Feasibility Study and Design of a Stand-alone Floating Photovoltaic

Structure for Toshka Lake

HANAA M. FARGHALLY, EMAD A. SWEELEM

Electronics Research Institute, Solar Cells Department, Cairo, Joseph Tito St, Huckstep, El Nozha,

Cairo Governorate 4473221,

EGYPT

Keywords: - PV Syst. Software, Toshka Lake, Floating PV, Performance Ratio.

Received: June 17, 2022. Revised: August 19, 2023. Accepted: October 2, 2023. Published: November 6, 2023.

1 Introduction

Solar energy is the most suitable energy source.is

now being used in many ways and have the potential

to serve as an alternative source of energy-to-energy

sources that are conformist [1]. The most well-

known application for converting light energy into

electrical power is a solar photovoltaic (PV) energy

system [2]. A novel design approach for

photovoltaic (PV) power plants is floating

photovoltaic systems (FPVSs). FPVSs are often

built on water bodies like natural lakes or dam

reservoirs. Since 2007, this technology has gained

more global interest, and medium- and large-scale

FPVSs have already been installed in various

countries [3]. The first 20 kW FPV system

installation was documented in Aichi, Japan and

was built for research purposes [4]. Trapani and

Santafé examine the floating PV developments

installed between 2007 and 2013, including

significant high-capacity setups with installed sizes

of 175 kW carried out in California in 2008 and a 24

kW floating PV model installed in Spain in 2015

with the aim of reducing water loss as evaporation

[5]. Ueda et al. construct the research for

investigating the cooling effect and power output of

FPV modules [6]. A 40 MW floating photovoltaic

(FPV) system was recently installed in China, and it

appears that in the near future, the capacity of

floating PV installations will expand quickly [7].

Along with the mooring system, separate floats, PV

panels, electrical cables, connections and power

solar inverters utilized in the water, these

components are crucial to the FPV power systems

[8]. Additionally, Sacramento et al. examined the

cooling effect of FPV panels on various water

storage structures in Brazil in an area with moderate

rainfall throughout the year and compared the

productivity of floating PV power systems to solar

PV systems mounted on the land [9]. In 2016, Sahu

et al. examined the advantages and disadvantages of

these systems [10]. This paper offers a logical

analysis and contemporary evaluation of the many

characteristics and components of FPVT systems as

an energy production system. This work placed a lot

of emphasis on modelling a 2.2 KWp Stand-alone

floating photovoltaic and described the design

procedure to address problems with PV module

selection, inverter power sizing, site selection, string

arrangement, and other relevant difficulties.

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Abstract: - A novel energy production system known as floating photovoltaic technology has captured the

interest of many people due to its many advantages. The floating photovoltaic system contributes to a reduction

in water evaporation and an increase in energy output. The development of floating photovoltaic power plants

necessitates the study of these systems from both an electrical and mechanical structure perspective for research

objectives. Numerous studies have been conducted on floating photovoltaic systems from various angles that

have examined these systems. The goal of this paper is to provide a standard design procedure and performance

for the construction of a floating photovoltaic energy system at the surface of Toshka lake for the generation of

electricity to a household using PV Syst. software. Also it provides a logical analysis and up-to date assessment

of the many characteristics and elements of floating photovoltaic systems as an energy production system. The

performance ratio analysis reveals that the lowest value was obtained in the month of March is 64% and the

maximum value was obtained in the month of December is 82%whereas the average value for year is 71.3%.

Analysis of losses has also been done.

2 Location

Toshka Lakes in New Valley Governorate as shown

in Fig. 1 has been chosen as an under consideration

site The specific geographical location of Toshka

Lakes is at a location of 23.1°N latitude, 30.9°E

longitude, with an average daily solar energy of

about 6.72 kWh/m2 global Horizontal Irradiance

(GHI), while average Direct Normal Irradiance

(DNI) reaches 7.92 kWh/day [11]. Toshka Lakes are

natural depressions in the Sahara Desert that receive

runoff from Lake Nasser, a 340-mile Nile River

reservoir. The rise and decline of the lakes is

influenced by changes in the flow of the Nile. In

2017 and 2018, for example, the lakes had shrunk to

the size of tiny water remnants. This tendency began

to reverse in 2019, when abundant summer rainfall

in Sudan raised the water level in Lake Nasser,

which began to fill the Tosha Lakes as well. This

pattern continued in 2020, when record-breaking

floods caused the highest water level ever measured

in Lake Nasser. In 2021, Sudanese floodwaters

reached new highs [12].

Fig. 1: Toshka Lakes

3 Stand-alone Photovoltaic System

Stand-alone PV systems are systems that are

disconnected from the public electricity grid.

Because the energy generated is typically not

needed at the same time as it is created, these

systems need an energy storage system. They are

typically utilized in places where it is either not

feasible or not acceptable to install an electrical

supply from the main utility grid. Therefore,

developing nations where sizable parts are typically

still not supplied by an electrical system are

preferred to them. The following are the primary

parts of a typical stand-alone PV system [13]:

• Solar PV Modules: convert sunlight directly to

electricity.

• Charge Controllers: manage the charging and

discharging of the batteries in order to maximize

their lifetimes and minimize operational problems.

 Battery or Battery Bank: Stores the energy

generated by the PV modules.

 Inverter: converts the DC current generated by

the solar PV modules to AC current for AC

consumer load.

4 Elements of a FPV System

FPV system as shown in Fig. 2 consists of PV

modules to collect solar energy, floats to provide

buoyancy, a structure to support the PV panels, a

mooring system to prevent the plant from moving

around freely, electrical components, and optional

efficiency systems make up a generic FPV system

[14].

Fig. 2: Components of a generic FPV system.

4.1 Floats

The floats give the structure buoyancy to keep it

afloat. They are typically constructed of high-

density polyethylene (HDPE), a UV light-resistant,

non-hazardous, maintenance-free plastic material

with high tensile strength [15]. However, some

denser elements, like steel or concrete have been

taken into consideration [16]. The material's

resilience to rot, fire, and penetration is another

important quality. In order to prevent loss of

buoyancy due to perforation of the floats, this final

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feature can be improved using expanding filling

foams [17]. The floats are anticipated to resist

heavier loads and the effects of saltwater corrosion

and biofouling in marine applications [18]. HDPE is

resistant to corrosion, but antifouling coatings may

still be necessary for floats to maintain their

mechanical characteristics [19]. In addition, HDPE

has been noted as a possible source of microplastics.

Plastic debris is a significant environmental issue.

Sustainable plastics should be taken into

consideration to lessen the environmental effects of

plastic waste [20].

4.2 Supporting Structure

The PV modules and stresses between components

are supported by transmitting through a metallic

structure in the majority of FPV designs. However,

some designs do not include this component and

instead allow for a single PV module per float [21].

The supporting structure may also significantly

contribute to maintaining the panels in marine

applications at a safe height above sea level [22].

The structural components are typically made of

materials like galvanized steel, high durability steel,

or aluminum [23]. Corrosion is the main problem

with steel or aluminum in marine industry. due to

their exceptional seawater corrosion resistance [24]

and lower density [25], composite materials, and

particularly fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP), are

being used in the maritime sector. On a number of

FPV designs, FRP was chosen over steel or

aluminum [26].

4.3 The Mooring Mechanism

The FPV plant is secured by the mooring system,

which restricts its freedom of movement to reduce

risk of harm to it or other floating entities. In

freshwater endeavors, synthetic fiber rope, elastic

rubber hawsers, or combinations of both, are used

[27]. However, mooring lines are typically formed

of steel chains or wire ropes in maritime floating

structures [28].

4.4 Photovoltaic Panels

PV modules are constructed from solar cells, which

require light-absorbing materials to absorb photons

and produce free electrons via the photovoltaic

effect [29]. PV panels are typically made of silicon,

cadmium telluride, cadmium sulphide, organic and

polymer cells, hybrid photovoltaic cells, and thin-

film technology [30]. To date, large-scale FPV

deployments have almost entirely used crystalline

silicon wafer-based modules [31]. Flexible

membranes built on thin-film technology, on the

other hand, have been proposed. This adaptability

could help maritime FPV systems withstand wave

loads. In offshore environments, PV modules'

resistance can be increased by raising panel stiffness

or mounting strings and cells on the neutral axis.

Crack formation can be reduced to some extent by

using encapsulates with decreased elasticity. Using

half-cut cells can also help to decrease fatigue. The

offshore environment may also hasten PV module

degradation, reducing plant dependability [32]. The

spectral absorption of the solar panel cover glass

will be reduced [33]. Salt particles that have

accumulated may also impede output [34].

4.5 Electrical elements

To transform and transport electricity from FPV

plants to land, a network of cables and electrical

components is needed. Wiring can be done either

above or below water. To reduce dangers, most

electrical components are kept above water, but this

does not negate the need to make them waterproof.

Most cables that link the system are subjected to

high levels of UV radiation and significant

temperature fluctuations, which must be taken into

account when designing the cabling system [34].

The output voltage of PV modules does not match

the AC grid voltage due to the intermittent nature of

solar power plants and variations in load demand

[35]. To achieve the required voltage, DC/DC

converters are suggested [36]. When the necessary

voltage is reached, an inverter connects the plant to

the alternating current (AC) grid. These components

are best maintained on the ground, but they can be

installed on floating islands for large-scale projects

and offshore uses [37].

The interconnection of the modules effects the

plant's productivity due to partial shading. Partial

shading losses can result in a yearly energy loss of

5-10% [38].

4.6 Efficiency systems

To maximize output, FPV plants can handle a range

of optional systems. These include tracking, cooling,

cleaning, and storage systems.

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4.6.1 Tracking system

There is an optimal alignment of solar panels for

each place and time that ensures peak performance.

As a result, the tracking system's goal is to

maximize energy gains over the lifespan of the PV

system. Active, passive, semi-passive, manual, and

chronological solar tracker drive methods are

available [39].

Because the panels are floating, some alignment

disturbances are to be anticipated, and the effect on

electricity generation must be studied [40] Trackers

can rotate around a single (horizontal or vertical) or

dual (tip-tilt or azimuth-altitude) plane.

Tracking around the horizontal axis is possible in

systems that enable tilting, most notably pontoon-

based systems. There are several methods for

tracking around the vertical plane in FPV. For this

reason, some ideas, patents, and commercial designs

include rotating platforms. Concentrating, which

uses reflectors to enhance energy harvesting, can be

combined with tracking [41]. The actuation method

for the tracking system is typically a motor, but a

design that uses wave energy to adjust the angle of

the PV module for solar tracking has also been

suggested [42].

4.6.2 System of cooling and cleansing

The photoelectric effect harvests energy from only a

small portion of the sun spectrum. The remainder of

the spectrum is unwanted irradiation, which raises

the working temperature of the panels and reduces

their efficiency. Water cooling can be maximized by

positioning the panels on the water's surface, as seen

in semi-submerged and thin-film arrangements [43].

Cooling systems are a different method to ensuring

a low operating temperature. Cooling techniques

suggested including forced air, Water Veil Cooling

(WVC), and water spraying [44].

Aside from a reduced operating temperature,

techniques based on applying water to PV cells have

additional advantages such as solar spectrum

modification [45], a change in reflected light, and

panel cleaning benefits. These techniques

necessitate an energy input that is consistent with

the benefits of working at lower temperatures and

mitigating negative dust effects. A WVC system

requires less than 1% of the energy produced, while

the energy gain is anticipated to be around 10% [46,

47].

The WVC also benefits from the decrease of

reflected radiation. Irradiance reflection usually

reduces the electrical yield of PV modules by 8-15%

[48]. At high latitudes, where energy gains can rise

by 4%, reducing reflection is advantageous. Some

studies show that spraying water over the modules is

advantageous, because the energy required to pump

the water is offset by the efficiency gains. The

primary causes of PV module degradation are

temperature, humidity, and UV radiation [49].

Overheating of PV modules causes a number of

ageing processes, including delamination, cell

cracking, and solder bond degradation [50]. As a

result, cooling methods may help to extend the life

of FPV technology.

4.6.3 Storage system

Because of the variations in demand and generation,

as well as the high expense of transmission cables

for peak power levels, integrating renewable energy

sources into the electric system is difficult. Storage

systems may be used to resolve these issues [51].

Batteries, compressed-air energy storage (CAES),

pumped water storage, and hydrogen production are

examples of renewable energy storage options. The

primary PV energy storage method has been limited

to batteries [52]. Batteries, on the other hand, are

expensive and have a limited life span, which results

in the generation of hazardous waste [53].

Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) is a well-

known method used in other renewable energy

sources such as offshore wind [54].

5 PVSYST Software

The PVSYST is a more effective modelling tool that

allows for a variety of possibilities, including

creating a grid-connected PV system, a standalone

PV system, small-scale energy production for

pumping purposes, and just DC power production.

The user can pick a certain design area and mitigate

for a solution according on the requirement. The

software also gives users the chance to create a

rough design for marketing and consumer

promotion of PV system installations. The detailed

design is for solar installers, and it can produce

results so that one can start the process of building

up a solar PV plant based on the outcomes of the

simulation [55]. This software aids in the design of

the system's configuration and also allows for the

calculation of the quantity of energy generated. The

output is based on the simulation of the system,

which is further influenced by the geographical

location of the PV system. Several simulation

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factors may be included in the results, which can be

displayed on a monthly, daily, or hourly basis

values. The ''Loss Diagram'' forecasts system design

flaws [56]. PVSyst simulation is carried out in the

following steps.

6 Stand-alone PV system design

Floating stand-alone systems can range in power

from a few milliwatts to several kilowatts and are

not tied to any electricity grid. Solar modules, a

controller, and an inverter are the basic components

of floating standalone systems, which run on

batteries [57]. DC power is generated by solar

modules. The battery is charged by the charge

controller, which channels this energy. The

controller has two tasks to complete: charge the

battery and guard against overcharging batteries.

They do away with any reverse current. Anytime,

day or night, the energy that is stored in the battery

throughout the day can be utilized. The design of the

Stand-alone PV system can be done using the

following steps.

6.1 Calculating the load

Table 1 below provides information on the

household's daily minimum load consumption

requirements.

6.2 Battery specifications

Table 2 below provides a detailed list of all battery

set specifications used in the design of the PV

system.

6.3 PV array specifications

The details of the PV module used for the PV

system design are presented in Table 3 below.

6.4 Charge Controller

The universal controller MPPT Converter as shown in

fig.4 of 1000Wand 24 V is used to design the stand-alone

PV system having maximum charging and discharging

current i.e. 32 A to 20 A.

7 Solar horizon and geographic

location

The monthly data of global irradiation, diffused

irradiation, temperature, wind speed, etc. have been

described in Table 5 using the PVsyst software. The

section of the horizon in Fig. 3 illustrates how much

of the sun is actually accessible. The blue line

correlates to the photovoltaic modules' auto-shade,

while the red line depicts shading around the sun-

powered field that is essentially surrounded by far-

off trees.

Table 1. the required load.

Table 2. battery specifications

Table 3. PV array data.

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Table 4. Charge Controller specifications.

Table 5. The incident energy data by Mateo

database.

Fig. 3: Solar horizon.

8 Solar module tilting

According to Fig. 4, the filed structure is a fixed

plane with a tilt of 20 and an azimuth of 0. The

optimization is carried out for yearly irradiation

yield with regard to the energy collector on the

plane, which is 2481 kWh/m2,

Fig. 4: Module orientation and tilt angle

9 Stand-Alone System Layout

The inverter module within the standalone PV

architecture needs to be selected from the inverter

database. A stand-alone SYSTEM schematic

diagram is depicted in the figure below. The diode

displayed here is the bypass diode used for

protection, as shown in Fig.5. Due to the solar PV

system's lower energy abdication, the power

generated by it is utilized with as few losses.

Therefore, it is necessary to reduce these losses by

removing the parts that have an impact on the losses

generated within the PV system. A few of the

natural factors that affect PV system losses include

dust, rain, and temperature, in addition to losses

brought on by system components like cables and

inverters.

Fig. 5: Layout of stand-alone system.

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10 Simulation Results

In this study, simulation is carried out using PVsyst

software. For the proposed site only, all of the

figures were produced through the simulation. The

yearly equalizations and key outcomes for the

standalone PV system are shown in Table 5 below.

It is evident that the vitality which client can receive

is 3890.6 kWh. Also, table 5 displays the solar

fraction's numerical value for each month. The

simulation computer program's execution proportion

was nearly comparable for each month, as shown in

Fig. 6 Figure 6 also displays the performance ratio

and solar fraction. The final PV system yield (Yf) to

the reference yield (Yr) ratio is known as the

performance ratio (PR) The lowest PR was obtained

in the month of March due to the high temperature

of the PV module, and the maximum PR was

obtained in the month of December because of the

low module temperature. The PR is 71.3% on

average each year. Fig. 7 shows the month-to-month

vitality generation with losses Throughout the year,

many types of field losses can occur in standalone

photovoltaic systems, as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 6: Performance Ratio and Solar Fraction.

Fig. 7: Monthly Normalized productions with losses

Fig. 8: Loss diagram for the whole year.

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Table 6. The yearly equalizations and fundamental

results of off-grid PV framework.

11 Conclusion

This paper presents the design procedure and

performance of a floating photovoltaic energy

system for the generation of electricity at the surface

of Toshka lake. The performance ratio and losses of

this system have also been thoroughly studied using

the PVsystsoftwre... The typical annual energy

needs for a household is 4004 kWh, 4500.2 kWh are

available from solar panels, and 3890.6 kWh are

delivered to the consumer. Different types of losses

account for the system's decreased power capacity.

The performance ratio analysis shows that the

lowest PR was obtained in the month of March due

to the high temperature of the PV module, and the

maximum PR was obtained in the month of

December because of the low module temperature.

The average PR for the year is 71.3%. In a

simulation of a PV system, the module behavior

determines the losses. The PVsyst software

application examines all kinds of losses. The PVsyst

software application examines every kind of loss.

PVsyst tries to use the best models for each

component of the PV system, including all potential

causes of losses. This document acts as a better

reference for solar practitioners and novices who are

interested in setting up solar stand- alone

photovoltaic systems. PVSYST software can be

used to precisely evaluate various system losses.

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