

Abstract: This paper aims to highlight the importance of integrating Augmented Reality technology by the Armed Forces as an

institution and by Weapon Systems servicing them since it consists of a significant tool in order to achieve the Objective. Therefore,

an analysis of the concept of Augmented Reality and its contribution is attempted for the Armed Forces to achieve their Mission

and enhance Situation Awareness on the battlefield. The specific technology provides a multiplier of power for achieving a

country's territorial defense, national independence, and supremacy against any external threatening or aggressive action.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Armed Forces, Objective, Situation Awareness.

Received: July 9, 2022. Revised: July 25, 2023. Accepted: August 23, 2023. Published: September 15, 2023.

1. Introduction

Armed Forces (AFs) across the globe are investing in

innovative technologies to achieve their Mission at the three

levels of warfare (strategic, operational, and tactical) which

includes the defense and territorial protection of Countries.

Through the use of cutting-edge military technology, among a

variety of tasks, competent military authorities are struggling to

provide troops with the expertise required to overcome any

trials and compensate for losses/disasters on the battlefield,

while at the same time, it contributes decisively to maximizing

their capabilities by ensuring timely and rapid access in plenty

of essential data and the acquisition of critical information that

will act as a catalytic factor on the achievement of the

Objective.

Augmented Reality (AR) technology is revolutionizing how

the AFs train and prepare for combat and the way in which they

operate in the field, ensuring increased survivability, cost

compression, casualty reduction, reduction of material

resources and means, achieving maximum performance in the

AFs Mission.

2. Augmented Reality

Nowadays, AR technology is rapidly developing with

numerous applications in various scientific and non-scientific

fields. The ever-increasing advancement that is being witnessed

is a result of people's quest for digital representation of large

amounts of information to facilitate their daily activities. The

goal of AR is the integration of digital content (processed and

enhanced by computer systems) on data collected from multiple

sensors from the real world in real-time in order to achieve a

more complete understanding of simplified reality. By utilizing

AR, users can interact with virtual information that would not

be able to perceive and process through their own natural

senses.

2.1 Definitions

The term Augmented Reality was given by Boeing

Researchers, Tom Caudell and David Mizell in 1990 [1].

According to the computer scientist Ronald Azuma (1997),

Augmented Reality is defined as a system that in general terms

[2] combines the real and virtual world, interacts in real-time,

and is registered in 3D (three dimensions).

Unlike Virtual Reality (VR) [3] technology which places the

user in a fully computer-generated (digitized) Virtual

Environment (VE), AR synthesizes 3D virtual objects that are

integrated in real-time into the real world [4]. In addition, AR is

defined within a more general framework called Mixed Reality

(MR) [5] which refers to a range of multi-axis domains

covering VR, AR, Telepresence and other related technologies.

Finally, the broader framework to which AR, VR and MR

belong is called Extended Reality (XR).

2.2 Categories

AR, based on the technological means used and the goals

which are predefined, is divided into four categories [6]:

1) Marker-based AR: This type of reality is also known as

Image Recognition and uses markers such as QR codes,

barcodes, images, symbols, objects themselves or other

markers, which are simple and discrete patterns, for easy

recognition, and low processing power. Applications based

on this type detect the markers using a camera through

algorithms in order to provide results.

2) Markerless AR: This type of reality is also known as

Location-based and it does not use markers but utilizes the

Augmented Reality and its Contribution to Enhance the

Operational Capabilities of the Armed Forces

CHARIKLEIA PAPATHANASIOU, NIKOLAOS V. KARADIMAS

Hellenic Army Academy,

Evelpidon Avenue Vari, 16673

GREECE

EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS

DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

physical objects. More specifically, through the sensors of

each device, such as the sensors of proximity, compass,

location (GPS), light, gyroscope, accelerometer,

magnetometer, velocity meter, etc., location data are

determined and inserted in the devices. It recognizes things

that were not directly provided to the application in

advance, unlike Marker Based AR and it uses algorithms

only to identify the patterns, the colors, and the other

features in order to provide results. These applications are

based on SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping)

technology, to directly locate the exact position of the

device on the map, as well as to map it and benefits from

new technological advancements such as LiDAR (Light

Detection and Ranging) and Drones.

3) Projection-Based AR: This type of reality uses projection

systems. Specifically artificial light is projected onto real-

world objects and this allows human interaction by sensing

the touch of that projected light. The user's touch is

detected by distinguishing between an expected projection

and an altered projection. Projection-based AR is used to

project a 3D interactive hologram.

4) Superimposition-Based AR: This type of reality is based

on Superimposition technology. In particular, the original

view of an object is either partially or fully replaced with a

newly augmented view of that specific object. For its

successful completion, it should be mentioned that the

object on which the overlay is to be implemented must be

correctly identified (during its detection) so that the

application can perform the overlay of its view.

2.3 Hardware and Software of an AR System

Hardware [1],[7]:

AR allows the integration of synthetic perceptual

information with the real-world environment across multiple

sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, and haptic. For

an AR system to function properly and provide the feeling that

virtual objects are part of the real world it should include:

• an input system (camera and tracking sensors such as

GPS, magnetometer, accelerometer and gyroscope),

• a processor [Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Graphics

Processing Unit (GPU)],

• a display device [Head-Mounted Display (HMD) video /

optical see-through or Handheld Display (HHD) or Spatial

Augmented Reality (SAR) Display].

Initially, through the camera, an image of the real world is

captured. It is then augmented by the addition of virtual objects.

Finally, in the course of the processes, the output system

presents the result obtained, which is perceived by the user by

his senses. It is worth mentioning that in order to achieve

computer vision, through the camera, various techniques are

used to train a computer to understand what "it sees", such as

Deep Learning (DL), Machine Learning (ML), Artificial

Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

Fig.1. Elements of an AR System

Software [1]:

Software is the bridge between the real and the virtual world.

The main characteristic of the elements of each software is to

interpret the acquired data in order to transform and augment

them. To create software for an AR system, the concepts of

Platform, Engine, Framework and SDK should be considered.

Platform refers to the Operating System (OS) on which an

AR application is developed. The OS is necessary to manage,

control and coordinate the operations of a computer system.

Examples of platforms that allow the creation of AR

applications are Android, iOS, iPadOS and Windows.

The engine provides a software development environment or

a template with built-in tools for creating AR applications.

Examples of these engines are Unity, Unreal Engine AR,

Google's Android Studio, and Apple's Xcode.

A framework is a structure that provides the basis for the

development of software applications. In detail, it includes a

collection of ready-made code which is used by developers to

accelerate the development of AR applications. Furthermore, it

constitutes a template on which programs can be developed for

a particular platform and can be modified by developers by

adding code in order to give the functionality they want to the

application. Examples of frameworks are ARCore and ARKit.

Software Development Kit (SDK) refers to a set of tools for

software development. Specifically, this set is used by

developers to create AR applications and includes, among other

things, utilities such as libraries, ready-made code examples,

instructions, etc. Examples of software development kits are the

Vuforia SDK and the Wikitude SDK.

3. Augmented Reality in the Armed

Forces

Armed Forces of numerous countries have embraced the

necessity of using Web 4.0, known as the Symbiotic Web. This

specific web environment is an unceasing connected reality that

is "always on". It is a Web Operating System – the entire web

is a single operating system with information flowing from any

point on it to any other interconnected system.

Many countries have adopted AR technology in the field of

Defense to achieve clear superiority on the battlefield over their

opponents. Some of the globe's leading countries that are

utilizing AR technology in their military operations, are the

USA (United States of America), Australia, Brazil, France,

India, Israel, Canada, China, Great Britain, New Zealand and

Norway. AR helps fighters have a better understanding of the

battlefield while enhancing the way commanders access

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

information and conduct operations.

3.1 Applications of AR in AFs

For the achievement of the Objective the applications of AR

in the Armed Forces [8], [9] mainly affect 5 sectors:

1) Real situations

AR provides realistic information about the actual

environment on the field, a feature that makes it superior to

other related technologies that refer to the transfer of data to

visualize real-world conditions. The conduct of military

operations for National Security, requires unceasing contact and

interaction with the operational environment in near real-time,

while the level of elements/data rendering in virtual reality

conditions must be limited to avoid endangering both the

operation's Objective and the participants as well as the material

resources and means deployed. In addition, with AR, computer

digital data (sensor retrieved) converts to a fully realistic

display that superimposes natural information and it can be a

significant advantage in real-world situations.

The ability of military personnel can be significantly

improved in several ways:

• Perception: By using 360° camera projection, danger

warnings and marking the enemy or other multiple points

of interest on the battlefield, they can reduce any errors

resulting from fatigue and operational stress as well as the

time required to detect and identify situations that may

cause failures.

• Orientation: Precise navigation (regardless of the

environmental conditions in the field) can be provided

using instructions (e.g., visual instructions - navigation

lines, arrows, compass, distances, etc.) since the AR

software uses data from numerous sensors.

• Keeping focus: In complex situations with high levels of

operational stress on the ground, only the default

necessary information is displayed to the fighter.

• Specific knowledge: By leveraging AR, fighters can

receive specific and accurate information needed at the

exact moment, which is either embedded in the AR

application itself or obtained from a remote operations

center. Via information that is sent interactively at

Operations Centre, those with coordination tasks receive

realistic information on the data on numerous parameters

of the ongoing operation (even data concerning the

physical condition and health of the fighters) and retain

the ability to update plans and orders with a maximum

possibility of success as part of the Situation Awareness

(SA) process.

All the above mentioned can be implemented with the hands

being in constant contact only with the minimum absolutely

necessary armament for example, by controlling the display

with voice or facial recognition and at the eyes level. Some

examples of such devices are HMDs such as Microsoft

HoloLens and Augmented Reality Command, Control,

Communicate, Coordinate (ARC4), Head-Up Displays

(HUDs), eyeglasses, etc. AR devices can be used in all service

branches of the Armed Forces (Air Force, Navy and Army) and

enhance their Mission by providing useful information in

military operations.

Fig.2. An example of ARC4

2) Training

Training of Units can be long-lasting, cost-intensive and

simulation of emergency situations can be poorly performed.

All of these adversely affect the level of training and readiness

to achieve the National Defense's Objective. The use of AR

technology concerning training and military exercises

significantly improves the efficiency and quality of the above.

AR contributes to the training of fighters who benefit from

its 3D nature as well as its interactivity. Military personnel can

be trained in the technologies they will use on the battlefield

with their actual equipment. Also, with AR it is simpler for the

military personnel to understand the topics explained in user

manuals and/or operational plans. For example, military

personnel can track in 3D tactics of units on augmented maps.

In addition, facilitating the acquisition of demanding skills,

such as Flight Training, significantly reduces the number of

hours and costs of using real means, with the point of reference

that all instructions are available in front of the pilot's eyes,

superimposed on real environment. Furthermore, AR

technology improves the practical lessons and learning

capabilities in Search and Rescue (SAR) training, which is of

utmost importance in real situations as well as in Combat

Lifesaver training in order to reduce the loss of life on the

battlefield. Finally, AR helps with logistics and supply chain to

empower military operations by having everything organized in

the field and within the depots while military personnel view

augmented instructions.

3) Real-time remote collaboration

Real-time remote collaboration is one of the key advantages of

using AR technology as it improves collaboration in:

• Emergent situations: It accelerates the decision-making

process, enhances SA and reduces time for repair.

• Regular activities: It reduces requirements and therefore

travel costs, allows for collaboration across multiple

collaborative projects and facilitates logistics.

4) Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO)

AR technology is proving useful for equipment maintenance

and instructions are displayed as layers over the real 3D object

which reduces errors and time required for regular maintenance

rather than study two dimensional printed manuals. It is also

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

efficient for emergency equipment repair at remote locations

where remote experts can see the same real-time image as

people in the field so they can guide them through the repair

process safely. A large number of military equipment consists

of complex electromechanical systems (e.g., aircraft, tanks) and

their maintenance and assembly require extremely high

demands on support staff.

5) Security system checks

AR technologies reduce errors and requirements when

performing security system checks by:

• Information visualization (information presented visually

in 3D space, facilitates understanding, mutual comparison

and extraction of the most important data),

• Step-by-step instructions (to simplify procedures).

• Digital security checklist (their use prevents skipping

steps).

• Real-time security monitoring (for immediate danger

detection in radar systems, monitoring of security systems

of objects, etc.).

Some of the AR uses in the Military are the bellow:

• Flight or Vehicle simulation: The main advantages of

this are the impact on reducing the time and cost required.

The fact is that military training is expensive. Especially

AF training is very expensive. Therefore, it is more cost-

effective to use flight simulators than real aircraft, given

the multitude of scenarios that can be added to related

training programmes.

• Battlefield combat simulation: Combat system

simulations are mostly applied to ground vehicles, and

tanks or armored vehicles. Particularly AR environment

recreates different weather conditions and trains for

navigation in unknown locations.

• Battlefield Medical response simulation: AR training

for combat medics helps to prepare them to provide first

aid for bullet wounds, explosive shrapnel wounds and

combat injuries on the modern battlefield.

• Military weapons usage: Use of any Weapon System,

with compression of wear due to use (and therefore

maintenance required) and their life cycle costs.

• Bomb Disposal: Training programs for bomb disposal

squads, which enable them to practice neutralizing

explosive substances of various types and configurations

without the risks inherent in the use of live ammunition.

• Remote Maintenance: Support remote maintenance of

military equipment that enables experts to remotely advise

maintenance engineers.

3.2 Command and Control

Acquiring real-time information about an ongoing combat

situation is crucial both in conducting military operations and

in training personnel of AFs. Command and Control (C2)

systems [10] mainly concern visualization using tactical

symbols. They use AR and peer-to-peer technology to enhance

warfighter readiness by adding additional, meaningful

graphical and text information to the real environment in real-

time. The powerful entry of high-performance mobile devices

and wireless digital networks into the military makes it possible

to use technology at the level of military personnel on the

battlefield.

Applying an advanced visual perception of the environment,

combined with digital communication for remote data

transmission, can improve SA according to the modern

concepts of network-centric combat organization, improve the

understanding of the tasks assigned and offer a shared

experience to reduce the response time in critical situations

(e.g., informing users about upcoming situations, faster

decisions). The critical requirements of a C2 System are

constant connectivity to the military network as well as

reliability and accuracy of the data submitted. These

requirements are adopted in leading armies of the EU

(European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization) countries, in Israel, but also competing militaries

such as those of China, Russia and Iran.

Information Superiority on the battlefield is a leading issue

in modern concepts for conducting military operations.

Building a computer network connecting sensors, commanders,

fighters, and weapons provides greater combat power with

maximum reliability and accuracy, with the ultimate goal of

achieving the Objective while combining minimum losses of

lives and assets. The command is also about tracking the

behavior of a moving target, and with today's data, it involves

changes in the position (coordinates) of the target and changes

in the spatial orientation (rotation relative to the target's own

axes).

An example of C2 is Integrated Visual Augmentation System

(IVAS) [AR/MR system] which has been developed for

implementation in the US Army. IVAS is based on the

Microsoft HoloLens product and has an extended range of

capabilities, including night vision, thermal imaging, target

identification, access to navigation data, and more. This system

revolutionized the way commanders and military personnel

share data, delivering mission-critical information directly into

an individual's field of vision. Active-use solutions reflect how

combat operations are carried out e.g., through "see what I see"

solutions, fire support tools, medical assistance and other teams

can receive real-time instructions and other vital data submitted

from remote command posts.

3.3 Situation Awareness

Situation Awareness (SA) [11], [12] is the perception of the

elements in the environment within a specific time and space,

the understanding of their importance and the projection of their

situation in the near future. It can provide excellent services to

both fighters in the field and commanders of the Operations

Centre, through unceasing and rapid access to data and

processed information concerning a multitude of parameters.

The tactics of realistic remote coordination of operations in

real-time become feasible given the provided Common

Operating Picture (COP) applications which integrate existing

technological capabilities (e.g., GPS, data encryption, etc.)

under AR conditions.

EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS

DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

Fig. 3. Situation Awareness

SA includes the loss or incomplete perception or changes to

elements present in the operational environment of the fighter.

This factor may be related to an individual's limited knowledge

of the operational environment. The lack of SA is an operative

event in many military accidents. Some of these difficulties can

be overcome by using a technology that can organize and

display information to the user automatically. In recent years,

many military applications based on AR technology have been

designed to improve SA as support to decision-making in

unknown environments. Set of elements that help to have an

adequate SA on the battlefield are.

• Terrain recognition: Accurate reference of the place of

operations to increase the perception of the environment.

• Infrastructure recognition: Identify buildings and

infrastructure in the enemy's terrain either to be used as a

spatial reference or to execute a specific mission.

• Geographical environment recognition: Obtain

additional information about the operational environment

such as geographic references, artillery pieces, etc.

• Threat alert using descriptive symbols: Understanding

the symbols of threats by the military personnel to

determine the necessary related actions (e.g., avoidance or

confrontation).

• Allied location: All the fighters must know the position of

the Allied forces on the battlefield.

• Path tracking: Checking on a digital map the path done

by the operational groups.

• Communication: Communication between the

Operations Center and the Chief of the Combat Team. The

communication between the distinct links in the chain of

command is part of C2 tasks.

• Information filtering: Filtering the information of the

contextual environment that is absolutely necessary at any

given time.

3.4 Challenges

The integration of AR into the implementation of real

operations in the field involves numerous challenges [13] that

need to be addressed:

• Overdependence on Technology: The main tenet in

military personnel training is "train as you fight". The

usage of an AR system must be balanced to ensure that

basic combat skills do not atrophy (e.g., conducting

occasionally analog land navigation with a map, compass,

and protractor). An increased reliance on a digitized

display of the environment and mission can lead to a loss

of operation without the support of AR.

• Unit and Military Personnel Experience Level: The

information presented in these systems need to be

accurate, sufficiently up-to-date, relevant, and timely,

without creating a distraction or interrupting the

information flow in the tactical setting, to Operational

Groups as a whole, and to individual Fighters who have

different experience levels.

• Sensor Data Integrity: At all times the Fighter in the field

must be convinced that his equipment functions according

to the strictly defined standards/specifications so that the

Fighter's sensors are saturated by falsified/false data (e.g.,

GPS spoofing).

• Electromagnetic Signatures: In the last few years there

has been an escalating effort to achieve superiority in the

field of Electronic Warfare (EW), where all major military

forces seek to develop technology with which they will be

able to degrade and disrupt the utilization of the Electro

Magnetic Spectrum (EMS). There is a need to share

relevant and timely data between the Operational Group

and the Operations Center, making every effort to prevent

the Groups from detection and alteration of information

they receive from their sensors.

• Extreme Weather, Energy Consumption, and Battery

Life: Extreme environmental conditions will affect

electronic equipment, increasing the likelihood of

malfunctions and exacerbating the challenge to maintain

sufficient power and relevant unceasing system

functionality.

• Network Reliance and Scalability: Successful utilization

of AR systems is contingent upon the Operational Group's

ability to provide and receive data to and from the field.

AR systems have as their basic operating architecture the

utilization of high-quality data with maintained data

integrity through limited delivery channels.

3.5 Perspectives

Recent studies show an 18% increase in sales of AR systems

for the global defense market between 2017 and 2025. The use

of AR systems differentiated the way military operations are

planned and implemented, as it has managed to bring about vital

changes in the field of operations itself. For example, it is

possible to track enemy's movements by Unmanned Aerial

Vehicles (UAVs) in incredible detail and redistribute this

information for use in real-time, reducing the number of

personnel who can operate in specific high-risk missions, while

increasing the chances of success and survivability, achieve

faster and cheaper rates of production, training, logistical

support and maintenance of weapon systems.

There are several reasons why the AFs are adopting

Augmented Reality technology. AR, in combination with VR

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

and MR systems, is changing the perspective of a Country's

defense capabilities. To remain formidable and, more

importantly, to stay ahead of other competing / enemy forces,

they are adopting AR systems from training to strategy

development.

4. Conclusion

The Mission of the Armed Forces is the preservation of

territorial integrity, national independence and supremacy of a

country against any external threatening or aggressive action,

while their operational task includes the support of national

interests. In the present era, there is a rapid development of

Augmented Reality technology. Following the relative

development, the AFs of several countries have introduced AR

technology in their various applications to meet their

operational needs at strategic, operational and tactical levels

aiming to achieve the Mission of all branches of the AFs.

Studying the way how modern warfare is evolving, the

combination of AR with the technology of Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) could be definitely a force

multiplier for the relative AFs. For example, the traditional

paper orientation grid, of any Hellenic AF base could be

replaced by an "Electronic Orientation Grid", which in real-

time will be able to provide the same picture on a tactical level

both to the competent Units for coordination and to the Force

Protection Units of the Base. It will be pre-installed as

indicative and non-limiting of all available means that

contribute to the survivability of the Base. The entire critical

infrastructure of the Unit, as well as specific landmarks outside

the Unit, will be mapped in advance using geospatial

coordinates to coordinate the assistance of state authorities in

order to eliminate threats outside the boundaries of the Base,

which affect its survivability. An example of an AR mobile app

is "AuGeo" by ESRI labs that we have customized with ArcGIS

point data as it is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. AR app for a fictitious Hellenic Military Unit.

References

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Charikleia Papathanasiou has born in

Athens, Greece, and holds a degree in

"Geography" from the Harokopio University

of Athens, 2020. She also holds a master's

degree in "Cryptography, Security and

Information Systems" from the Hellenic

Army Academy of Athens in 2023.

She was a trainee at the Hellenic Military Geographical Service

(HMGS) in the Geobase Subdirectorate in 2020. Since 2022 she

holds a Pedagogical & Teaching Adequacy degree.

Finally, Ms. Papathanasiou degree's thesis was about "Military

Applications of Geoinformatics" and her master's thesis was

about "Augmented Reality in the Armed Forces".

EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS

DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023

Nikolaos V. Karadimas has born in Athens,

Greece, and holds a degree in Electrical

Engineering from the Technological Institute

of Patras. He holds a second degree in

Electronic Engineering and a master's degree

in "Computer Science" from Glasgow

Caledonian University, Scotland in 1997 and

1998 respectively. He also holds a second master's degree in

"Distributed and Multimedia Information Systems" from

Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland in 1999. Since

2007, he holds a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from the

National Technical University of Athens (NTUA).

He teaches Informatics at the Hellenic Army Academy (ΗΑΑ)

since 2001, while since 2022 he holds the position of Associate

Professor of Informatics on Military Applications in the

Academy. He has also taught at the Air Force Academy, the

Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus, the

Technological Educational Institute of Chalkis, the Hellenic Air

Force Technical NCO Academy, and the New York College. He

has worked at the Institute of Informatics and

Telecommunications of the National Center for Scientific

Research (Demokritos) and in the School of Electrical and

Computer Engineering of NTUA as an external collaborator-

researcher.

In addition, he has supervised a big number of diploma and

master's theses at the Hellenic Army Academy and the School

of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA.

He has obtained several scholarships during his undergraduate

and graduate studies and awards for four (4) published articles.

He is a reviewer for many journals and conferences. He is a

member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering (IEEE), the Institute of Engineering and

Technology (IET), and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE-

TCG).

Finally, Dr. Karadimas has over 100 publications in

international journals, books, and conferences, and his research

interests are in Military Applications, Databases, Big Data,

Data Analysis, Enterprise Resource Planning, Geographical

Information Systems, Modeling and Simulation Algorithms,

and Decision Support Systems.

Contribution of individual authors to the creation

of a scientific article (ghostwriting policy)

Charikleia Papathanasiou carried out the investigation,

the resources, the software, the simulation, the

optimization, the writing of original draft and editing.

Nikolaos V. Karadimas carried out the conceptualization,

project administration, resources, supervision, writing,

review and editing.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS

DOI: 10.37394/232024.2023.3.5

Charikleia Papathanasiou, Nikolaos V. Karadimas

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 3, 2023