Determinants That Influence The Performance of Employees in The
Labor Sector
MOCHAMAD SOELTON1, SUBUR KARYATUN2, IRFAN NOVIANDY AULIA1, PERNANDO
PERNANDO1, RIZMA UTAMI1, NICO ALEXANDER VIZANO1, HASAN NURYADI1
1Management Department, Faculty of Economic and Business,
Universitas Mercu Buana,
Jl. Meruya Selatan No. 1, Meruya, Kembangan, Jakarta Barat 11650,
INDONESIA
2Management Department, Faculty of Economic and Business,
Universitas Nasional,
Jl. Sawo Manila No.1 Pejaten, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Barat 11470,
INDONESIA
*Corresponding author
Abstract: - This research aims to determine the influence of the work environment and self-control on
cyberloafing behavior which is mediated by work stress. The independent variable consists of work
environment and self-control and the dependent variable is Cyberloafing while the intervening variable is
work stress. The population in this study were employees of PT. Victory Chingluh Indonesia Sewing
division, totaling 66 employees and the sample used was 66 employees of the Sewing division. Data
analysis techniques used in this research include outer model testing (Convergent Validity, Discriminant
Validity, Average Variance Extracted, Composite Reliability), inner model hypothesis testing (R square
value, Goodness of Fit Model, bootstrapping). Data collection was carried out by distributing
questionnaires to employees and processed using SmartPLS 3.0. The research results show that the work
environment has a positive and significant effect on cyberloafing behavior. Self-Control has a negative and
significant effect on Cyberloafing behavior. The work environment has a negative and significant effect on
work stress. Self-Control has a negative and significant influence on Job Stress. Job Stress has a positive
and significant effect on Cyberloafing behavior. Self-Control is unable to mediate the influence of Job
Stress on Cyberloafing behavior. The work environment is unable to mediate the influence of work stress
on cyberloafing behavior.
Key-Words: - Work Environment, Self Control, Work Stress. Cyberloafing
Received: April 11, 2023. Revised: April 16, 2024. Accepted: May 11, 2024. Published: June 10, 2024.
1 Introduction
In recent years, the misuse of internet access
by organizational workers has garnered
significant attention from researchers.
According to [1], [2], the importance of
Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) innovation, especially the internet and all
connected devices, is clearly evident in the
current association. The internet is expected to
further develop employee performance,
enhance productivity, and streamline
information flow with all operational processes
that can be integrated into the organization, [2],
[3]. Simultaneously, simple internet access and
excessive internet use complicate daily
workplace behaviors, slowing down various
activities leading to decreased efficiency. As
an illustration of such counterproductive
Financial Engineering
DOI: 10.37394/232032.2024.2.11
Mochamad Soelton, Subur Karyatun,
Irfan Noviandy Aulia, Pernando Pernando,
Rizma Utami, Nico Alexander Vizano, Hasan Nuryadi
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behavior, cyberloafing is characterized as the
use of internet access for personal purposes
during working hours, [4].
According to the We Are Social report, there
were 204.7 million internet users in Indonesia
as of January 2022. This number slightly
increased by 1.03% compared to the previous
year. In January 2021, the number of internet
users in the country was recorded at 202.6
million. The trend of internet user numbers in
Indonesia has been continuously increasing
over the past five years. Compared to 2018, the
current national internet user count has
increased by 54.25%. Meanwhile, the internet
penetration rate in Indonesia reached 73.7% of
the total population at the beginning of 2022. It
is noted that the total population of Indonesia
amounted to 277.7 million people in January
2022. In 2018, the internet penetration rate in
Indonesia was only 50% of the total
population. This indicates that the national
internet penetration rate has increased
significantly in recent years. [4], [5].
In the APJII survey, or the Association of
Internet Service Providers in Indonesia (2019-
2020 (Q2)), it was also stated that there was a
significant increase in internet usage compared
to the previous year. The survey results
indicated an internet usage percentage of
73.7%, experiencing a growth of 8.9%
compared to 2018, which was 64.8%.
Moreover, in the current pandemic era, which
demands almost all activities to be conducted
online, the massive use of the internet,
including by employees in the workplace, is
inevitable.
To strengthen this research and to identify the
variables influencing cyberloafing behavior in
the Sewing Division, the author conducted a
pre-survey involving 30 employees by
administering questionnaires to gather
information or phenomena existing in the
company. Regarding the work environment
variable, it can be observed that the work
environment triggers cyberloafing behavior.
This is caused by adequate wifi facilities and
an uncomfortable working atmosphere, leading
employees to engage in cyberloafing activities.
Furthermore, regarding the self-control
variable, the responses provided by the
respondents indicate a tendency to violate rules
when their coworkers are violating them,
which can also trigger cyberloafing behavior.
Studies by [6], [7], concluded that burnout, a
condition where employees can no longer
affect their emotions, thought processes, and
conditions while performing their jobs. There
are three ways to measure burnout: exhaustion,
indicated by prolonged physical, mental, and
emotional exhaustion; cynicism, indicated by
cynical attitudes and a tendency to distance
oneself from the work environment; and
inefficacy, indicated by feelings of
powerlessness and the perception that every
task assigned feels burdensome. Burnout can
lead to psychological and physical imbalance.
An individual's ability to cope with stress
determines their response to stress. Decreased
productivity, increased absenteeism, higher
health insurance costs, decreased work quality
and efficiency, as well as a decreased desire to
change jobs and lower performance levels are
known as burnout, greatly affecting employee
performance and can lead to regression if not
promptly addressed, [7].
Role responsibility is one form of work stress
experienced by many millennial employees as
they start their careers. This pressure is related
to the responsibilities given to them as part of
an organization [8]. Tight deadlines cause this
work pressure. However, changes in
requirements often occur. Secondly,
interpersonal demands cause this work stress,
as well as pressure from other coworkers [4],
[9], [10]. Work stress occurs because the
workload is too heavy, there is boredom with
routine tasks, and employees often experience
difficulties in their work. High levels of stress
will drive employees to seek stress reduction,
one of which is cyberloafing. dengan perilaku
Cyberloafing [11], [12], [13].
2 Literature Review and Hypotheses
The Relationship between Work
Environment and Cyberloafing Behavior:
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According to research conducted by [9], [11],
it was found that the work environment has a
positive and significant influence on
cyberloafing behavior. The environment of
employees that can affect them in carrying out
tasks such as temperature, humidity,
ventilation, lighting, noise, workplace
cleanliness, and the adequacy of work
equipment. The work environment can be
interpreted as the overall tools faced, the
surrounding environment where an employee
works, the method of work, as well as its
influence both as an individual and as a group.
[22], [24], [25].
H1: The work environment has a positive
influence on Cyberloafing Behavior.
The Relationship between Self-Control and
Cyberloafing Behavior
According to research by [2], [50], it was
found that self-control has a negative and
significant influence on cyberloafing behavior.
Low self-control is characterized by
individuals who tend to have a "here and now"
orientation. One factor that can influence
cyberloafing behavior is self-control [30], [50].
H2: Self-control has a negative influence on
Cyberloafing Behavior.
The Relationship between Work
Environment and Work Stress,
According to the study conducted by [3], [4],
[9], [11], it is shown that the work environment
has a positive and significant influence on
work stress behavior. The environment of
employees that can affect them in carrying out
tasks such as temperature, humidity,
ventilation, lighting, noise, workplace
cleanliness, and the adequacy of work
equipment. The work environment can be
interpreted as the overall tools faced, the
surrounding environment where an employee
works, the method of work, as well as its
influence both as an individual and as a group,
[38], [39], [40].
H3: The work environment has a positive
influence on Work Stress.
The Relationship between Self-Control and
Work Stress
According to the study conducted by [3], [10],
[32], [35] it is shown that there is a significant
negative influence between self-control and
work stress. Low self-control is characterized
by individuals who tend to have a "here and
now" orientation. One factor that can influence
work stress behavior is self-control. When
individuals experience pressure or tension in
their work and work environment, they
respond negatively and feel burdened in
completing their obligations, [46], [47].
H4: Self-control has a negative influence on
Work Stress.
The Relationship between Work Stress and
Cyberloafing
According to the study conducted [3], [9], [10],
[11], [21], [23], [35] it is shown that there is a
significant positive influence between work
stress and cyberloafing. When individuals
experience pressure or tension in their work
and work environment, they respond
negatively and feel burdened in completing
their obligations.
H5: Work Stress has a significant positive
influence on Cyberloafing.
The Relationship between the Influence of
Work Stress on the Work Environment
According to [3], [10], [14], [21], it is stated
that the work environment has a negative
influence on work stress. Work stress creates
an imbalance between physical and
psychological aspects that affect emotions,
thought processes, and an individual's
condition. Meanwhile, [4], [9], [11], explain
that work stress is a condition where
individuals experience pressure or tension in
their work and work environment, causing
them to respond negatively and feel burdened
in completing their obligations. Therefore, the
hypothesis to be developed in this study is:
H6: Work Stress Mediates the Influence of the
Work Environment on Cyberloafing.
The Relationship between the Influence of
Work Stress on Self-Control
According to the research conducted by [4],
[9], [11], there is a relationship between self-
control and work stress with cyberloafing
Financial Engineering
DOI: 10.37394/232032.2024.2.11
Mochamad Soelton, Subur Karyatun,
Irfan Noviandy Aulia, Pernando Pernando,
Rizma Utami, Nico Alexander Vizano, Hasan Nuryadi
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behavior. When individuals experience
pressure or tension in their work and work
environment, they respond negatively and feel
burdened in.
3 Methods of Research
To commence, the research began by
identifying issues within the research setting,
formulating research questions, and developing
basic theories to establish a foundation for each
variable. Therefore, purposive sampling, which
entails selecting samples based on specific
criteria, was utilized as the sampling method in
this study. This study employed a quantitative
approach, and the questionnaire method
utilized Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
methodology. The research involved 66
employees in the Sewing Division. Both
primary and secondary data were collected
through an online questionnaire using a Likert
scale. Items for each variable (independent,
mediation, and dependent variables) were
adapted from previous studies [2], [4], [7],
[11], with slight modifications.
Validity and reliability tests were conducted
before the questionnaire was used. Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied in
econometric and psychometric insights in
social science studies as it can test additive
models and theoretically validate them [15],
[16].
completing their obligations, [45], [48].
H7: Work Stress Mediates Self-Control on
Cyberloafing.
Furthermore, PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square
Structural Equation Modeling) is a data
analysis method based on the Covariance
Approach SEM (CB-SEM) and Partial Least
Square-SEM (PLS-SEM), which have
strengths and weaknesses, particularly in terms
of statistical assumptions and fit generated.
CB-SEM has several limitations and only
adheres to specific criteria: 1) the sample must
be large, 2) the data must be normally
distributed, 3) the construct indicators must be
reflective, and 4) trigger factors (errors) caused
by the program's inability to provide results
due to unidentified models [17], [18].
Therefore, these limitations can be overcome
with Partial Least Square-SEM (PLS-SEM), a
development of complex cause-and-effect
model relationships with latent variables.
Additionally, it is robust or immune to
multivariate statistical statistics,
simultaneously handling multiple response and
explanatory variables [19].
4 Results and Discussion
The results of data processing, [32], [33], in
Table 1, showed that out of 66 respondents,
there were 41 (62.1%) males and 25 (37.9%)
females. The majority of respondents, namely
5 (7.6%), were the ages of <20, while 23
(34.8%) were between 21 to 30, while 7
(10,6%) were the age of 31 to 40, while 20
(30,3%) were the age of 41 to 50, and 11
(16,7%) were the age of >51. Regarding the
level of education, as many as 19 (28.8%)
respondents had completed the Senior High
School, while 31 (47.0%) had an S1 level,
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while 16 (24.2%) had an S2 level. In terms of
work experience, the highest number of
respondents, 26 (39.4%), had a working time
of 3-5 years, while 3 (4.5%) had a recent
length of service <1 years. In the Table 2
(Model Goodness of Fit), look at the tested R-
Square (Goodness of Fit/GoF) in (R2). the
right way to assess this type using PLS, R2
should be observed for each latent variable that
has been allocated, [15], [16], [17].
Table 1. Respondents’ characteristics
No
Gender
Education
Working Period
1
Male = 41 (62,1%)
SMA/SMK = 19
(28,8%)
1-3 = 26 (39.4%)
2
Female = 25 (37,9%)
S1 = 31 (47.0%)
3-5 = 3 (4.5%)
3
S2 = 16 (24.2%)
5,1-7 = 14 (51,3%)
4
7,1-10 = 20 (25,0%)
5
>10 = 3 (1,3%)
Sources: Process Data,
If the AVE score is higher than 0.50, then the
variable is considered valid. If the Cronbach
Alpha score is higher than 0.70, then the
variable is considered reliable [18], [19]. Table
2 shows those scores. In the structural model,
the estimated values of path relationships must
be significant. The significance value of this
hypothesis can be obtained through
bootstrapping procedures. The coefficient
parameter values and the significance values of
the T-statistic in the bootstrapping report
algorithm can be observed. The T-table can be
consulted to determine significance, with an
alpha of 0.05 (5%) = 1.96. Then, the T-table is
compared with the T-value, or T-statistic.
It is concluded that the square root of the
average variance extracted (√(AVE)) for each
construct is greater than the correlation
between constructs within the model. Based on
the values in the table above, it can be
concluded that the constructs in the estimated
model meet the criteria for discriminant
validity. The results of testing composite
reliability and Cronbach's alpha show
satisfactory values, as all latent variables have
composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha
values ≥ 0.70. This means that all latent
variables are considered reliable. The structural
model indicates that the model for the
Cyberloafing and Work Stress variables can be
considered strong as they have values above
0.67. The model of the influence of
independent latent variables (self-control and
work environment) on Work Stress yields an
R-square value of 0.842, which can be
interpreted as indicating that 84.2% of the
variability in the Work Stress construct is
explained by the variability in the self-control
and work environment constructs, while 15.8%
is explained by other variables not examined.
Table 2. Model Goodness of Fit
Cronbach’s Alpha
rho A
Composite reliability
Average variance extracted
(AVE)
R-2
Work Stress
0.934
0.947
0.720
0.842
Work environment
0.900
0.923
0.666
-
Self-control
0.924
0.941
0.727
-
Cyberloafing
0.832
0.888
0.667
0.721
Cyberloafing has an R-Square value of
0.721, indicating that 72.1% of the variability
in the Cyberloafing construct is explained by
the variability in self-control, work
environment, and work stress constructs, while
27.9% is explained by other variables not
examined. The calculation results show a
predictive relevance value of 0.9592, which is
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greater than 0 (zero). This means that 95.92%
of Cyberloafing and Work Stress (dependent
variables) are explained by the independent
variables used. Thus, the model is deemed to
have relevant predictive value.
Table 3. Testing the Direct Effect and Mediating Test
Deskripsi
Original
Sampel
Standar
Deviation
T-Statistics
P Values
Remarks
Work environment
Cyberloafing
0.355
0.141
2.520
0.007
Positive –
Significant
Self-control
Cyberloafing
-0.428
0.120
3.560
0.000
Negative -
Significant
Work environment
Work Stress
-0.218
0.098
2.234
0.026
Negative -
Significant
Kontrol Diri
Work Stress
-0.441
0.111
3.958
0.000
Negative -
Significant
Work Stress
Cyberloafing
0.200
0.098
2.035
0.038
Positive –
Significant
Mediasi
Self-control
Work Stres
Cyberloafing
0.120
0.130
0.923
0.357
Unmediated
Work environment
Work Stres
Cyberloafing
0.036
0.046
0.791
0.429
Unmediated
Sumber : Output PLS, 2023
4 Discussion
4.1 The Influence of Work Environment on
Cyberloafing
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 2.520, an
original sample value of 0.355, and a P-value
of 0.007. The T-statistic value is greater than
the T-table value of 1.96, the original sample
value shows a positive value, and the P-value
is less than 0.05. These results indicate that the
work environment has a positive and
significant influence on cyberloafing. This
means that the stronger the work environment,
the higher the likelihood of cyberloafing
behavior. The work environment in this
company supports and the internet-connected
facilities facilitate employees to engage in
cyberloafing. The findings of this study
support the research conducted by, [2], [11],
[20], [26]. which found that Workload has an
influence on Cyberloafing.)
4.2 The Influence of Self-Control on
Cyberloafing
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 3.560, an
original sample value of -0.428, and a P-value
of 0.000. The T-statistic value is greater than
the T-table value of 1.96, the original sample
value shows a negative value, and the P-value
is less than 0.05. These results indicate that
self-control has a negative and significant
influence on cyberloafing. This is because
employees who have self-control abilities
while working tend to have good self-esteem
and pride in themselves, thus they do not have
the desire or intention to engage in
cyberloafing. The findings of this study
support the research conducted by [11], [27],
[29]. which found that work stress does not
have an influence on cyberloafing. This occurs
because employees are able to control the
stress they experience.
4.3 The Influence of Work Environment on
Work Stress
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 2.234, an
original sample value of -0.218, and a P-value
of 0.026. The T-statistic value is greater than
the T-table value of 1.96, the original sample
value shows a negative value, and the P-value
is less than 0.05. These results indicate that the
Work Environment has a negative and
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DOI: 10.37394/232032.2024.2.11
Mochamad Soelton, Subur Karyatun,
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Rizma Utami, Nico Alexander Vizano, Hasan Nuryadi
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significant influence on Work Stress. This is
because employees feel comfortable with the
work environment conditions in the company;
the environmental conditions are conducive to
their needs, and they do not feel disturbed
while working, thereby minimizing feelings of
boredom and stress among employees. The
findings of this study are consistent with the
research conducted [2], which found that there
is a direct, significant, and positive influence
between workload and burnout among
employees, [41], [42].
4.4 The Influence of Self-Control on Work
Stress
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 3.958, an
original sample value of -0.441, and a P-value
of 0.000. The T-statistic value is greater than
the T-table value of 1.96, the original sample
value shows a negative value, and the P-value
is less than 0.05. These results indicate that
self-control has a negative and significant
influence on work stress. This is because
employees who are able to manage their
behavior positively to achieve desired
standards are less likely to experience high
levels of worry and do not feel bored with
work routines. The findings of this study are
consistent with the research conducted by [11],
which found a significant direct influence
between Work Stress and Burnout, [31], [36],
[37].
4.5 The Influence of Work Stress on
Cyberloafing
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 2.035, an
original sample value of 0.200, and a P-value
of 0.038. The T-statistic value is greater than
the T-table value of 1.96, the original sample
value shows a positive value, and the P-value
is less than 0.05. These results indicate that
work stress has a positive and significant
influence on cyberloafing. This is because
cyberloafing is one way for employees to cope
with work stress. Work stress arises from the
ambiguity of what needs to be done to
complete the job, so employees alleviate stress
by accessing social media during working
hours. The findings of this study support the
research conducted [29], [43], found that
burnout has an influence on cyberloafing
among employees.
4.6 The influence of Self-Control on
Cyberloafing through Work Stress
Based on hypothesis testing in this study, the
results obtained a T-statistic value of 0.923, an
original sample value of 0.120, and a P-value
of 0.357. The T-statistic value is less than the
T-table value of 1.96, the original sample value
shows a positive value, and the P-value is
greater than 0.05. These results indicate that
Work Stress is unable to mediate the influence
of Self-Control on Cyberloafing. This means
that employees who have good self-control
will not engage in cyberloafing behavior even
if they do not experience work-related
boredom. The findings of this study are
consistent with previous research [2], [11],
which found that Burnout can mediate the
influence of workload on cyberloafing, [28].
4.7 The Influence of Work Environment on
Cyberloafing through Work Stress
Based on the hypothesis testing in this study,
the obtained T-statistic value is 0.791, the
original sample value is 0.036, and the P
Values is 0.429. The T-statistic value is less
than the T-table value of 1.96, the original
sample value indicates a positive value, and the
P Values is greater than 0.05. These results
indicate that Work Stress is unable to mediate
the influence of Work Environment on
Cyberloafing. This implies that a supportive
work environment may lead to cyberloafing
behavior regardless of whether employees feel
saturated with work routines or not. These
findings support previous research [2], [11],
that found Burnout mediates the influence of
Work Stress on Cyberloafing, [44], [49].
5 Conclusions
This study aims to analyze variables related to
the work environment, self-control, work
stress, and cyberloafing. The findings of this
research were obtained from a study conducted
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among employees. Based on the calculations in
this study, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
The work environment significantly influences
cyberloafing among employees, indicating that
a better work environment supports employees'
cyberloafing behavior. Self-control
significantly affects cyberloafing, meaning that
better self-control reduces employees'
cyberloafing behavior. The work environment
also significantly reduces work stress among
employees, suggesting that a better work
environment in the company reduces
employees' work stress. Additionally, self-
control significantly decreases work stress
among employees, indicating that better self-
control reduces the level of work stress.
Finally, work stress significantly influences
cyberloafing among employees, meaning that
higher perceived work stress leads to increased
cyberloafing behavior.
Work stress is unable to mediate the influence
of self-control on cyberloafing behavior among
employees. Work stress also fails to mediate
the influence of the work environment on
cyberloafing behavior. Further research in the
same field needs to be revisited due to the
suboptimal R-square value, and respondents
can be expanded by selecting samples based on
positions in several divisions.
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