Numerical Simulations for Electro-Osmotic Blood Flow of Magnetic
Sutterby Nanofluid with Modified Darcy's Law
NOURREDDINE SFINA1, M. G. IBRAHIM2*
1College of Sciences and Arts in Mahayel Asir, Department of Physics,
King Khalid University,
Abha,
SAUDI ARABIA
2Basic and Applied Science Department,
International Academy for Engineering and Media Science,
EGYPT
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - Owing to the considerable significance of the combination of modified law of Darcy and electric
fields in biomedicine applications like drug design, and pumping of blood in heart and lung devices; so, numerical
and physiological analysis on electro-osmotic peristaltic pumping of magnetic Sutterby Nanofluid is considered.
Such a fluid model has not been studied before in peristaltic. The applied system of differential equations is
obtained by using controls of low Reynolds number and long wavelength. Simulations for a given system are
counted using two high-quality techniques, the Finite difference technique (FDM) and the Generalized Differential
transform method (Generalized DTM). Vital physical parameters effects on the profiles of velocity, temperature,
and Nanoparticle concentration have schemed in two different states of Sutterby fluid, the first is dilatant fluid at
and Pseudo plastic fluid at . A comparison between the prior results computed by FDM and
Generalized-DTM and literature results are given in nearest published results have been made, and found to be
excellent. The discussion puts onward a crucial observation, that the velocity of blood flow can be organized by
adaptable magnetic field strength. A drug delivery system is considered one of the significant applications of such a
fluid model.
Key-Words: - MHD, Peristalsis, Sutterby fluid, electro-osmosis, FDM; Generalized-DTM, Wolfram
Mathematica13.1.1.
Received: November 24, 2022. Revised: September 9, 2023. Accepted: October 18, 2023. Published: November 20, 2023.
1 Introduction
Nowadays, non-Newtonian fluid has a vital role in
many engineering processes and physiological
applications as the modelers, physicians, engineers,
and academic's interested. Sutterby fluid is a sub-
class of non-Newtonian fluid and it's considered a
framework that demonstrates dilute polymer
solutions and is utilized to investigate the properties
of rheological of numerous materials, [1]. In the flow
of the boundary layer, The study, [2], scrutinized the
mixed convection of heat transfer in an eccentric
annulus. In peristaltic flow, [3], addressed the effects
of chemical reactions on Sutterby fluid in the
presence of exploration and transportation properties.
The authors in, [4], [5], introduce a new mechanism
of the peristaltic model of non-Newtonian fluid with
radiative heat transfer. All published research in this
area has emphasized the importance of Sutterby fluid
flow, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].
Huge popularity in the 1990s has been ongoing
towards a new area called Electro-osmotic flow
because of its vital paramount role in medicine and
Biomedicine. Strong thumps utilized in
electroporation are used to advance the insertion of
DNA into cell nuclei and drugs into tumors, [7]. The
study, [8], studied a Bio-rheological fluid in a
uniform channel in the presence of the influence of
electroosmosis. The study, [9], elucidates a Bingham
fluid flow under electroosmosis effects in a
symmetric channel, they found that the fluid velocity
distribution and temperature are increasing functions
in the electroosmosis parameter. The study, [10],
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on FLUID MECHANICS
DOI: 10.37394/232013.2023.18.15
Nourreddine Sfina, M. G. Ibrahim
E-ISSN: 2224-347X
146
Volume 18, 2023
addressed the influence of the electro-magneto-
hydrodynamic fluid flow in the presence of wall slip
effects. Many vital applications of electroosmosis can
be found in, [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17],
[18], [19], [20].
The main idea of Dray's law started in the
eighteenth century exactly 1865 by, [21], [22],
Darcy's law or Darcy's equation is a constitutive
equation derived from a physical phenomenon that
designates the fluid flow concludes a porous
medium. Henry Darcy's Law in the eighteenth
century was constructed on the results of experiments
on the flow of water concluded a sand medium. In
addition, they form the scientific basis for fluid
permeability utilized in earth sciences, expressly in
hydrogeology. Darcy's law has many applications,
one of them is the flow of water in an aquifer.
Conservation of mass equation due to Darcy's law in
the case of equals the groundwater flow equation,
which is one of the important associations in
hydrogeology. In addition, Darcy's Law is utilized to
designate the flows of oil, water, and gas concluded
oil. The study, [23], studied the entropy generation
effects of the MHD flow of Jeffery fluid in the
presence of Darcy. The study, [24], scrutinized the
improved Darcy’s law in peristaltic transport. There
are many applicants of Darcy law in the nearest
published papers, for more information, [25].
The generalized method of differential
transform method is a highly accurate technique
introduced in the last years of the last century by,
[26]. In fluid mechanics, many investigations use the
algorithms of generalized DTM to get a highly
verified result for fluid models, [27], [28], [29], [30],
[31], [32], [33], [34], [35]. To get the numerical and
graphical results, FDM and generalized DTM are
used. The numerical results show that there is a good
agreement between the prior results and existing
published results by results by, [4]. By the above-
mentioned studies, the main paper aims to introduce
the electro-osmotic effects on MHD Sutterby in the
case of modified Darcy's law. Three cases in our
study have been mentioned concerning the
characteristics of the proposed model. 1st order
chemical reactions and thermal radiation influences,
appear in our modeling discussion. The effects of
numerous non-dimensionless parameters of concern
are obtainable through graphs and tables.
Biomedicine interpretations of the obtainable results
are thoroughly debated, and the vital conclusions are
then abstracted.
2 Model Form
The electroosmosis and generalized Darcy law are
elucidated on peristaltic pumps of Sutterby fluid, in a
channel width concluded. The propagating
wave velocity is denoted by 󰇛󰇜 and magnetic ()
field to the walls of channel, (Figure 1).
Fig. 1: Electroosmosis physical fluid model
󰇛󰇜󰇣
󰇛󰇜󰇤
Upper wall (1)
󰇛󰇜󰇣
󰇛
󰇜󰇤 Lower wall (2)
Here, phase () difference, the wave 󰇛󰇜 length,
the amplitudes () waves, width () mean,
the range of between 󰇛󰇜, and 󰇛), all of these
contents are satisfying the following, [25]:
󰇛󰇜 (3)
󰇛󰇜 can be expressed by, [4]
󰇣󰇛󰇗󰇜
󰇗󰇤, (4)
󰇗

󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜, viscosity (), material.
So, the fluid model is proposed as follows, [3], [4],
[5], [6], [32], [33], [34]:




, (5)
The momentum equation:
󰇣





󰇤







󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰇜
󰇛󰇜, (6)
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Volume 18, 2023
󰇣





󰇤







, (7)
The heat equation
󰇛󰇜󰇣





󰇤󰇡



󰇢
󰇛󰇜󰇡


 



󰇢󰇛󰇜
󰇡

󰇢
󰇡

󰇢
󰇡


󰇢,
(8)
The Nanoparticle concentration equation
󰇣





󰇤󰇡


󰇢
󰇡
󰇢󰇡


󰇢󰇛󰇜 (9)
Sutterby model components are proposed as, [1], [2],
[3], [4], [5]:

󰇡

󰇢󰇡



󰇢
󰇡

󰇢󰇡

󰇢, (10)

󰇡

󰇢󰇡



󰇢
󰇡

󰇢󰇡



󰇢, (11)

󰇡

󰇢󰇡



󰇢
󰇡

󰇢󰇡

󰇢, (12)
is the Darcy components in the
axis.

 󰇣󰇛󰇗󰇜
󰇗󰇤
, (13)
The 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇜velocity, electrical
() conductivity material (
) time derivative,
thermal () conductivity, fluid () density axially-
applied electric () field, pressure 󰇛󰇜, extra stress
tensor, and Darcy () resistance. The wave frame
󰇛󰇜 is presented as: 
󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜, the non-dimensional
quantities 








, 
 
.
Using the non-dimensional quantities and dropping
bars, we will get the following governing model:

 
 󰇡
 󰇢


 󰇡
󰇢 (14)

, (15)
󰇡
󰇢󰇡
󰇢󰇡

󰇢󰇡
󰇢󰇡
󰇢󰇡
󰇢,
(16)

, (17)
 󰇡
󰇢
. (18)
Eliminating the pressure in Eqs. (14), and (15).
󰇧󰇡
󰇢
󰇨



 󰇡
󰇢


, (19)
The Reynolds (
) number, wave (
) number, Brownian (󰇛󰇜
) motion
parameter, Eckert (
󰇛

󰇜) number, Prandtl
(
) number, Brinkman () number,
thermophoresis (󰇛

󰇜
) parameter,
chemical (
) reaction parameter, Hartmann
(
) number, local thermal (
󰇛󰇜
󰇛

󰇜
 ) Grashof number, local
nanoparticle (
󰇛

󰇜
 ) Grashof
number, Sutterby (

) fluid parameter,
Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (
 ) velocity,
electro-osmotic (

) parameter.
Using the convenient/appropriate conditions.

  󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜, (20)
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Volume 18, 2023

  󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜, (21)
The dimensional time mean flow rate, in the
libratory frame, is related to through the relation,
[24] . (22)
3 Analytics and Results
This section is introduced to view the graphical
results and presents a numerical comparison table,
firstly the verifications of results are offered and then
analytics of results are proposed as follows:
3.1 Verifications of Results
To obtain the verifications of numerical results, we
putand , and
then compute the results of distributions of velocity
and temperature. Finite difference and Generalized-
DTM technique are used to get the results of the
model offered by, [5], to verify the solutions through
Table 1 and found to be good in solution errors .
3.2 Discussion of Results
A numerical study of the electro-osmotic effects on
MHD Sutterby fluid in the presence of generalized
Darcy's law is portrayed/computed in this section.
Generalized DTM is utilized in computing the
graphical results. All graphical results are computed
in different two cases, the first of them in the case of
dilatant fluid, and the second in the case of non-
Newtonian fluid. The fluid distributions are
visualized versus a different value of physical
parameters of interest through, Figure 2, Figure 3,
Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8,
Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13,
Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure
18, Figure 19.
The axial (󰇛󰇜) velocity of the fluid is displayed
explicitly against local thermal (()) Grashof,
electro-osmotic 󰇛󰇜 parameter, Helmholtz-
Smoluchowski 󰇛󰇜 velocity, Darcy 󰇛󰇜 number,
and Sutterby 󰇛󰇜 fluid parameter through Figure 2,
Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6. Firstly, Figure
2 displays growths in axial (󰇛󰇜) velocity in the left-
hand side, though it declines in the right-hand side
for the cases of dilatant and Pseudo-plastic fluids.
Substantially, the local thermal (()) Grashof
parameter is definite as the ratio of viscous force and
buoyancy force, a rising in designates a larger
buoyancy force. It's depicted in Figure 3, and Figure
4 that a growth in 󰇛󰇜 and 󰇛󰇜 declines the axial
velocity in the left-hand side while the reverse
influences are realized in the right-hand side.
Physically, the Maximum acceleration of velocity in
the region of the walls with rising at the non-variant
pressure gradient, whereas, very small acceleration in
the center part of the wall is illustrious, accurate, and
truthful similar in, [12].
Table 1. Comparisons of velocity and temperature
distributions by different mathematical methods at
and .
󰇛󰇜
[5]
󰇛󰇜
Genera
lized-
DTM
󰇛󰇜
FDM
󰇛󰇜
General
ized-
DTM
󰇛󰇜
FDM
-
1.4
-1
-1
-1
1
1
-
1.1
3
-
0.5250
18241
-
0.5250
18763
-
0.5250
18241
1.2697
30534
1.2697
30140
-
0.8
59
-
0.2412
12292
-
0.2412
12893
-
0.2412
12292
1.2678
60645
1.2678
60243
-
0.5
89
-
0.0988
39088
-
0.0988
39934
-
0.0988
39088
1.1231
44736
1.1231
44163
-
0.3
19
-
0.0587
28965
-
0.0587
28893
-
0.0587
28965
0.9046
07273
0.9046
07864
-
0.0
49
-
0.0936
84665
-
0.0936
84234
-
0.0936
84665
0.6582
24984
0.6582
24308
0.2
20
-
0.1864
79876
-
0.1864
79873
-
0.1864
79876
0.4203
74254
0.4203
74954
0.4
90
-
0.3271
10576
-
0.3271
10823
-
0.3271
10576
0.2208
97647
0.2208
97887
0.7
60
-
0.5105
25273
-
0.5105
25874
-
0.5105
25273
0.0913
89547
0.0913
89974
1.0
30
-
0.7348
83674
-
0.7348
98303
-
0.7348
83674
0.0109
402435
0.0109
40746
1.3
-1
-1
-1


2.19

Afterward 󰇛󰇜 means the ratio of Debye
thickness number to the width of the channel,
 influences on velocity (󰇛󰇜) profile is sketched
for common geometries of flow. It is publicized that
the axial (󰇛󰇜) velocity expressively decreases at
the left region of the flow channel and its growths in
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Volume 18, 2023
the right side of the flow channel at high values of
 (at). It's seen from Figure 5 that
the axial (󰇛󰇜) velocity neighboring the channel
walls is measured as a diminishing function in
whilst in the center of the flexible channel opposite
behavior is noted in the case of dilatant and Pseudo-
plastic fluids (sight effects can be visualized on the
right-hand side of the channel more clearly). It's
portrayed in Figure 6 that the fluid velocity declines
as the pseudoplastic () parameter.
Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution of fluid is
demonstrated graphically against parameters
Brinkman () number, Darcy () number,
thermophoresis () parameter electro-osmotic ()
parameter and Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity
parameter  through Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9,
Figure 10, Figure 11. It’s found in Figure 7 that the
temperature distribution has dual phenomena with a
raise in that's mean, higher values of advances
the fluid temperature near right-wall temporarily
rises 󰇛󰇜 advances heat transfer. Contrariwise near
the left wall improves as󰇛󰇜reduces. Growth in
causes a growth in the distribution of temperature as
seen in Figure 8 (at). Figure 9, Figure
10, Figure 11 displays that the temperature (󰇛󰇜)
distribution is a growing function in 󰇛󰇜 󰇛󰇜
and󰇛󰇜. Physically, increases in and  and
produce high temperature. and  positive value
inhibits the thermal diffusion and momentum
diffusion whilst and  negative value generates
thermal diffusion causing an advancement in
temperature distribution, exactly and accurately like
in, [5].
Concentration 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜 distribution of fluid is
established against Brinkman () number, Darcy
() number, thermophoresis () parameter, electro-
osmotic () parameter, and Helmholtz-
Smoluchowski () velocity parameter in Figure
12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16. It's
found from Figure 12 that the nanoparticle 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜
concentration has a dual phenomenon in case of
advance in󰇛󰇜. The distribution of nanoparticle
concentration decreases with larger values of 󰇛󰇜
at󰇟󰇠, at the same time as the
conflicting performance can be imagined at
󰇟󰇠 Concentration 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜 distribution is
measured as a declining function in 󰇛󰇜 as
publicized in Figure 13. Figure 14, Figure 15 and
Figure 16 portrayed that the concentration 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜
distribution decays in growth in 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜 and 󰇛󰇜
accurately and truthful as in, [11]. Physically,
decreases in (󰇜 (󰇜 and (󰇜 assembly a
distinguished decrease in fluid 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜 concentration
while decreasing in velocity leads to significant
improvement in Nano-particle 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜
concentrations. Consequently, the direction of the
axial electric field.
Shear stress distribution amplitude of fluid
󰇛󰇜is confirmed graphically against the electro-
osmotic () parameter, Darcy () number,
Hartmann () number, and Brownian () motion
parameter in Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19. Wall
shear 󰇛󰇜 stress had publicized that the periodic
vibrations are similar to the wall geometries owing to
the oscillatory nature of the channel walls. Similarly,
we have observed that the non-uniform parameters
grew as a reduction in wall shear 󰇛󰇜 stress
oscillatory behavior. It's detected from Figure 17 and
Figure 18 that the wall shear stress distribution
increases with an increasing magnitude of and .
In addition, Figure 19 shows that stress tensor
increasingly functions in Hartmann number.
Fig. 2: Velocity (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
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Fig. 3: Velocity (󰇛󰇜) distribution against
Fig. 4: Velocity (󰇛󰇜) distribution against 
Fig. 5: Velocity (󰇛󰇜) distribution against
Fig. 6: Velocity (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
Fig. 7: Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
Fig. 8: Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
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Fig. 9: Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution against.
Fig. 10: Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
Fig. 11: Temperature (󰇛󰇜) distribution against.
Fig. 12: Concentration (󰇛󰇜) distribution against.
Fig. 13: Concentration (󰇛󰇜) distribution against.
Fig. 14: Concentration (󰇛󰇜) distribution against.
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Fig. 15: Concentration (󰇛󰇜) distribution against .
Fig. 16: Concentration (󰇛󰇜) distribution against
.
Fig. 17: Shear () stress profile versus .
Fig. 18: Shear () stress profile versus.
Fig. 19: Shear () stress profile versus .
6 Conclusion
Peristaltic pumping of Sutterby fluid in the presence
of generalized Darcy's law in an asymmetric channel
is deliberated. Results for axial 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜 velocity,
temperature󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜, and concentration󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜
distribution are obtained as a series. The proposed
investigation might imply consideration of the blood
in cardiovascular system Dynamics. The key results
of the presented fluid model are ordered as follows:
The profile of Shear 󰇛󰇜 stress grows in the
case of high values of () and (), the
influences become more sight in the dilatant fluid
than Pseudo-plastic fluid.
Wall shear 󰇛󰇜 stress distribution is considered
as a reduction in () and (), the behavior
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becomes more sight in the dilatant fluid than in
Pseudo-plastic fluid.
A growth in  tends to an intensification in
the temperature profile.
Sutterby fluid parameter declines 󰇛󰇛󰇜󰇜 at the
core part of the channel whilst, it increases the
velocity distribution at the sides of the channel.
Brinkman number has a dual role phenomenon
on the distributions of temperature and
concentration.
Acknowledgments:
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship
of Scientific Research at King Khalid University
(Abha, Saudi Arabia) for funding this work through
the Research Groups Program under grant number
(RGP.2/60/44).
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship
of Scientific Research at King Khalid University
(Abha, Saudi Arabia) for funding this work through
the Research Groups Program under grant number
(RGP.2/60/44).
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
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Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
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