,
1848), O. cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758) O.
brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837), S. paedisca
(Brauer, 1877), S. gobica (Foerster, 1900), I.
elegans (VanderLinden, 1820), which belong to the
genera Crocothemis, Orthetrum, Sympecma,
Ischnura. Researches were conducted in 3 sites of
the region and one site of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan.
Loc: 1. More than 10 visits were made to
this area during the years 2020-2021-2022, and the
species was recorded as follows - 16.VI.2020, 1♀♀.
28.VI.2020 5-8 (image). 22.V.2021, 2♂♂.
06.VI.2021 2♂♂, 3♀♀, 17.VI.2021, 10+
25.V.2022, 4+ (imago, flying) 30.V.2022
5+(imago, flying), 18.VI .2022 12+ (flying, mating
pairs) (table 1).
Since these lands are mainly the slopes of
Amudarya, small ponds have formed from
underground water. The water is warm and salty,
rich in algae. But we could not find larvae of L.
tetraphylla. In the process of hunting, we even
witnessed them feeding on large species of wasps
(vespidae). A species of L. tetraphylla flew to the
artificial light at night (16.VI.2020, 1♀♀.) Also
European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) was
observed to feed on L. tetraphylla (18.VI.2022)
Loc: 2. All sides of the lake surrounded
by thick reed beds, rich in waterfowl. Here, during
our visit, we observed imagos actively hunting and
breeding. 20.VI.2020, 1♀♀ (hunting time).
29.V.2021 2 ♂♂♀♀ (mating time). 18.VI.2022,
2♂♂ (hunting time). 01.VII.2022 2 ♂♂, 3♀♀
(flying time, observed on the shore of the lake).
Loc: 3. We visited this area 4 times during
2020-2021, and we managed to record the species
during 3 observations. The researched area is river
banks and water basin surroundings. 22. VI. 2020 2
♂♂, 2♀♀ (flying time), 22.VI.2021 1♀♀ (became
known at night, artificial light). 18. VI. 2022. 2 ♀♀
(near river), 22.VI.2021. 1 ♂♂ (flying time). Also
in this area, in the second half of June, it was noted
that one male imago flew to an artificial light at
night.
Loc: 4. The slopes of Amudarya are
considered to be made up of groves. The number of
visits to the area since early spring is 20. VI. 2020 2
♂♂ (flying), 09.VI. 2021 2 ♂♂, 1♀♀ (hunting time,
mating pairs). 18.VII.2021. 2 ♂♂ (flying time).
According to the results of phenological
observations, the species L. tetraphylla belongs to
the group of spring-summer species, and its flight
activity starts from the last ten days of May and ends
at the end of July. By the middle of June, it actively
hunts in the afternoon - at night (2 photos).
International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
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Volume 1, 2023
Figure 2. In the Amudarya Biosphere Reserve, L. tetraphylla (1♀♀) coming to artificial light at
night (the author of the photo is Bekchanova M. 22.VI.2021, the photo was taken using the RED mi, note
9s device).
According to phenological analysis, this
species was observed in the Khorezm oasis from the
3rd decade of May to the last ten days of July. (3
pictures). The period with the highest number of
species corresponded to the second decade of June.
Figure 3 . Phenological analysis of the species L. tetraphylla
4. Discussion
According to the results of studies, we can see that
populations of L. tetraphylla species are widely
distributed throughout the orchards of the Khorezm
oasis located in the north-western part of
Uzbekistan. In the Fergana Valley of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, particularly, Andijan region
(Ulughnor, Boz, Baliqchi, Izboskan, Pakhtaabad,
Marhamat, Khojaabad, Kurgantepa districts,
Andijan, Asaka and Khanabad cities), Fergana
region (Kuva, Yozyovon districts, Fergana city),
Namangan region (Namangan, Chortoq,
Mingbulok), during 2017-2020, materials were
0
5
10
15
20
25
May 1-10 May 11-20 May
21-31
June 1-10 June 11-20 June
21-30
July 1-10 July 11-20 July
21-30
Observed species
International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
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Volume 1, 2023
collected for the study of dragonflies scattered in
large riverbeds and their surrounding channels,
ditches and collectors. The species L. tetraphylla is
not mentioned in the species composition of
dragonflies in these research works (Zokirova,
2021.).
The Fergana Valley is located between
the mountains in Central Asia, is one of the large
mountain ranges (valleys) of Central Asia. It is
surrounded by the Tianshan mountain range in the
north and the Hisar Aloy mountain range in the
south. It is mainly located in the Republic of
Uzbekistan, partly in the territory of the Republics
of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Its wide part is in the
shape of a triangle, extending to the northern slopes
of the Turkestan and Aloy ridges, to the east. It is
surrounded by the Kurama and Chatkal ridges from
the west, and the Fergana ridge from the northeast.
In terms of climate and natural geographical
structure, it differs sharply from the regions of the
Khorezm oasis. Most studies have identified this
species as a species adapted to living in plains and
desert, semi-desert areas (Walker and Pittaway,
1987). The areas under our observation consist
mainly of dark turangil and tugai forests. They were
found mainly breeding and hunting. Exuviums were
not found in our observations. According to the
literature, it was mentioned that the L. tetraphylla
species migrates to places several kilometers away
from the water bodies where it was released. In
some literature (Lohmann, 1992), L. tetraphylla
species is mentioned as a river species, while in
some literature, it is said that it is found on the
shores of lakes. A number of studies have been
conducted in Mediterranean lakes and in Southern
Europe. According to this, it was mentioned that
this species appeared in artificial reservoirs with
concrete stone shores (Kalkman & Van Pelt, 2006)
Belančić et al. (2008) described the habitat of the
species as mostly natural in Croatia. In the Khorezm
oasis, most of the populations are located in natural
areas. We did not record L. tetraphylla species,
although other species were found in areas close to
residential areas, and in areas close to agro-
landscape areas. If we conclude from this, cattle
breeding, farming in the natural protected areas, and
human exploitation of undeveloped lands can cause
the reduction of the range of Lindenia tetraphylla
species. Our future work is to monitor this species
on a national scale.
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Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
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International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Development
DOI: 10.37394/232033.2023.1.2
Akhmedova Mohkira Shavkatovna,
Medetov Maxset Japakovich,
Ikram Abdullaev Iskandarovich,
Doschanova Manzura Babajanovna,
Doschanov Jalolbek Saparboyevich
E-ISSN: 2945-1159
17
Volume 1, 2023