The Channel Migration of Inland Waterway Channels in Ilaje, Ondo

State, Nigeria

BABATOPE SUNDAY OLISA1, MOBOLAJI STEPHEN STEPHENS2, IKPECHUKWU. NJOKU3,

CHIAMAKA LOVELYN OLISA4

1,2,3 Department of Logistics and Transport Technology,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, NIGERIA

4 Department of Urban and Regional Planning,

Federal University of Technology, Akure, NIGERIA

Abstract:- The channel migration or shifting of navigable river channels have been an issue of major concern, as

their effects on the transport environment, channel corridors, the m anoeuvrability of vessels transiting these

channels and vessels navi gation amongst other factors result to inefficiency in inland transport in the ri verine

region of Ilaje, Nigeria. Most navigational and operational challenges have been attributable to alterations in the

waterway channel due to aggradation and degradation processes in the river regime. The study's goal is to explore

channel migration along the Igbokoda-Ayetoro waterway with a view to provide mitigation methods to address

potential difficulties along the waterway channel and in the adjoining environment. The objectives of the study

include gathering satellite i magery of the study area between 1972 and 2022; assessing the morphological

planforms of the study river channel, and assessing the river channel's effective width using the segment-transect

method. The study considered channel width, depth and alignment as indicators to be carefully evaluated to ensure

safe, sustainable and efficient inland navigation measures. To ascertain the shapes and forms of the channel during

the study period, geospatial and computer-aided techniques were used. Channel widths were extracted using the

Segment-Transect method at 100-meter intervals. 50 year and 100-year estimate of the extent of channel/banklines

shifting were determined. According to the study, there are changes in the channel’ s width, depth and planform

(alignment) that make the waterw ay indeterminate and unsuitable for vessel s transiting on two-way

manoeuvrability lanes. Hence, the study recommended the sustainable mitigation strategies to tackle the potential

challenges pose by channel migration and reduce its i mpact on the vessel manoeuvrability, navigation and the

adjoining environment.

Key-Words: - channel, migration, waterway, river, manoeuvrability, transport, environment, navigation

Received: April 18, 2024. Revised: September 9, 2024. Accepted: October 13, 2024. Published: November 6, 2024.

1 Introduction

The changing patterns of inland waterway s remain

one of the consequential effects of river migration.

River migration is a process of river movement in

which the water flow to erode the river outer bank

and the sediments are deposited on the opposite site

of inner bank causing a gradual shift in the ri ver’s

course overtime [1]. However, a geo morphological

phenomenon is the lateral migration of an alluvial

river channel across its catchment areas or floodplain.

The progressive point bar deposition and bank

erosion are the prim ary driving force behind this

process. Occasionally, cases ar e reported in which

properties, agricultural land, transportation

infrastructure are damaged, banks of rivers collapse,

riverways become impassable or difficult to navigate.

Some degrees of tangible loss ar e inevitably and

result in damages, losses to the econom y, and

fatalities. As reiterated by [1], rivers naturall y

migrate through their floodplains, and occasionally

banklines erode. This cause s problems that

eventually affect inland waterway transportation,

nearby properties, residents of flood plains, and

organizations that plan or m aintain waterway

infrastructure. [1]. Igbokoda-Ayetoro inland

waterway is a distributary of Oluwa River that flows

down south of the riverine area of Ilaje, Ondo state,

Nigeria and em pties its volum e of water in the

Atlantic Ocean. In a river network, ch annels move

through two main processes which include: channel

migration, and channel avulsion [2]. Meanwhile,

channel migration and av ulsion contribute to the

channel’s network shifting; but in th e events of

partial or failed channel avulsion, overbank flow can

also alter river network. The consequences of channel

migration on river channels and inland navigation are

the main focus of this investigation. River depth,

widths, and alignments are thou ght to experience

some degree of variabilit y and uncert ainty due to

channel migration. This tends to make the channels

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2024.4.16

Babatope Sunday Olisa, Mobolaji Stephen Stephens,

Ikpechukwu. Njoku, Chiamaka Lovelyn Olisa

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

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Volume 4, 2024

shallower or narrower, making it more probable that

vessels will run aground while in transit and

jeopardizing infrastructure and navigational aids. The

purpose of the study is to assess the rate of channel

migration in the Igbokoda-Ayetoro inland waterway

between 1972 and 20 22 with a view to m onitoring

and suggesting sustainable measures to lessen its

effects on the river channel's permissible

manoeuvring lanes and inland transportation.

Furtherance to this, the study assessed the planforms

of the stud y river channel between 1972 and 2022

using Geographic Information System (GIS)

techniques; compute and quantify the effective width

of the river channel using the Segment-transe ct

method; determine the forms, distance and directions

of the channel migration in the river reach (segment).

Hence, extent of channel narrowness and widening

and its co nsequential effects on the permissible

manoeuvring lanes in the waterway is determined.

2 Study Area

The study area is located within the riverine are a of

Ilaje Local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria.

Ondo State lies specifically on Latitude 7010’N and

Longitude 5005’E. It is located in the South western

geopolitical zone of Nigeria and bounded i n the

North by Ekiti and Kogi States, in the East by Edo

State, in the west by Osun and Ogun states and in the

south by the Atlantic Ocean (see Fig. 1). Ondo State

is located entirely withi n the tropics. It has a

population of about 3,441,024 [3].

SCALE: 1 : 40.5m

2° E 4° E 6° E 8° E 10° E 12° E

12° N

10° N

8° N

6°N

4° N

12° N

10° N

8° N

6°N

4° N

2° E 4° E 6° E 8° E 10° E 12° E

SOKOTO

KEBBI

BAUCHI

KANO

JIGAWA

ZAMFARA

KATSINA

KADUNA

NIGER

BENUE

PLATEAU

NASSARAWA

YOBE

ONDO

GOMBE

EKITI

ADAMAWA

BORNO

F.C.T

OSUN

KWARA

KOGI

TARABA

OGUN

LAGOS EDO

BAYELSA RIVERS

ANAMBRA

IMO CROSS RIVER

ABIA

ENUGU

DELTA

EBONYI

AKWA IBOM

OYO

NATIONAL BOUNDARY

STATE GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY

FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY

RIVER

ONDO STATE

F.C.T

L E G E N D

Fig. 1: Ondo State Map its National Setting

Source:[4]

Fig. 2: The s tudy area sh owing a stud y section of

Oluwa River Network and other water bodies in Ilaje

Local Government Area

Source: Adapted by the Author from [5]

The water body flows th rough inner communities

from the we st border to the eastern border of Ilaje

LGA dissecting the local governm ent area into two

geographical parts as shown in Fig. 2. River Oluwa

was selected for the study due to its significant

geographical location, network and its connections to

several communities. This river corridor serves a s a

major means of transportation for bot h freight and

passengers, providing access some isolated locations

within the study area. As stated by Parikesit in his

studies between 2003 an d 2005, the role of river or

inland water transport has become very prevalent and

important, particularly when it is the onl y means of

accessibility by passengers and freight movement to

remote areas [6].

3 Related Reviews

River channel m igrations have been th e subject of

both theoretical and experim ental investigations.

Numerous insights into the dynamics of channel

migration and its im pact on water transportation,

ecosystems (environments), and infrastructure inside

and along w ater corridors have been gained from

these studies. Ielpi, for instance, highlighted that the

displacement-based approach—which measures

migration rates pri marily in ter ms of the

displacement of channels between satellite phot os

taken at various times—is a typical way to estimate

migration rates. He pointed out that although the

displacement's direction can be manually

determined, doing so is a labor-i ntensive and

subjective procedure, therefore it needs to be backed

by on-site validation [7]. Other studies too k

cognisance of bankline sh ifting and channel forms,

shape and networks and also high lighted the

difficulty of making efficient, precise measurements

of migration [8]. In order to identif y the migration

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Babatope Sunday Olisa, Mobolaji Stephen Stephens,

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patterns of the Padma and Jamuna rivers, Md. Tariqul

Islam conducted research on river channel migration

utilizing remote sensing and GIS analysis. Migration

patterns to the north, northeast, south, and southwest

were observed. The ri ver showed de positions at

several points along the banklines and erosion of the

riverbanks. It was also est ablished what the Padma

and Jamuna rivers' net migration was between 1977

and 2004 [9]. Besides, Yan investigated the features

of migration in the Okavango Delta's several river

zones. The Goole Earth and Alaska Satellite Facility

were used in the study to gather satellite photos at 10-

year intervals. Four factors were taken into account:

curvature, deflection angles, expansion coefficient,

and sinuosity index (SI), while different m igration

models were developed in different zones [10]. None

of these studies have linke d their inferences to river

navigability or inland waterway navigation, effects

on lives, the adjoining environm ent and

infrastructure in and aroun d the watersheds. It is o f

note that as the channel migrates, it can beco me

narrower, making it m ore difficult for vessels to

navigate safely due to series of sedi mentation

processes. In modern fluvial sedimentology, a variety

of elements, including flow, bank type, intensity of

flow, slope, soil texture, climate, and so on, influence

how rivers evolve and ta ke on their shapes and

planforms. Nonetheless, pertinent queries about

what, how, and in which directions patterns evolve

are raised. It's i mportant to consider what the

migratory pattern says about the surroundings (the

catchment areas), inland navigation and

transportation as well as the users.

4 Methods

Geospatial and com puter-aided approaches were

used to examine river planforms. This was done to

assess channel migration from the plan view, as

illustrated in Fig. 3. The r iver channel was divided

into reaches and subreaches to facil itate precise

segment-transaction computations and

morphological investigation. The study addressed the

spatial and temporal breadth of a 38- year river plan

adjustment. As a result, the study investigated

satellite data and GIS techniques to accom plish this

goal. Map data for river planforms from 1972 to 2022

were collected and evaluated using ArcGIS and

Automated Computer Aided Techniques as

illustrated in Fig. 7. The study used satellite data from

Landsat MSS TM 1972, Landsat ETM+ 1984, 2002,

2012, and 2022.



Fig. 3: River plan form of the study area

Source: Author, 2023

The satellite data were compared after classification

to discover changes. Unsupervised i mage

classification was used, which included ISO cluster

unsupervised classification with an adjustable

minimum class size, followed by a reclassification to

identify changes in the channel line over time.

Changes in river bankline class throughout time are

emphasized, overlayed, and digitized (traced) for

comparison analysis. The segment-transact approach

was used to determine the channel widths. The width

of the channel segments was calculated by the area

between transects, which were spaced 100 m etres

apart (see Fig. 4). The seg ment-transact approach

was thought to be ideal for calculating the effectiv e

widths of the river channel as well as variations in

channel width over time.

Fig. 4 showed the segment-transect method used to

calculate the average ri ver width according to

selected reaches and sub reaches. The segment extent

was determined as the area between transects at

interval of 100metres spacing. The sum total of width

measured was generated across the study river

channels using computer aided techniques.

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SRH3 SRH6

SRH4

SRH5

40.7

38.1

47.1

48.8

40.5

50.5

41.0

76.4

29.6

30.8

85.5

80.1

74.0

64.0

68.3

55.9

56.6

50.5

52.5

42.5

16.7

48.1

39.5

32.8

17.5

23.6

35.5

36.0

32.1

23.1

35.1

97.2

45.6

66.7

50.3

55.5

24.0

22.8

23.4

27.6

18.0

Bank to bank transact

River centerline

River

River width

131.5

SRH - Sub Reach

RH - Reach

RH A

38.7

Fig. 4: Illustration of the Segment -transect method

used to calc ulate the eff ective width of the river

channel.

Source: Author, 2023

Note: the segment extent i s determined as the area

between transects and it is shown a t spacing of

100metres

The centroid technique was used to d etermine the

directions of the channel movement or shifting

erosion, especially in meandering sections. The

centroid of an object or region can be used to

determine channel movements. The centroid is the

object's weighted average location, which can be

followed over time to detect channel movement and

predict the rate and extent of channel migration,

especially in meandering sections. To determine the

channel shifts and directions of t he bankline shifts ,

the banklines of each histo ric planform were traced,

and successive circles were best-fit to the outer bank

of each bend to define the average bankline arcs, the

bend's radius of curvature (RC), and the bend

centroid positions. (See Fig. 5). The number of

circles required to define the bend is based on the

loop classification such as co mpound symmetrical,

compound asymmetrical, simple symmetrical, and

simple asymmetrical as propounded by Brice [11]

The radius of curvature and centroid p osition of the

circle were used to describe the bend and compare it

to bend measurements from previous y ears under

study. These observations were utilized to estimate

migration rates and predict future channel/bend

migration features, which is consist ent with t he

NCHRP study in [12]. As a result, th e distance it

traveled between 1972 and 2022 and the bend

centroid's position in 2072 (50 years) were calculated

by multiplying the yearly rate of centroid movement

for the period 197 2-2022 by 50 and calculating the

distance between the centroids. Thus, the 50-y ear

distance was plotted along a line beginning at t he

2022 centroid point and extending in the direction

given by the 1972 to 2022 migration vector drafted

using computer aided tech nique. By calculating the

rate of change of the bend radius from 1972 to 2022

as a percentage with respect to the 2022 radius and

multiplying the result by 50 y ears (from 2022 to

2072), the radius of curvature of the bend in 2072 was

determined. The expected location and radius of the

bend in 2072 were p lotted by centering the 2072

circle with the calculated radius figure on the

centroid's forecast location.

Fig. 5: Bend measurements using centroid and best-

fit circles for the study

Source: Authors, 2023

5 Results and Discussions

As illustrated in Fig. 6, Reach A of the riverway is a

meandering portion that runs between Igbokoda and

Legha. It could be described as the cur ving shape of

a meander. However, for more extensive study, reach

A is sub-divided into 15 sub-reaches. This section

discusses the morphological progressions that

happened in each sub-reach. The river channel is

characterized by moving water that continuously

erodes the o uter bank an d widens val leys, deposits

carried sediments, and narrows its channels at various

locations, resulting in significant modifications over

time.

The analysis found that R each A's gen eral river

channel planform is a well-defined meander. Reach

B is relatively sinuous in shapes. The middle part of

the river channel (reach B) between Perawe and

Mahin is configured as straight. Also, River Reach C

is relatively straight; while River reach D planform is

also a straight-shaped riverway with braided channel

at Oropo Lagoon (Mahin Lake). Other parts of Reach

D at Ay etoro downstream to the Atlantic Ocean

where it empties its volume of water into the ocean

are straight channel.

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Fig. 6: Igbokoda-Ayotoro waterway channel into

reaches and subreaches.

Source: Authors, 2023

The results revealed that the mean average width

of the river channel at Reach A reduced from 35.39m

in 1972 to 33.19m in 1984. T he river channel

increased in 2002 to 36.29m; it became wider in 2012

as 43.51m. In the year 2022, results revealed that

there was a decrease in the river width to 42.72m as

shown in Ta ble 1. The ra te of narrowness between

1972 and 1984 was principally as low as -2.2m. The

river width increased by width average of 3.11m

between 1984-2002; that is, between the period of

18years, 3.11m river widening distance was

observed. These st atistics showed that the river

exhibited significant changes in its ch annel width

(either narrower or wider). Comparing the initial year

and the absol ute year (1972 and 2022) data, study

disclosed that, the river reach A beca me widened by

7.33m; that is, from 35.3m in 1972 t o 42.72m in

2022.

In Reach B, results sh owed that the re was a

continuous river widening from 1972 to 202 2. In

1972, the m ean average of the river channel width

was estimated as 23.88m; in 1984, the river channel

width increased to 24.58m ; the widening continued

in 2002 and 2012 t o 34.56m and 43.33m wider.

Hence, in 2022, there was a narrowness in the river

channel width as the mean average reduced by 3.31m

wide to 39.98m . Findings revealed that Reach C

exhibits two classes of common alluvial rivers such

as braiding, and straight. The result in dicated high

rate of erosion and deposition of sediments from the

upper stream zone particul arly into Oropo Lago on

(Mahin Lake). The river channel width in this section

is relatively wide and deep. As shown in Tables 1 and

2, In 19 72, the mean average width of SRH8 was

104.4m wide, but increased by 4.08 m to 108.48m in

1984.

In 2002, the river widening processes c ontinued

to 212.5m along its do wnstream channel. This

expansion can be attributa ble to abrasion, h ydraulic

action and solution having a substantial effect on the

river bed an d banks, deepening and widening the

river. When forces of water flows against the river

banks, either the saturated river bank soils or weak

river bank constituents are eroded and transported as

sediment along the flow of river water. This is in

agreement with Anna yat et.al. 2022 a sserting that

sedimentation process in rivers is the main source of

erosion in alluvial rivers [13]. This phenomenon in a

river system is called hy draulic action which is an

important factor contribut ing to what h appened in

Reach C. Softer sections of the river bank m ay

sometimes become over saturated and slu mps into

the river causing width expansion. According to [14],

River widening is a lateral expansion of the channel.

It is characterised by critical process that maintains

fluvial ecosystems and is part of the regula r

functioning of rivers.

Results revealed that the river width at Rea ch A

reduced; as mean average value estimated for 2012

indicated a negative difference as 196.69m lower

than the prev ious year (2002). Also, be tween 2012

and 2022, the mean average value of the river width

estimated for 2022 was 198.84m wide indicating a

decrease. Reach D is the downstream zone of the

Oluwa river channel.

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Fig. 7: Channel planforms between 1972 and 2022

Source: Authors, 2023

The reach D is characterised by high rate of sediment

accumulation transported from upstream and middle

stream zones as well as the mud sediments being

transported from the ocean. However, this section of

the river channel (reach D) is expected to experience

wide river width and flattened riverbed; why? as the

riverbed gradient flattens, the water’s velocit y

decreases, this would lead to the deposition of

sediments and an increase in the river’s width.

However, due to con stant dredging and

channelization projects in the zone, the river channel

width as well as the river bed and depth have been

under control and management.

Table 1: River Channel Width and Surface water area of the river channel under study (Igbokoda-Ayetoro waterway)

REACH A

1972 1984 2002 2012 2022

AV_WIDT

(m)

SURF_

00’(m2)

AV_WIDT

(m)

SURF_

00’(m2)

AV_WIDT

(m)

SURF_

00’(m2)

AV_WIDT

(m)

SURF_A

00’(m2)

AV_WIDT

(m)

SURF_

00’(m2)

SRH1 45 450 46.5 465 49.3 493 65.8 658 61.2 612

SRH2 29.2 292 26.5 265 33.5 335 47.4 474 38.6 386

SRH3 32.8 328 26.4 264 29.7 297 39.9 399 45.7 457

SRH4 48 480 41.4 414 37.9 379 47.8 478 42.2 422

SRH5 47.4 474 36.6 366 38.4 384 36.7 367 43.1 431

SRH6 53.9 539 64.4 644 69.9 699 69.3 693 69.7 697

SRH6

Extension

6.6 66

8.7

8.9 89

8.1 81

7.3 73

SRH7 31.7 317 37.3 373 48 480 54.4 544 51.8 518

SRH8 33.2 332 30.9 309 41.3 413 51.6 516 51 510

SRH9 38.2 382 35.6 356 33.6 336 45.6 456 46.4 464

SRH10 62.2 622 45.5 455 46.2 462 41.7 417 40.4 404

SRH11 29.2 292 27.7 277 31.3 313 42.8 428 41.9 419

SRH12 34.4 344 33.6 336 39.4 394 39.4 394 40.5 405

SRH13 29.7 297 27.2 272 21.7 217 40.7 407 39.3 393

SRH14 24.7 247 19.7 197 25.5 255 36.5 365 34.6 346

SRH15 20.1 201 23 230 26.1 261 28.5 285 29.8 298

Mean

Average 35.39 350.23 33.19 331.88 36.29 362.94 43.51 435.13 42.72 427.19

REACH B

SRH1 21.9 219 21 210 34.3 343 39.9 399 41.8 418

SRH2 25.4 254 19.3 193 34.1 341 45.6 456 38.5 385

SRH3 29.6 296 35.3 353 41.4 414 45.1 451 45.1 451

SRH4 37.3 373 38.2 382 42.3 423 57.6 576 58.8 588

SRH5 18.1 181 20.4 204 36.2 362 41.7 417 39.8 398

SRH6 17.4 174 21.3 213 27.9 279 34.7 347 29 290

SRH7 20.4 204 19.7 197 29 290 40.5 405 31.7 317

SRH8 20.9 209 21.4 214 31.3 313 41.3 413 35.2 352

Mean

Average 23.88 238.75 24.58 245.75 34.568 345.63 43.3 433 39.99 399.88

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REACH C

SRH1 22.2 222 18.4 184 27.1 271 31.2 312 28.7 287

SRH2 22.9 229 24.4 244 33.8 338 35.3 353 32.6 326

SRH3 24.1 241 25.9 259 31.8 318 42.8 428 39.1 391

SRH4 22 220 14.8 148 24.5 245 41.8 418 35.2 352

SRH5 23.8 238 35.6 356 25.4 254 39.4 394 24.3 243

SRH6 71.3 713 88.3 883 83.9 839 41.5 415 30.3 303

SRH7[Oropo] 255.4 2554 266 2660 635.5 6355 546.7 5467 532.8 5328

SRH8[Oropo] 393.5 3935 394.4 3944 838 8380 794.8 7948 867.7 8677

Mean

Average 104.4 1044 108.48 1084.75 212.5 2125 196.69 1966.88 198.84 1988.38

REACH D

SRH1 40.3 403 33.2 332 52.6 526 51.6 516 59.1 591

SRH2 82.5 825 83.4 834 109.6 1096 105 1050 120.8 1208

SRH3 37.5 375 34 340 32.6 326 78.4 784 86.6 866

SRH4 52.7 527 54.9 549 63.4 634 159.2 1592 176 1760

SRH5 49.3 493 49.8 498 46.3 463 118.9 1189 157 1570

SRH6 45.1 451 48.6 486 34.7 347 44.5 445 63.7 637

SRH7 43.7 437 42.4 424 43.9 439 50.2 502 74.7 747

SRH8 33.7 337 33.3 333 29.1 291 53.5 535 87.3 873

SRH9 28.3 283 29.4 294 31.8 318 51 510 70.4 704

SRH10 38.7 387 38.9 389 40.4 404 52.7 527 85.1 851

SRH11 32.2 322 32.8 328 33.5 335 47.7 477 100.7 1007

SRH12 15.3 153 12.5 125 15.2 152 33.8 338 39.3 393

SRH13 34.9 349 34.4 344 34.9 349 77.9 779 77.5 775

SRH14 45.1 451 49.8 498 49 490 221.3 2213 236.9 2369

Mean

Average 40.3 403 33.2 332 52.6 526 51.6 516 59.1 591

Source: Authors, 2023

Note: AV_WIDTH – Average width; SURF_A – Surface Area; SRH – Subreach;

Table 2: Estimate of Channel migration rates and directions of Igbokoda-Ayetoro waterway channel from 1972 to 2022

RIVER

REACH

Channel Migration

1972-1984 1984-2002 2002-2012 2012-2022

SURF.

AREA

Dir Distance

(m)

Migration

rate

m/year

SURF.

AREA

Dir

Distance Migratio

n rate

m/year

SURF.

AREA

Dir Distance

(m)

Migratio

n rate

m/year

SURF.

AREA

Dir Distance

(m)

Migratio

n rate

m/year

RH A

SRH1 465 NE 2.58 0.215 493 NE 5.46 0.3033 658 S 12.71 1.271 612 NE 4.8 0.48

SRH2 265 SW 5.62 0.4683 335 SW 9.95 0.5528 474 SW 12.02 1.202 386 NE 4.16 0.416

SRH3 264 W 9.31 0.7758 297 NE 6.75 0.3750 399 SW 12.36 1.236 457 SW 6.24 0.624

SRH4 414 S 12.50 1.0417 379 S 13.15 0.7306 478 S 9.47 0.947 422 SE 6.84 0.684

SRH5 366 SW 4.76 0.3967 384 S 14.6 0.8111 367 S 11.8 1.18 431 N 12.17 1.217

SRH6

Ext

87 W 5.24 0.4367

89 N 9.45 0.5250 81 S 4.3 0.43

73 SW 12.13 1.213

SRH6 644 NW 7.53 0.6275 699 NE 18.23 1.0128 693 E 6.5 0.65 697 NE 6.10 0.61

SRH7 373 SW 7.35 0.6125 480 NW 17.54 0.9744 544 W 5.53 0.553 518 SE 7.97 0.797

SRH8 309 SW 4.53 0.3775 413 S 10.52 0.5844 516 W 6.62 0.662 510 SE 4.25 0.425

SRH9 356 NW 2.73 0.2275 336 SE 11.01 0.6117 456 NW 7.76 0.776 464 SE 3.95 0.395

SRH10 455 N 20.06 1.6717 462 S 11.79 0.6550 417 SW 6.16 0.616 404 SE 5.88 0.588

SRH11 277 N 13.45 1.1208 313 SE 13.93 0.7739 428 NW 9.48 0.948 419 SE 3.94 0.394

SRH12 336 SW 11.20 0.9333 394 W 14.13 0.7850 394 W 7.21 0.721 405 SW 5.28 0.528

SRH13 272 W 7.03 0.5858 217 NE 7.37 0.4094 407 NE 16.61 1.661 393 E 5.42 0.542

SRH14 197 NW 7.46 0.6217 255 SE 5.87 0.3261 365 E 10.34 1.034 346 SE 3.59 0.359

SRH15 230 - 6.54 0.545 261 S 5.18 0.2878 285 SE 6.27 0.627 298 S 2.65 0.265

RH B

SRH1 210 E 1.53 0.1275 343 NW 13.40 0.7444 399 W 7.69 0.769 418 SE 3.63 0.363

SRH2 193 SE 8.10 0.675 341 NW 10.29 0.5717 456 W 8.92 0.892 385 SE 4.55 0.455

SRH3 353 E 9.18 0.765 414 SW 16.28 0.9044 451 WS 7.04 0.704 451 SW 4.33 0.433

SRH4 382 SW 6.85 0.5708 423 S 7.94 0.4411 576 S 11.09 1.109 588 S 5.07 0.507

SRH5 204 SW 6.46 0.5383 362 E 9.88 0.5489 417 W 9.75 0.975 398 SE 2.17 0.217

SRH6 213 W 7.71 0.6425 279 E 6.58 0.3656 347 W 6.29 0.629 290 SE 3.03 0.303

SRH7 197 NW 4.57 0.3808 290 NW 6.90 0.3833 405 W 8.34 0.834 317 SE 3.91 0.391

SRH8 214 W 9.45 0.7875 313 W 8.45 0.4694 413 W 5.24 0.524 352 SE 4.93 0.493

RH C

SRH1 184 NE 10.59 0.8825 271 W 7.94 0.4411 312 NE 3.56 0.356 287 SW 4.79 0.479

SRH2 244 SW 21.1 1.7583 338 SW 10.50 0.5833 353 NE 4.55 0.455 326 SW 4.03 0.403

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SRH3 259 S 17.94 1.495 318 SW 8.32 0.4622 428 NE 13.05 1.305 391 SW 4.73 0.473

SRH4 148 SW 21.21 1.7675 245 SW 10.50 0.5833 418 NE 16.7 1.67 352 SE 10.76 1.076

SRH5 356 W 16.78 1.3983 254 SW 11.30 0.6278 394 NW 9.43 0.943 243 SE 13.54 1.354

SRH6 883 W 23.16 1.93 839 NW 12.94 0.7189 415 NW 15.24 1.524 303 SE 11.46 1.146

SRH7

[OROPO

2660 - 12.20 1.0167

6355 W 15.37 0.8539 5467 W 49.99 4.999

5328 SE 15.89 1.589

SRH8

[Oropo]

3944 - 15.9 1.325 8380 SE 16.36 0.9089 7948 W 33.8 3.38 8677 SE 17.74 1.774

RH D

SRH1 332 SW 12.89 1.0742 526 W 18.64 1.0356 516 SE 5.32 0.532 591 NW 12.45 1.245

SRH2 834 W 5.78 0.4817 1096 W 15.15 0.8417 1050 SE 4.96 0.496 1208 SW 10.24 1.024

SRH3 340 W 9.52 0.7933 326 W 5.44 0.3022 784 SW 45.73 4.573 866 SW 5.87 0.587

SRH4 549 W 9.38 0.7817 634 W 10.81 0.6006 1592 E 133.9 13.39 1760 SW 6.45 0.645

SRH5 498 E 6.03 0.5025 463 W 12.62 0.7011 1189 E 140.23 14.023 1570 SW 7.50 0.75

SRH6 486 E 6.69 0.5575 347 W 17.88 0.9933 445 W 11.45 1.145 637 SW 12.31 1.231

SRH7 424 E 4.85 0.4042 439 W 7.11 0.3950 502 NW 11.18 1.118 747 SW 12.71 1.271

SRH8 333 E 3.51 0.2925 291 W 11.03 0.6128 535 NW 15.67 1.567 873 SW 15.43 1.543

SRH9 294 SW 3.29 0.27419 318 W 4.45 0.2472 510 NW 15.64 1.564 704 SW 18.66 1.866

SRH10 389 S 4.68 0.39 404 NE 5.09 0.2828 527 NW 17.25 1.725 851 SW 11.98 1.198

SRH11 328 S 4.53 0.3775 335 E 5.55 0.3083 477 NW 14.05 1.405 1007 SW 12.43 1.243

SRH12 125 S 7.01 0.58416 152 SE 4.80 0.2667 338 NW 16.98 1.698 393 SW 5.88 0.588

SRH13 344 NW 5.23 0.43583 349 SE 6.92 0.3844 779 NW 88.37 8.837 775 SW 8.51 0.851

SRH14 498 NW 10.318 0.85983 490 NW 5.76 0.3200 2213 SE 242.31 24.231 2369 SW 9.35 0.935

Source: Authors, 2023;

Note: Dir- Direction; SURF AREA- Surface Area; E-East, SW-Southwest; NE-Northeast; S-South; W-West

The outcome of waterway planning and

management by Ondo State Oil Producing Area

Development Commission (OSOPADEC) and Niger

Celta Development Commission (NDDC) is

reflected in the m orphological structure of the river

channel width and its depths since 2011. In Reach D,

Findings disclosed that between 1972 and 2022, there

were significant variations in the m ean average

values of the river channel width. T his indicates a

river widening process in the river systems. As

shown in Table 1, in 1972, the mean average of the

river channel width was 4 0.3m, but as of 2022, the

river channel width wa s calculated as 59.1 m

revealing an increas e of 18.8m. Reach D has the

highest range of river widening; this can be attributed

to high rate of silting processes in the zone. Mud

sediments from the ocean is a major contributor to the

river widening incidents in the downstream zone

(Reach D). Table 1 shows the results of river width

and surface water area carried ou t for detail

discussions. It indicates average values of river width

(m) in sub-re aches and their reaches s urface water

area in square metre (m2).

Fig. 8: Channel shifting from 1972 and 2022

Source: Authors, 2023

Fig. 8 revealed spatial v ariations of the channel

planforms of 1972 and 2022. Meanwhile, the

enlarged six different sites (locations) along the

waterway channel reveal ed a clear i ndication of

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bankline shifting. Location 6 revealed a m igration

distance of 2 54.39metres away from 1972 chan nel

bankline. The location 1 showed a propensity of

eventual joining of SRH4 and SRH7; Location 2 is

an extension of Location 1 revealing the high ly

meandering status of the entire Reach 1. Location 5

exhibited braided channel patterns characterised by

isolated islands of deposited materials.

Fig. 9a and b indicated inscribed circles that define

the average outer banklines from the 1972 and 2022

planforms of the river way (Igbokoda-Ayetoro

waterway channel) in the riverine area of Ilaje. It

shows the bends of centroids and th e radius of

curvature (Rc) for the bends in green a rrow and the

direction of channel movements.

9a.

9b.

Fig. 9 a & b.: Inscribed circles that define the average

outer banklines from the 1972 and 2022 planforms of

the riverway (Igbokoda-Ayetoro waterway channel)

Source: Authors, 2023

As indicated in Table 2, the study revealed the rate,

direction and extent of the channel sh ifting in the

meandering section of Igbokoda-A yetoro waterway

channel between 1972 and 2022. Also, as shown in

Fig. 9 a & b and Table 3, the extent of the channel

migration/shifting in 2072 (100 years prediction) are

presented. As shown in Fig 9b. Subreaches 4 and 7

are tending towards joining together which may

eventually develop an OX-bow lake. In Table 3, the

highest yearly migration rates are observed in

subreaches SRH4, SRH5, SRH10, SRH11 and

SRH13 with estimates of 0.851m, 0.901m, 0.883m,

0.809m and 0.800m respectively.

Table 3: Rate and extent of Channel migration /shifting at meandering section of Igboko da-Ayetoro waterway

channel in 2072 (100 years projection)

RIVER

REACH

Migration

rate

between

1972-1984

Migration

rate

between

1984-

2002

Migration

rate

between

2002-2012

Migration

rate

between

2012-2022

Rate

aggregate

(m)

1972-2022

Average

Rate

metre/year

(m)

Migration

Distance in

2072

(50years) in

metres

Migration

Distance in

2122

(100years)

in metres

SRH1 0.215 0.303 1.271 0.48 2.269 0.567 28.5 56.73

SRH2 0.468 0.553 1.202 0.416 2.639 0.660 33.0 65.98

SRH3 0.776 0.375 1.236 0.624 3.011 0.753 37.6 75.27

SRH4 1.042 0.731 0.947 0.684 3.403 0.851 42.5 85.08

SRH5 0.396 0.811 1.18 1.217 3.604 0.901 45.1 90.12

SRH6 0.436 0.525 0.43 1.213 2.604 0.651 32.6 65.12

SRH6

Extension 0.627 1.013 0.65 0.61 2.900 0.725 36.3

72.51

SRH7 0.613 0.974 0.553 0.797 2.936 0.734 36.7 73.42

SRH8 0.378 0.584 0.662 0.425 2.048 0.512 25.6 51.22

SRH9 0.227 0.611 0.776 0.395 2.010 0.503 25.1 50.25

SRH10 1.671 0.655 0.616 0.588 3.531 0.883 44.1 88.27

SRH11 1.120 0.773 0.948 0.394 3.237 0.809 40.5 80.92

SRH12 0.933 0.785 0.721 0.528 2.967 0.742 37.1 74.18

SRH13 0.586 0.409 1.661 0.542 3.198 0.800 40.0 79.96

SRH14 0.622 0.326 1.034 0.359 2.340 0.585 29.3 58.52

SRH15 0.545 0.287 0.627 0.265 1.725 0.431 21.6 43.12

Source: Authors, 2023

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Fig. 10a & b: Channel/Bankline Shifting Prediction

for 2072 and 2122

Source: Authors, 2024

5.1 Influence of the channel shifting on Inland

transportation

5.1.1 Reduced permissible channel width

Study revealed that there are some narrow reaches

along the waterway channel due to the changing

pattern of channel m igration in the study area

overtime. These re aches include: Reac h A SRH15

(29.8 m), Reach B SRH6 (29.0m ), Reach C SRH5

(24.3m), SRH6 (30.3m ), and Reach B SRH7

(31.7m). However, the channel m igration led to

changes in the width of the naviga ble channel,

affecting the turning ability and passing clearance for

vessels particularly lager watercrafts used in

transporting goods and luggage in t he riverine

communities of Ilaje . For instance, the

manoeuvrability of a larger watercraft as shown in

Figure 11 c an be m uch difficult at locations of

narrow reaches like Reach A SRH15 (29.8 m), Reach

B SRH6 (29.0m) and Reach C SRH5 (24.3m).

Narrower channels make navigation m ore

difficult for vessels to navigate safely and increasing

the risk of collisions due to less manoeuvrable space

to manoeuvre. This risk can be further exacerbated

by the increased traffic density that is often found

particularly at river bends or curvatures in narrower

channels coupled with a reduced speed. For instance,

Findings revealed several river curvatures at reach A

(Igbokoda-Perawe waterway corridor) are highl y

meandering. Minimum speed is expect ed at thes e

river curvatures for vessels in transits to manoeuvre

on their lanes. It is worth noting that average channel

width of I gbokoda-Ayetoro waterway is been

estimated as 50metres for two-way manoeuvring

lanes. The observed narrow reaches as indicated in

the Table 1 are far below the per missible channel

width for vessel manoeuvrability. Hence, shifts in

channel alignment due to migration requires vessels

to adjust their course, impacting manoeuvrability and

potentially increasing the risk of collisions against

the riverbank or other vessels in transit.

Fig. 11: Typical manoeuvrabilit y positions of

watercrafts in opposite directions at river curvature

(bends) - (swept path zone);

Source: Adapted from [15].

Fig.11 show typical positions of two watercrafts in

opposite directions swaying sidewards on t he

manoeuvring lanes along the swept path zone before

adjusting back into straight channel. This indicates

the difficult situation of narrow width being m ore

pronounced at channel bends or curvatures. Fig. 12

shows a 23 metre long watercraft in transit along

Igbokoda-Ayetoro waterway carrying passenger and

market commodities. The length of the watercr aft

requires a careful manoeuvring in narr ow channel

bends of relatively between 30-40metres wide.



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Fig. 12: Larger watercraft carrying goods and market

commodities in in transit at Igbokoda

Source: Author, 2023

Besides, study revealed that the navigable depths of

the Igbokoda-Idiogba/Ayetoro waterway vary

significantly in different locations. In the field

investigation conducted in the Au gust 2022 and

January, 2023, study revealed that river channel

depth between Igbokoda and Mahin kingdom is

relatively stable. Changes in the depth became

pronounced from Ugbonla down t o Idiogba and

Eruna-Ero. In the downst ream of Ay etoro, Idiogba

and Eruna-Ero corridor, the river depth has greatly

reduced by the accumulated mud sediments; and this

is already threatening navigations in the zone .

Navigable river bed in this zone is characterised by

mud sediments from the Niger river discharge

through the ocean. Findings revealed that the

emergence of mud sediments in Ayetoro seaside has

caused a continuous change in the channel depth of

the downstream zone of the Ig bokoda-Ayetoro

waterway. Shallower depths along the channel are

apparently revealing and hindering the movement of

vessels especially large watercrafts.

5.1.2 Navigation restrictions

Boat operators operating on the larger watercraft

expressed their fear over the conditions of the

channel depth every time they navi gate around

Ajapa-Idiogba-Eruna-Ero enroute Awoy e axis and

other parts of the riverine area. The river channel

depths observed in reach D is gradually limiting the

size and draft of vessels that can navigate the

waterway. Larger vessel s require deeper water s to

avoid running aground. Meanwhile, the shallow

depths restrict the types and sizes of vessels that can

transport goods. It is notet aking that availability of

sufficient water depth in the waterw ay is the chief

requirement for navigation. Figure ?? shows typical

picture of th e type of wa tercraft operating i n the

study area.

5.1.3 Reduced Cargo Capacity

Larger vessels operating in shallower waterway are

however, affected by shallow waterway as they may

need to reduce their c argo capacity to avoid

grounding or damaging the vessel. This reduces the

efficiency of transportation as fewer goods can only

be transported in each trip, leading to increased costs

per unit of goods transported.

6 Conclusion

Strategies for river m anagement and conservation

must take in to account the beneficial effects and

negatives of variations i n river chan nel widths.

Maintaining healthy river ecosystems, promoting

biodiversity, and reducing adverse effects on human

activities and inland tra nsportation all depend on

striking a balance betw een these ele ments. The

research was able to identify river sections, such as

Reach D, where sudden channel expansion m ight

happen. This study found that river widening and

narrowing processes have altere d vessels’

manoeuvring lanes, hinder passage s of watercrafts,

and reduced freight capacity. Channel migration as a

factor of lateral river channel expansion and

contraction, is an essential process that ensures the

regular operation of rivers and one that preserves

fluvial habitats. However, it has negatively impacted

the inland w aterway transportation in Ilaje local

government area of Ondo state. Among the effect are

reduced permissible channel width, navigation

restrictions and reduced c argo capacity. Also, it is

worth noting that in densely populated areas, abrupt

channel widening m ight cause flood da mage. As a

result, effective flood risk management requires

identifying river sections where sudden channel

enlargement is possible [14].

7 Recommendation

River width variability has one advantage: it serves

as flood control indicators, a measur e for sediment

transport dynamics, habitat diversity, and provides a

variety of leisure activities. River width variabili ty

refers to how a river's wid th varies across ti me and

space. It is a natural occurrence caused by a variety

of causes including geology, hydrology, vegetation,

and human activity. Understanding the benefits and

drawbacks of river width fluctuation is critical for

successful river management and conservation.

Yang stated that variabilit y in ri ver width is an

essential ecological trait to research since it indicates

the diversity of riverine ecosystems [16] and specific

river morphodynamics [17]. Scherelis reiterated that

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river width i s one of the key variables needed to

calculate river discharge, along with river depth and

velocity, and is thus a key shape property for many

hydrological studies [18]

The study recommends bank st abilization,

sediments monitoring and manage ment as well as

channel realignment. These may involve regular

dredging to maintain channel dim ensions, the

construction of training structures to gui de the flow

of water and sedim ent, and the im plementation of

navigation aids will enhance visibility and safety.

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tgis.13083

Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

Everyone contributed in t he present research, at all

stages from the formulation of the proble m to the

final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

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