Rangelands and pastoralism towards a new strategy of development in
the world
AZEDDINE HACHMI1, ASMAE ZBIRI1, FATIMA EZZAHRAE EL ALAOUI-FARIS1
1Department of Biology, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Science, MOROCCO
Abstract: - After addressing the subject of conservation of Moroccan and African rangelands, in this work we
try to linkage these lands on a global scale. With the pandemic of COVID-19 and the impacts of climate change
these rural populations have suffered great problems. Their weak or absent means of resistance pose a real
handicap to live in peace. The only way is to migrate to places where they can continue with their cattle this
battle of life or death. On the other hand and from the point of view of natural resources, these lands have
immense power to manage a whole community by the richness of these medicinal plants and their soils. Due to
the lack of interest in these areas, there is a risk of losing an entire ecosystem rich in fauna, flora, habitat,
nomadic population and traditions. In this work we propose many recommendations: natural, socio-economic,
cultural and public health.
Key-Words: - Rangelands, pastoralism, strategy of development.
Received: June 28, 2021. Revised: March 21, 2022. Accepted: April 17, 2022. Published: June 2, 2022.
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition of rangelands and pastoralism
Rangelands are lands composed primarily of native
vegetation (trees, grasses, forbs or shrubs). These
lands also include natural grasslands, savannas,
many wetlands, some deserts, and tundra. Although
they may include areas seeded with introduced
species, rangeland plant communities are primarily
natural ecosystems (Society of Range Management
2001) [1].
Pastoralism refers to extensive livestock production
using rangelands located mainly in arid and semi-
arid areas (FAO, 2014) [2]. It is based on open
pastures: savannahs, grasslands, steppes,
shrublands) managed by nomadic herders.
According to the French Association of Pastoralism
(AFP), pastoralism is the set of livestock activities
that develop the spontaneous forage resources of
natural areas through extensive grazing, to ensure all
or part of the animals' diet.
Pastoralism is a production activity (suckling or
dairy farming, with possible transformation for the
production of cheese), it can be carried out on
pastoral surfaces close to the farm (local pastures
and estives) or be organized on a regional or
interregional scale by resorting to summer or winter
transhumance.
1.2 Rangeland and pastoralism in the world
Rangeland is estimated to occupy nearly half of the
world's land surface (Heady, 1975; Kotzé et al.,
2013) [3; 4], with estimates varying considerably
depending on the meaning of the term "rangeland"
(Lund, 2007) [5]. These lands are generally used for
livestock production (Menke and Bradford, 1992;
Smet and Ward, 2006) [6; 7]; and are mostly located
in areas with low, irregular rainfall and very high
evaporation (Aidoud et al., 2006) [8]. They cover
about 75% of the total area of Australia (Taylor,
2004) [9], 43% of the African continent (Hoffman
and Vogel, 2008; Galvin et al., 2008) [10; 11], 36%
of the United States (Department of rangeland
ecology and management, 2009) [12], 33% of South
America (Yahdjian and Sala, 2008) [13] and 32% of
Asia (World resources institute, 1986) [14] Russia,
Australia, and Canada are the top three countries
with the largest area of rangeland representing 18%,
10%, and 8% of the world's land area, respectively
(Reeves et al., 2014) [15].
In the United States, the total area of rangeland is
308 million hectares (Havstad et al., 2007) [16].
These rangelands cover about 10% of the country's
annual meat needs (USDA, 1989) [17].
South America encompasses both tropical
(savannah) and temperate (pampas) rangelands.
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Tropical rangelands make up the majority of the
land cover with over 2 million km² (Blench and
Sommer, 1999) [18]. The two most extensive
rangeland ecosystems are the Brazilian Cerrados
(1,700,000 km and 540 species recorded) and the
Lianos (plains) in Colombia and Venezuela (Blench,
1999) [19].
The rangelands of southern Russia are arid steppe
type (Golub, 1994) [20], populated by nomads
(Hölzel et al., 2002) [21] with a pastoral mode
adapted to the fragile ecological conditions of the
region (Walther and Box, 1983; Khodarkowsky,
1992) [22; 23].
In Australia, rangelands have multiple uses and
functions, and are important to the national
economy (Rola-Rubzen and McGregor, 2008) [24].
In Mongolia, 72% of land is classified as rangeland
(Jamsranjav, 2009) [25] rich in plants
(Groombridge, 1992) [26] and animals (Blench and
Sommer, 1999) [18].
Chinese rangelands are similar to those of Mongolia
and are characterized by a semi-arid to arid
bioclimate, particularly vulnerable to degradation,
desertification, and salinization (Feng et al., 2009)
[27].
Iranian rangelands account for nearly 52% of the
country's area and are classified as good to poor
(Rostami et al., 2014) [28]. Southern Iran is rich in
pastoral groups specialized in sheep rearing (Barth,
1961; Black-Michaud, 1986) [29; 30].
Syrian steppe rangelands cover more than half of the
country's area (Al- Khatib, 2008) [31].
The Iberian Peninsula has semi-arid and subhumid
rangelands derived from ancient Mediterranean oak
forests (Gea-Izquierdo et al., 2006; Pulido-
Fernández et al, 2013) [32; 33]. The extension of
agriculture and the degradation of trees and shrubs
have created a mosaic of vegetation cover,
grasslands and scrublands (Plieninger et al., 2004)
[34].
However, the classification of rangelands faces the
problem of ordering biogeographic entities, based
on factors as diverse as climate, vegetation, soils,
and the modalities of exploitation of the
environment by man (Carriere, 1995) [35].
At present, climate and vegetation are the most
acceptable basis for classifying rangelands, since the
major vegetation formations integrate climatic and
geographic criteria as well as rangeland exploitation
systems (figure 1).
Fig 1. Rangelands area in the world in millions of hectares (World resources institute, 1986)
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Each rangeland physiognomy type presents a
favorable space for extensive pastoral livestock
production, which uses about 25% of the world's
land and produces about 10% of the meat used for
human consumption (Alkemade et al., 2012) [36].
More than 120 million pastoralists depend on over 5
billion hectares of rangeland for their livelihoods
(Joshi et al., 2013) [37]. Swift (1988) considered
pastoral populations to be 10-25% of the rural
population, or 12-16% for western and eastern
regions of north-tropical Africa (Bonfiglioli, 1992)
[38; 39]. Table 1 is a summary of the distribution
and status of pastoralism around the world (Blench
and Sommer, 1999) [18]. There is a great diversity
of animal species throughout the world.
But, the status of these ecological systems has a
tendency to be transformed into agricultural land.
However, in Central Asia and Siberia, pastoral
improvement actions have succeeded in increasing
the area of rangeland.
In the Near East and North Africa, pastoral livestock
farming developed from a belt of semi-arid, arid and
Saharan rangelands from the Straits of Gibraltar to
the deserts of Pakistan.
Archaeological evidence has confirmed that sheep
production was the pastoral system that enabled the
colonization of this vast belt, although now camels
have a fairly important contribution to this
husbandry system (Blench and Sommer, 1999) [18].
Table 1. Distribution and status of pastoralism in the world (Blench and Sommer, 1999)
1.3 Ecological importance of rangelands
In addition to serving as a resource base for
livestock production, rangelands provide a filtering
area for pollutants and preservation of biodiversity
(Sincich, 2002; Chatelard, 2005) [40; 41]. These
rangelands provide habitat for wildlife and a variety
of products for people to use (Kawanabe et al.,
1998) [42]. The diversity of rangeland vegetation
contributes to soil fertility and preservation against
erosion (Buresh and Tian, 1998) [43]. Table 2
describe the different forms and plant architectures,
according to their adaptation strategy where they
dominate, the absence or the presence of some
biological types is a very important character for
rangelands flora. In general, biological types
provide information on the morphological
characteristics by which plants have adapted to the
environments in which they live.
A relationship exists between rangeland degradation
and biodiversity loss.
In California, for example, livestock grazing
improves biodiversity and oak regeneration (Barry,
2011) as well as carbon sequestration in rangelands
(Booker et al., 2012) [44; 45].
In Africa and Asia, the presences of large mammals
play an important role in rangeland ecology. For
example, the floristic diversity of African
rangelands, expressed as the number of species per
Area
Major species
Status
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cattle, Sheep, Goats,
Camels
Declining due to agriculture
Mediterranean
Small ruminants
Declining everywhere due to agriculture
Near East and South
Central Asia
Small ruminants
In local decline due to containment and
development of agriculture
India
Cattle, Sheep, Goats,
Camels
Declining due to agriculture with expansion of
peri-urban livestock production
Central Asia
Yaks, Cattle, Sheep, Goats,
Camels and Horses
Expansion after pastoral improvement actions
Circumpolar
rennes
Expansion after pastoral improvement actions in
Siberia, but under pressure in Scandinavia
North America
Cattle, Sheep
Declining with the increase in land enclosure and alternative
economic opportunities
Andes
Ilamas, Alpacas
Subcontracting of llama production due to
the expansion of road networks and European breeding, but the
expansion of alpaca wool production
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10000 km², is 1750 species not far from the 2020
species found in rainforests (Menaut, 1983) [46].
Ecological services provided by rangelands include
water conservation, soil stabilization, climate
change mitigation and erosion and desertification
control (Malagnoux et al., 2007; Rotenberg and
Yakir, 2010) [47; 48]. According to Campbell et al.
(2008), rangelands store a significant amount of
terrestrial carbon, 36% globally and 59% in Africa,
and thus contribute to mitigating the impact of
climate change (Neely et al., 2009) [49, 50].
1.4 Socio-economic importance of rangelands
Rangelands are multifunctional spaces that can
provide many essential products and services to
more than a billion people living in arid and semi-
arid climates (Easdale and Domptail, 2014) [51].
These products and services are important for the
livelihoods of the people living there (Alizadeh et
al., 2010) [52]. Rangelands contribute 9% of the
world's beef production and 30% of sheep and goat
production (Ferchichi, 2004) [53].
The grazing process and the type of livestock are an
integral part of the social and ecological system of
livestock production in the world's rangelands.
Ecosystem service is one of the privileges that
people derive from these ecosystems (Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) [54]. This concept
has been used to encourage conservation programs
in these drylands, but often criticized for hiding the
complexity of natural systems (Norgaard, 2010)
[55]. Despite low productivity, many ecosystem
products and services derived from rangelands are
increasingly recognized (Havstad et al., 2007) [56].
Pastoral livestock farming makes an important
contribution to the countries concerned. For
example, almost 20% to GDP in Mongolia
(Jamsranjav, 2009) and Kyrgyzstan (IMPD, 2008)
[57; 58].
In Kenya, 50-95% of family income comes from
pastoral livestock (Aklilu and Catley, 2009; Kenya
Ministry of Agriculture, 2008) [59; 60], while in
Senegal, 80% of milk consumed by households is of
pastoral origin (Knips, 2006) [61].
1.5 Cultural importance of rangelands
Pastoralism, or the extensive use of communal
rangelands for livestock production, is an essential
cultural way of life that affects 100-200 million
people worldwide (Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, 2010) [62]. These lands
contribute to the cultural and spiritual identity and
diversity of the people who live there. The
sacredness of plants and their respect by local
populations has resulted in the protection of many
pastoral species, some of which have been included
in the UNESCO World Heritage List and their
ecosystems were declared a biosphere reserve in
2008 (UNESCO, 2009) [63].
1.6 Policy for rangelands managing
The expansion of cultivated areas and the
overexploitation of rangelands are often linked to
the general policy of pastoral management; in
Tunisia, for example, the privatization of collective
rangelands has led to the further degradation of
steppe rangelands (Auclair and Picouet, 1994) [64].
Poor governance is the main cause of rangeland
degradation worldwide: poor effective investment
policy, institutional support and planning processes
to support pastoral communities (FAO, 2016) [65].
Table 2. List of plant species with their classifications and phytogeography.
L
BT
Biogeo
DR
Familly
P
Ge
W. MED
V
Iridaceae
A
Th
EUR-MED
R?
Asteraceae
A
Th
EURAS
R?
Ranunculaceae
A
Th
MED
R?
Ranunculaceae
A
Th
MED-ASIE
Aizoaceae
A
Th
MED
Malvaceae
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A
Th
AFN
R
Asteraceae
A
Th
EURAS-AFN
Primulaceae
P
Ch
AFN
Fabaceae
A
Th
EURAS-AFN
Boraginaceae
P
Ch
EURAS-AFN
Asteraceae
P
Ge
MED
Asparagaceae
P
Ge
CANAR-MED
Asphodelaceae
A
Th
CANAR-EUR-
Asteraceae
MERID
P
Ch
MED
Fabaceae
A
Th
MED
Fabaceae
A
Th
MED
Asteraceae
P
Ch
AFN-TUR-ARAB
RR
Asteraceae
P
H
MED-IBERO-
V
Asteraceae
MAUR
P
Ch
SAH-MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
MED
??
Brassicaceae
A
Th
MED
Poaceae
A
Th
PALEO-SUB-
TROP
RR
Poaceae
A
Th
EURAS-AFN
??
Asteraceae
A
Th
EURAS-MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
MED
R
Asteraceae
P
H
W-MED
RR
Asteraceae
A
H
AFN
Poaceae
A
Th
EURAS
Ranunculaceae
A
Th
MED
Asteraceae
P
Ge
AFN-ASIE
Orobanchaceae
P
Ge
AFN-ASIE
Orobanchaceae
A
Th
MED
Asteraceae
P
H
MACAR-MED
Convolvulaceae
P
H
PALEO-TEMP
Poaceae
P
H
S-MED-SAH
R?
Asteraceae
P
H
MED
RR
Boraginaceae
A
H
AFN
RR
Boraginaceae
A
Th
MED
Geraniaceae
A
Th
MED
Brassicaceae
A
Th
COSMP
Euphorbiaceae
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P
Ch
MED
Zygophyllaceae
P
Ge
MED
??
Apiaceae
P
H
EUR-AFN
Poaceae
A
Th
MED
RR
Papaveraceae
P
Ch
AFN
Cistaceae
A
Th
CANARIES-
Cistaceae
EURAS-AFN
P
Ch
EURAS-MED
Cistaceae
P
Ch
AFN-ASIE
RR
Cistaceae
P
Ch
AFN
Cistaceae
P
H
EURAS-AFN
R
Caryophyllaceae
A
Th
CIRCUMBOR
RR
Poaceae
A
H
MED
RR
Asteraceae
P
Ge
MED
Iridaceae
A
Th
AFN
Asteraceae
A
Th
AFN-ARAB
Boraginaceae
A
Th
AFN-ARAB
Asteraceae
A
H
EURAS-AFN
Brassicaceae
A
Th
MED
Caprifoliaceae
P
Ch
COSMP
Lamiaceae
A
Th
EURAS-AFN
R
Brassicaceae
P
Ch
MED
Brassicaceae
P
Ge
MED
Asparagaceae
P
Ch
AFN-ASIE
Amaranthaceae
P
H
MED
R?
Asteraceae
P
H
EUR-MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
PALEO-TEMP
Papaveraceae
A
Th
MED
RR
Caryophyllaceae
P
Ch
MED-ASIE
Zygophyllaceae
A
H
EUR-MED
Asteraceae
P
Ph
IRAN-AFN
Anacardiaceae
P
H
MED
Plantaginaceae
A
Th
MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
EURAS
R
Resedaceae
A
Th
AFN
Asteraceae
A
Th
MED
Polygonaceae
P
H
MED-ASIE
Lamiaceae
A
Th
AFN
Brassicaceae
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L: longevity (A: annual, P: perennial); BT: biological type; DR: degree of rarity.
2 Conclusion and recommendations
The rangelands in the world also include grasslands,
savannahs, many wetlands, some deserts and tundra.
These lands occupy 6.7 billion hectares, of which
3.3 billion hectares are degraded. Despite the fact
that the socioeconomic and environmental
conditions of drylands are lower than those
observed in other regions of the world and that
poverty is concentrated in these lands (IPCC, 2019)
[66], livestock production in these rangelands feeds
about 675 million rural people in developing
countries (Peters et al., 2013) [67]. Indeed, while per
capita demand for meat has reached an optimal level
in developed countries, it is still increasing
significantly in developing countries (Steinfeld et
al., 2010) [68].
The food security of pastoral populations is
dependent on their livestock, which in turn is
dependent on the vegetation offered by rangelands.
Rangelands provide over 19 million tons of meat
and 12% of milk worldwide (FAO, 2012) [69].
Pastoral populations derive their food resources
from livestock production. In India or Tanzania, a
rural household with one or two animals will use
milk production for their own consumption and
these animals can be sold to maintain their income
or purchase other food items (Knips, 2006) [61].
To achieve economically viable and ecologically
sustainable use of the sites studied, it is necessary to
keep 50% of the phytomass produced (Take half
leave half) on the soil for its protection for
sustainable productivity.
A
Th
MACAR-MED
RR
Poaceae
P
H
MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
EUR-MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
EUR-MED
Asteraceae
A
H
EUR-MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
AFN
Asteraceae
P
Th
MED
Asteraceae
A
Th
PALEO-TEMP
Brassicaceae
P
H
EURAS-AFN-
Poaceae
IBERO
P
H
IBERO-MAUR
Poaceae
P
H
AFN
Caryophyllaceae
P
Ch
MED
RR
Lamiaceae
P
Ch
MED
R
Lamiaceae
P
Ge
MED
Apiaceae
P
Ch
AFN
Thymelaeaceae
P
Ch
AFN
Lamiaceae
A
Ge
AFN
Pezizaceae
P
Ge
EUR-MED
RR
Liliaceae
A
Th
EUR-MED
RR
Fabaceae
P
Ph
MED
RR?
Rhamnaceae
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Good management of these rangelands must be
accompanied by the integration of other revenue-
generating activities such as wildlife tourism (e.g.,
in Kenya, the tourism sector accounts for 13% of
Gross Domestic Produc (GDP), while the livestock
sector contributes between 5% and 10% of GDP).
Ecotourism can be a vector of development of
steppe spaces and could very well be based on the
organization of safaris and the realization of action
or historical films through the great alfatiers spaces
for an American, Asian, European or Moroccan
clientele. Why not reassignment?
The life under the tent can constitute products
sought by this clientele more and more stressed, by
the way of life of the great civilizations.
Other perspectives can be given to this work in
other fields of ecology such as the eco-ethology and
eco-physiology of certain species that present a
special adaptation to the difficult conditions of the
arid environment.
Given the results of our investigations, emergency
and support plans and conservation or restoration
actions must be proposed and operationalized in the
framework of a necessary pastoral development.
These rangelands, as natural points of biodiversity,
represent a bank of genetic resources that can be
exploited in the agronomic field as well as in the
public health field. For example, Artemisia herba-
alba was used in traditional medicine since these
difficult periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. This
plant has an antiseptic power and relieving effect of
anxiety types. So it can be used as a therapeutic cure
after COVID-19.
Several species can be the object of further studies
and protection measures by the competent
authorities.
Heteroptera are recently reproduced and
incorporated in the discipline of biological control
of pests of cotton, apple and tomato.
Realization of a chromosomal study of pastoral
plants.
Funding: This research received no external
funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully
acknowledge support from Martha Modzelevich
for her help in the in-situ botanical
determination of most species. We also thank the
editor-in-chief and Assistant Editor of WSEAS
journal and we thank Reviewers that reviewed
the paper. Bibliographic data were also used
(www.flowersinisrael.com ; www.tela-botanica.org
; www.teline.fr ; www.inpn.mnhn.fr ;
www.naturevivante.org and www.conservation-
nature.fr ).
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