Proposed the use of non-intrusive technology to ticketing of public

transport vehicle passing integrating modes

FABRICIO FERREIRA CINTRA 1, CAIO FERNANDO FONTANA2, ANTONIO GIL DA SILVA

ANDRADE4, CLEDSON AKIO SAKURAI3,

1,2,3Departamento Ciências do Mar (DCMAR)

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)

Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 89 – Santos/SP

BRAZIL

4Departamento de Tecnologia da Arquitetura

Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FAU)

Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

Rua Lago, 876 - Butantã, São Paulo/SP

BRAZIL

Abstract: - The urban public transport, in addition to transporting several people in a single vehicle, has the

purpose of offering an alternative mean of transportation to the car, reducing traffic jam and environmental

pollution. The main complaints from users of this mean of transportation are the long waiting times in terminal

stations, lack of agility during boarding and extended travel time. An alternative for solving such problems

would be the implementation of RFID technology in buses ratchets, which is a technology composed by a

RFID tag and a reading portal with the purpose of exchanging data using radiofrequency. This feature allows

data to be exchanged even when the tag is in motion. The aim of this research is to propose the implementation

of radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology in the public transport system in order to decrease boarding

and disembarking time at every stop, reducing total travel time.

Key-Words: - Urban public transportation, RFID, BRT, ITS, Santos, Brazil

1 Introduction

The metropolitan area ofSantos has a population

of 1,731,400 inhabitants, distributed in nine counties

(Bertioga, Cubatao, Guaruja, Itanhaem, Mongagua,

Peruibe, Praia Grande, Santos and São Vicente). In

this region, EMTU / SP is responsible for the

operation of 62 lines, with planned fleet of 529

buses that transport 5.7 million passengers per

month. Daily average users is 218 000 [1].

To meet passenger demand in these

municipalities, the region has a fleet of 529 buses,

which are transported every month a total of 5.6

million passengers in the metropolitan lines. As

there is no metropolitan terminals installed in

Santos, the lines use assigned stalls in municipal

terminals, they are: Tactical terminals and Tude

Bastos (Big Beach), Valongo (Santos), Ferry Boat

(Guaruja), Bus Terminal Guaruja, Bus Terminal

Peruíbe, Itanhaém Bus station, Bus Terminal

Mongaguá and Road Cubatao Terminal. [2][3]

Among the main manifestations of the users

regarding the service of this kind of public

transportation is the reduction of the waiting time at

the terminal platforms, greater flexibility in loading

and reduced travel time. The city of São Paulo, for

example, to meet such claims, tested the operation

Pre-shipment, during peak hours, in line with

increased demand for faster boarding and ensure

matches at the scheduled times, as determined in

Operation Work Order after an on-demand analysis,

boarding time in major terminals and time of

passage through the turnstile in vehicles of more

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2022.2.4

Fabricio Ferreira Cintra,

Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 2, 2022

loaded lines.

In the implemented project it was registered an

improvement in boarding time users and compliance

with scheduled departures. Another positive point is

the comfort and safety for special passengers

boarding through the front door that is positioned

outside the pre-boarding area, they get preferred

entry and use of the first guaranteed seats. This

comfort extends to users who embark on collective

along the way also have the advantage of finding the

free front hall. The result of the operation was a gain

of time 10 minutes. [1], Figure 1.

Fig.1: Single Ticket System Using Mifare Card

Type (Source: SPTrans)

Another study by SPTrans with two turnstiles on

buses allowed a 38% reduction in the loading and

unloading time, and there is approximately 73 m bus

with this configuration operating in nine lines in the

south, southeast and north. The buses are articulated

and bi-articulated that provide greater interior space.

[3].

Fig. 2: Bus with two ratchets (Source: SPTrans)

With the increasing number of passengers and

demand for public transportation over the years in

this region, there is a need to reduce loading and

unloading time of these passengers to avoid

congestion on the roads and reduce the total travel

time, increasing transport efficiency. One solution

would be to implement the radio frequency

identification technology system (RFID) the ratchets

of the bus, which is composed of TAG RFID portal

and reading that will exchange data via RF even

with GAD in motion, causing there is a reduction of

approximately 30% of the total journey time.

Another important factor to reduce congestion is

to understand the bus users' profile, identifying the

origin and destination of each user and their

respective schedules. With this information you can

estimate the amount of passengers on each line,

facilitating the management of public transport, it

may readjust the bus lines, increasing the fleet at

certain times, change location of bus stops, among

other things. [8]

Thus, this paper carried out an evaluation of non-

intrusive technologies required for billing the

passage of public transport vehicles in the

metropolitan area of Santos, in order to reduce

shipping time and landing on the bus, at all

locations, reducing the total time of the trip, offering

the best operating and technological model to meet

these demands in the region. [5][6]

2 Methodology

The research method uses a qualitative method

and quantitative. The qualitative method is adopted

the multiple case study technique, the analysis of

similar projects in urban transport area (mobility).

To do so will be raised scientific articles relevant to

the subject to identify the problems in question, thus

qualifying the problem.

In the qualitative survey will be identified the

main characteristics of the problem under study and

thus allow for modeling of the system required to

perform efficiently the entry of users on the bus and

the acquisition of origin information and the user's

destination.

Through qualitative survey will be possible to

realize the problem formulation in question through

knowledge bases: Bibliographic Search;

Documentary research; and search Existing

Legislation and Regulations.

In the quantitative method is evaluated

quantitatively through the statistical techniques,

with the purpose of the organization and summary

of the data and the search for an overview of the

sample and the behavior variable, by use of relative

and percentage frequencies.

As proposed schedule, the beginning of the work

is a literature review to understand the operation of

public transport in the metropolitan area of Santos

and identify technologies that can be applied to

achieve the objectives of this course conclusion

EARTH SCIENCES AND HUMAN CONSTRUCTIONS

DOI: 10.37394/232024.2022.2.4

Fabricio Ferreira Cintra,

Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 2, 2022

work.

The main items identified are presented in

bibliographic references and serve as a basis for the

development work and achieve the expected result.

The result of the completion of course work is to

develop a proposal for an operational and

technological model that reduces boarding time and

disembarking of passengers, and record the location

of these passengers, in order to allow the

responsibility for the management of public

transport urban the possibility of readjustment of the

bus lines in accordance with the observed data

3 Operating Model Development

Initiatives to reduce the queues are being

researched, meanwhile solve problems in specific

conditions, ie in the terminal boarding or bus with

two turnstiles. The terminal solution reduces

boarding time by 10 minutes as shown in SPTrans,

2005 [1], however the landing time and shipping

outside the terminals do not change. In the case of

buses with two ratchets, there is a clear reduction,

but reduces the users of transport capacity on the

buses.

Therefore, there is a solution that meets all the

needs of passengers, in the pursuit of reducing the

time of shipment and landing in all conditions. In

this context, it comes an interesting opportunity to

research and propose solutions that meet the needs

of users.

This research project presents the application of

non-intrusive technology necessary to reduce the

boarding time and disembarking the bus,

everywhere, in order to reduce the total time of the

trip.

In addition, there is a need to understand the bus

user profile, thus this project allows us to identify

origin and destination of each user and the analysis

of this information will be possible to estimate the

number of users on each line and where. Thus, the

manager of public transport can readjust the bus

lines, increase the fleet at certain times, change the

location of bus stops, among other things.

[9][10][11]

3.1 General Objectives

This project has the overall objective to propose

the use of non-intrusive technology to ticketing for

public transport passing vehicle (bus), to reduce

shipping time, besides registering the place of

embarkation and disembarkation user (passenger).

This shipment record (source) and landing (landing)

allows for the management of urban public transport

to assess the use of each bus line and offer

consistently readjustment of them, including the

points of departure.

The specific objectives of this study we have:

 identify the passenger volume at each point

of embarkation;

 assess each user's travel times;

 identify and assess the user profile.

3.2 Description of Technology Non Intrusive

The purpose of using a non-intrusive technology

is to allow the public transport users feel more free,

ie without the need of having to remove the card

from the electronic bus ticket or money purse,

pocket, wallet, etc. It is expected that this need

without boarding passes to be more effective

because the user simply get on the bus. To enable

this condition is proposed the use of a radio

frequency identification tag (RFID) that will be

installed on a card and that you will carry in your

bag, pocket, wallet, etc; but no one picked up the

same to validate the payment of your bus ticket is

required. [17][18][19]

The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a

technology used to capture data using radio

frequency signals to accomplish this task, enabling

the identification, tracking and management

products, documents, animals or individuals without

the need for contact or visual field. One of the first

RFID passive systems emerged during the Second

World War, when aircraft were detected over long

distances by radar, but without the distinction if the

plane was an ally or enemy. Later, in the 1980s, the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

initiated studies on the creation of technology based

on radio waves serving as benchmarks for the

development of new applications of tracking and

tracing products.

RFID systems consist of three basic components:

antenna, reader and transponders (tags or tags),

figure 3.

Fig.3: RFID Solution Components

The antenna via a radio signal, is the medium

that enables the RFID tag to exchange / send

information. They can be manufactured in various

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2022.2.4

Fabricio Ferreira Cintra,

Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 2, 2022

shapes and sizes with different configurations and

features according to your application. The reader

through the transceiver transmits radio frequencies

that are dispersed in several directions in space, with

a variation of distance according to power output

and the radio frequency used, as shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4: Components of RFID Solution

The RFID tags may have various formats (ring

pads, cards, etc.), sizes and materials used for their

packaging (plastic, glass, epoxy, etc.), and such

characteristics defined according to the application

environment of use and performance See the figure

5. It is the device that carries the actual data of the

RFID system, typically consisting of an antenna for

communication and an electronic microchip for

storage and computation. There are two types of

tags: active or passive. Passive tags operate without

battery, with power supplied by the reader itself

over the air waves. Already active tags have an

internal battery and typically allow reading and

writing processes.

Fig. 5: RFID Tags (Source: Texas Instruments)

RFID systems are also defined according to the

frequency range in which they operate, which can

be classified as: low frequency and high frequency

systems. The low frequency (30 kHz to 500 kHz)

are used for short reading distances, often in access

controls, traceability and having low operating

costs.

Since the high frequency (850 MHz to 950 MHz

and 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz) are used for averaging

readings and long distance and high speed readings

is typically used in reading tags in vehicles and

automatically collecting data.

3.3 Solution Description

In the case of the metropolitan area of Santos, the

technology can be used as follows:

1) Each user will have an electronic bus ticket

in card format that has a high-frequency

RFID tag;

2) The bus will have three RFID portals:

 One located at the gateway;

 Another at the output port; and

 Third at the turnstile. Initially

considered keeping the ratchet in order

to ensure recovery of the passage,

however, will not have the collector and

no apparent reader.

3) The card with the RFID tag will have stored

a single and a loaded value identifier

(virtual money);

4) When the user enters the bus, the portal

recognizes the card and reads the same and

currently writes on the bus location card

obtained via the GPS (Global Positioning

System);

5) When you pass through the turnstile, the

portal reads the card and cut the amount

corresponding to passage and releases the

ratchet;

 If you do not size the card or it is

fraudulent, the ratchet is not released, in

this case the user is asked to make the

payment directly to the driver.

6) When leaving the bus the portal recognizes

the card, reads the same and write on the

card the location of the bus at the location

where the user is coming down, in a similar

way when he gets on the bus.

It is noteworthy that all above operations are

carried out without the need to bring the card to a

reader, and he may meet with you in your pocket,

purse, etc.

The information recorded on the card is history

so that the user can control the use of it further when

I record the information on the card, this

information is stored in the portal and then

transmitted to the bus utility control center and / or

the responsible agency in government.

With this you can perform the necessary

analyzes for readjustment of bus lines and better

meet the user's profile.

All information will be sent via the

communication system to a centralized server, and it

will be possible to access the data and make the

necessary analysis, as shown in Figure 6.

Another identified problem is related to the

payment of the passage currently coaches have

Antena Antena

Rede

Sistema de identificação

e monitoramento

Leitor

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2022.2.4

Fabricio Ferreira Cintra,

Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 2, 2022

collector, ie, if the user does not have the card it can

make the payment on the bus. This no longer occurs

on the bus, leaving it to the driver. However, if you

have many passengers without the card, the driver

can get overwhelmed and result in problems or

delays. This situation must be evaluated more

carefully during continuity.

One possibility is the site of expansion for

buying and selling card, not just limited seasons,

using automatic machines, Figure 7, and local sales

(kiosks) or in the local market, thereby removing the

driver's billing function .

Fig. 6: Centralized information (Source: CanryTek)

Fig. 7: Credit Sales Equipment (Source: Bilhete

Único)

4 Conclusion

The first stage of the work consisted in

understanding the activities of the current situation

of public transport and identification of relevant

technologies. With the large number of public

transport users and the total time of high trip,

consider the use of a non-intrusive technology as a

solution to reduce the time of shipment and

unloading of each passenger, and consequently the

total travel time. The implementation of a radio

frequency identification (RFID) technology is a

possibility for such activity.

With the understanding of each element was

identified that the high-frequency RFID tags are the

most suitable for allowing to perform high-speed

reading, plus the possibility of reading at greater

distances, about 20 meters.

It is expected that with the use of this

technology, there is a reduction in the shipment time

because that way the user moves the ratchet without

having to present the card and thus reduces this

time. In addition, the technology will identify the

origin and destination of each user allowing thus

conduct an evaluation of the routes used and thus

make a better planning of bus lines.

Upcoming Activities

The first step consisted of only the definition of a

conceptual model applying non-intrusive technology

to reduce user boarding time, and allows verify the

origin and destination of the same and thus

reprogram the bus lines. Thus it is understood as

future activities are:

 Implement a proof of concept in some

buses to validate aspects relating to

system usability;

 Evaluate its results for the reduction

achieved time due to the use of non-

intrusive technology;

 Evaluate the acceptance by users.

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Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

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DOI: 10.37394/232024.2022.2.4

Fabricio Ferreira Cintra,

Caio Fernando Fontana,

Antonio Gil Da Silva Andrade, Cledson Akio Sakurai

E-ISSN: 2944-9006

Volume 2, 2022