Arctic Regions: Icing at Low Temperatures and Modern
Semiconductor Systems for De-Icing Overhead
Transmission Line Wires
KHRENNIKOV1 A.YU., KUVSHINOV2 A.A., ALEKSANDROV3 N.M.
1Scientific & Research Centre of FGC of UES Rosseti, Kashirskoe highway, 22/3, 115201, Moscow,
RUSSIA
2Togliatti State University, Beloruskaya str., 14, 445050, Togliatti, RUSSIA
3SPE Dynamics, Anisimova str., 6, 428000, Cheboksary, RUSSIA
Abstract: - The article shows that when operating overhead transmission lines in a number of regions, there is a
serious problem of the glacial deposits of wires during the autumn-winter period. As a passive measure against
the glacial deposits, various wires of increased strength can be used. One of the traditional active methods is the
melting of glacial deposits on alternating current lines by creating short circuits or direct current using
uncontrolled or controlled rectifier blocks. The development of new means to prevent glacial deposits on the
overhead transmission lines consists of the use of combined conversion units capable of performing melting of
glacial deposits, if necessary, and the rest of the time compensating for reactive power. The most promising one
should recognize the melting of glacial deposits with an ultra-low frequency current that combines the
advantages of melting with an alternating current of the industrial frequency (on three wires at the same time)
and a DC current (limited only by the active resistance, smooth regulation of the melting current).
Key-Words: overhead transmission lines, melting of glacial deposits, direct current, ultra-low frequency
current.
Received: April 19, 2021. Revised: April 15, 2022. Accepted: May 11, 2022. Published: July 7, 2022.
1 Introduction
In a number of regions, operation of overhead
transmission lines is severely complicated by ice
formation of the wires in autumn and winter, due to
the fact that average time of eliminating icing-
related emergencies exceeds average time of
eliminating emergencies caused by other reasons by
10 and more times. Research has shown that ice
coating on overhead line wires is formed at the air
temperature of approx. -5 Сº and wind speed of
5...10 m/s. Permissible thickness of ice coating is
from 5 mm to 20 mm for overhead lines with
nominal voltage of (3 – 330) kV, located in climatic
regions of I to IV ice formation severity [1].
Various high-strength cables/ wires can be used
as a passive de-icing method. For examples, АССС
wire (Aluminum Conductor Composite Core wire),
which is a number of aluminum wires placed around
carbon-fiber and fiberglass epoxy core [2]. ACCC
wire core keeps stable dimensions because its
thermal expansion coefficient (1.6∙10 ºС) is almost
ten times less than steel has (11.5∙10 ºС ). Due to
this, ACCC wires can withstand high temperature
for a long time, thus preventing ice coating
formation.
It is also worth noting Aero-Z® wire, consisting
of one or several concentric wires (internal layers)
and Z-shaped wires (external layers). Each layer of
the wire has lengthwise twist of a definite pitch.
Smooth surface reduces wind load by 30-35% and
prevents snow and ice buildup. However, Aero-Z®
wire has limitation for ice melting time because it
cannot withstand temperature increase over 80°С for
a long time.
Overall, practical implementation of passive de-
icing methods is possible only in cases of designing
and commissioning new transmission lines.
Modernization of ‘old’ overhead lines would incur
significant costs.
Due to these reasons, research for methods of
active de-icing of overhead lines is urgent. Among
traditional methods, one can note melting ice on
overhead line wires with alternative current by
artificially inducing short circuits or with direct
current by using uncontrollable or
controllable rectifiers [3], [4]. However, in the
first case, it is possible to damage overhead line
wires, and in the second case, the expensive
rectifiers are not used for most part of the year.
At the same time, modern hardware of power
electronics provides additional opportunities and
incentives to develop new de-icing methods
devoid of the indicated drawbacks.
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Issues of ice coating formation and de-icing are
topics of a large number of scientific papers. This
work sets the task to systemize and perform
comparative analysis of existing methods of de-
icing, and finding solution to ice coating problem
will help choose the most suitable one for particular
local conditions from the many technical solutions
at hand.
2 Classification of de-icing methods.
The known de-icing devices and methods use the
following types of physical impact to remove ice
and rime deposits from transmission line wires
(Figure 1):
Fig. 1. Classification of known methods of removing ice
coating from overhead line wires
In Figure 1: CR – controllable rectifier; STC – static
thyristor compensator; FC – frequency converter;
CC – cycloconverter; SCU – series compensation
unit;
- thermal impact by heating the cable to the
temperature of (120 - 130) 0С, which melts the ice
coating, or by preventive wire heating to (10 - 20)
0С to prevent ice coat formation;
- thermodynamic by preliminary heating until a melt
layer is formed between the wire and the ice coating
and subsequent “shaking up” of the wires with by
Ampere force, arising when a powerful current
pulse passes;
- electromechanical impact by creating cyclical
current pulses that induce mechanic vibration of the
wires cause ice coating destruction. Efficiency of
electromechanical impact is enhanced when such
current pulses parameters are used that induce
mechanical resonance;
- mechanical impact by moving endless screws
along the wire, using wind energy, energy of high-
voltage line phase current electromagnetic field,
permanent magnets, linear induction motor, by
inducing wire vibrations with the help of an
oscillator (these shall not be further considered
because they do not use converter equipment). We
shall consider a common drawback of mechanical
systems, which is the need for manual mounting on
the wire, dismounting from the wire, as well as
moving from one wire to another. This requires
special technical means (vehicle-mounted aerial
work platform) and maintenance personnel, which
increases operating expenses and complicates
operation in hard-to-reach areas.
3 Thermal impact with alternate
current of industrial frequency
Melting ice with alternate current is used only on
the lines of voltage lower than 220 kV, with wires
cross-section less than 240 mm [3]. Power is
supplied, as a rule, by substation buses of voltage of
6 - 10 kV, or by a separate transformer unit. Ice
melting circuit should be selected in such a way as
to ensure that the current passing through high-
voltage lines exceeds permissible continuous current
by 1.5 – 2 times. Such excess is justified by the
short duration of melting process (~1 h), and by
more effective cooling of the wire in wintertime.
For standard steel reinforced aluminum Type AC
wires with cross-section of (50 ÷ 185) mm, the
estimate value of one-hour ice melting current
intensity lies in the range of (270 ÷ 600) А, while
the intensity of the current preventing wire icing lies
in the range of (160 ÷ 375) А.
However, it is impossible to select the necessary
value of short circuit current only by selecting ice
melting circuit. Exceeding the above-mentioned
values of melting current can cause wires burnback
and subsequent irreversible loss of strength. At
lower values, a single passing of short circuit
current may not be sufficient to fully remove the ice
coating. Then, short circuits have to be repeatedly
induces, which further worsens the consequences.
It is possible to avoid the mentioned negative
consequences by using an alternate current thyristor
compensator, the scheme of which is shown in
Figure 2 [5]. In ice melting mode, switch 7 is OFF,
and switch 8 is ON. Possible methods to regulate
melting current are pulse-phase method by changing
switching angles of power thyristors 1, 2, and 3; or
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Khrennikov A. Yu., Kuvshinov A. A., Aleksandrov N. M.
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pulse width method, by changing number of voltage
supply periods.
In reactive power compensation mode, switch 7
is ON, and switch 8 is OFF. In this case, power
thyristors 1, 2, and 3 and reactors 4, 5, and 6 form a
thyristor-reactor group connected into a triangle,
that is a part of the static thyristor compensator. The
authors consider the possibility to use capacitors
instead of reactors. In this case, reactive power
compensation will be performed with the help of a
regulated capacitor bank.
However, whichever regulation method is used,
ice melting is done by alternate current of industrial
frequency and requires significant power supply
(dozens of MVA), because real resistance of
overhead line wires is much less than inductive
resistance. Total supply power is increased due to
large reactive load which is useless for ice melting.
It is possible to increase melting efficiency by
applying series capacitive compensation of
inductive resistance, if capacitors are used as part of
the proposed unit. However, the authors did not
consider such alternative.
Fig 2. Unit for compensation of reactive power and ice
melting
It is also worth considering a combined unit for
compensation of reactive power and ice melting, the
scheme of which is shown in Figure 3 [6]. In ice
melting mode, switch 7 is ON and shunts reactor 6,
switch 9 shuts off capacitor bank 8, and switch 10 is
ON. This enables simultaneous melting on all wires
of overhead line.
In of reactive power compensation mode,
switches 7 and 10 are OFF, and switch 9 is ON. The
result is a typical static compensator circuit
consisting of transistor modules 1, 2 and 3, reactors
5 and 6 on alternate current side, and capacitor bank
8 on direct current side. This structure can work in
power generation mode as well as in reactive power
consumption mode.
Fig 3. A combined unit for compensation of reactive
power and ice melting.
4 Thermal impact of direct current.
For the first time, ice melting with direct current as
a prospective method of de-icing high-voltage phase
wires was mentioned in [7]. Among the first mass
produced units for direct current ice melting were
silicon cell ice melting rectifiers VUKN-16800 -
14000, created using Larionov circuit, based on
silicone uncontrollable rectifiers VK-200 with
rectified voltage of 14 kV, rectified current of 1200
А, and output power of 16800 kW [8]. Schemes of
ice melting with rectified current are considered in
detail in [4].
Main drawbacks are that high-voltage lines must
be shut off, while rectifier is not operated for most
part of the year because there is a necessity for ice
melting only in winter. It is worth noting the
proposal to melt ice by pulsing current without
shutting off high-voltage lines [9]. Rectifier is
connected to the cut of the heated wire in such a
way that direct current does not pass through power
transformer and current transformer. Wires are
heated with alternate current with alternating-
current component that is defined by high-voltage
line load, and direct-current component defined by
rectified voltage and real resistance of melting
circuit. However, this proposal does not increase
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Khrennikov A. Yu., Kuvshinov A. A., Aleksandrov N. M.
The unit shown in Figure 3 has a
significant drawback, in particular, incomplete
use of gating section in melting mode. This can
be explained by the fact that the melting current
passes only through the ‘lower’ phase switches
1, 2 and 3 of the converter bridge. Converting
the bridge circuit into three alternate current
switches will require additional switching gear
and a substantially more complicated power
circuit.
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rate of using rectifiers and will require additional
switching gear for practical implementation.
This justifies attempts to extend functional
capabilities by combining in one unit an ice melting
rectifier and a reactive power compensation unit.
This enables all-year operation, which significantly
increases economic efficiency.
JSC NIIPT, Scientific & Research Institute of
Direct Current (Saint-Petersburg) has developed a
container-type converting unit for the combined unit
for compensation of reactive power and ice
melting (see Figure 4) [10].
The converting unit (Figure 4) includes
transporting container 1, thyristor units 2, and
control modules 3, forced air cooling system 4,
disconnector 5 with electric power drive 6, anode
lead 7, cathode lead 8, phase lead 9 of converter
bridge, Control, Regulation, Protection and
Automation System (SRPAS) 10, disconnectors 11,
and 12, and capacitor tanks 13.1, 13.2, and 13.3.
5
1
7
2
3
3
9
2
6
10
8
4
a)
b)
Fig 4. Scheme of container-type converting unit (а) and
combined unit (b) for compensation of reactive power
and ice melting, disconnectors 11, and 12, and capacitor
tanks 13.1, 13.2, and 13.3.
Power equipment is designed for operation in
moderate to cold climate zones (design for UHL1
climate zone, acc. to Russian GOST) and placed
into a closed steel container set upon a basement in
an open part of the substation. Power supplied is
delivered from 10 kV coil from a dedicated
transformer. The converting units shown in Figure
4а are used to make a combined unit, shown in
Figure 4b.
In ice melting mode, disconnectors 11 and 12 are
closed (see Figure 4b), disconnectors 5 (see Figure
4а) are open. A circuit of a three-phase bridge
rectifier is created that provides nominal rectified
voltage of 14 kV, nominal melting current of 1400
А, and capability to regulate melting current in the
range of (200...1400) А.
In reactive power compensation mode,
disconnectors 11 are 12 open, and disconnectors 5
are closed. This creates a circuit of capacitor
tanks13.1, 13.2, and 13.3, which is controlled by
thyristor modules aligned in parallel-opposite
connection 2. However, compensation mode allows
only step control of reactive power.
It is possible to avoid the latter drawback by
using a combined unit for ice melting and reactive
power compensation, shown in Figure 5 developed
by JSC NIIPT, Scientific & Research Institute of
Direct Current [11].
The combined unit for compensation of reactive
power and ice melting consists of feeding
transformer 1, three-phase disconnectors 2, and 16,
three-phase reactors 3, and 15, high-voltage bridge
converter 4, direct current capacitor tank 5, one-
phase disconnectors 6, and 7, control system 8,
assemblies 9 ÷ 14 of fully controllable devices with
reverse diodes, and resonance transformer 17.
3
1
2
15
16
6
7
17
8
5
10
12
14
9
11
13
4
Fig 5. Combined unit for compensation of reactive power
and ice melting
In ice melting mode, disconnectors 6, 7 and 16
are ON. Melting is done with direct current. Melting
current is regulated by high-voltage pulse width
modulation method (PWM). For example, when
load current passes through diodes of assemblies 13
and 10, the fully controllable device from assembly
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9 or 14 connects in PWM mode. This causes a
short-time loop of double-phase short circuit 9 – 10
or 13 – 14. The load is shunted, and melting current
is regulated. Speed of short-circuit current buildup is
limited by reactor 3. Due to selecting PWM
frequency and rate, the thyristor is blocked before
short-circuit current increases to a dangerous value.
At the same time, conducting interval of thyristor is
less than in reactive power compensation mode. In
reactive power compensation mode, disconnectors
6, 7 and 16 are OFF. High-voltage bridge converter
4 operates in STATCOM (static compensator)
mode.
A number of authors who judge by their own
work experience are of opinion that only 7% to 30%
of the heated wire length is actually coated in ice
during the melting. This is explained by the fact that
different areas of high-voltage line happen to be in
different climatic conditions due to rotation angle
and impossibility to predict wind direction at the
moment of ice coating formation. Consequently,
significant amount of electric power is wasted.
Therefore, a mobile unit is proposed that will enable
to go to those areas of high-voltage lines where ice
coating on the wires is identified.
Mobile generator for melting ice on overhead
transmission lines [12] is installed on vehicle-
mounted platform, the three-phase bridge rectifier is
powered (0.4 kV) by two diesel ADV320
generators, each generating 320 kW. It is equipped
with conductors and terminals to connect to
overhead line wires, and with electric buses to
connect wires in the span between the towers into
ice melting circuit. The proposed technical solution
enables ice melting on the length of two spans of
overhead line on phase conductions and ground
wire.
Common drawback of all devices that use direct
current to create thermal impact is the necessity to
use ice melting scheme “wire - wire” or “wire - two
wires”. Both schemes lead to increase of melting
time and, consequently, power costs. To decrease
melting time, melting scheme “three wires - earth”
should be preferred, but grounding devices of
substations, as a rule, are not designed to hold
relatively long passing of direct current of strength
up to 2000 A.
There are other ways to remove ice deposits from
the wires of overhead power lines: thermal
impact by ultra-low frequency current [13],
[14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22],
[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31],
[32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37] thermal impact of
high-frequency current [14].
4 Conclusion
The dominant trend in development of new methods
for de-icing high-voltage line wires is the use of
combined converter units that can melt the ice when
necessary and compensate reactive power during the
rest of time. The most advantageous method is ice
melting by ultra-low frequency current that
combines advantages of melting by industrial
frequency alternate current (on three wires
simultaneously) and melting by direct current
(limited only by real resistance; melting current can
be smoothly regulated). Another advantage of this
method is that the unit for ice melting by ultra-low
frequency current is easily transformed into a static
compensator of reactive power. This lets use the
costly converting equipment during the whole year.
However, this method has the disadvantage of the
necessity to shut off overhead lines for de-icing.
The latter disadvantage can be completely avoided
by using technology of flexible alternate power
transmission [18] that involves converting
equipment theoretically capable, if necessary, to
provide regular wire heating that prevents formation
of ice coating.
5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the staff of the research
and production company “Energy-T” for useful
remarks and practical implementation of the
equipment for melting ice with direct current on the
wires of overhead lines of electric networks
“Ulyanovskenergo” and “Bashkirenergo”.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ELECTRONICS
DOI: 10.37394/232017.2022.13.5
Khrennikov A. Yu., Kuvshinov A. A., Aleksandrov N. M.
E-ISSN: 2415-1513
33
Volume 13, 2022
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US
Conflicts of Interest
The author(s) declare no potential conflicts of
interest concerning the research, authorship, or
publication of this article.
Contribution of individual authors to
the creation of a scientific article
(ghostwriting policy)
The author(s) contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation
of the problem to the final findings
and solution.
Sources of funding for research
presented in a scientific article or
scientific article itself
The authors are grateful to the staff of the research
and production company “Energy-T” for useful
remarks and practical implementation of the
equipment for melting ice with direct current on the
wires of overhead lines of electric networks
“Ulyanovskenergo” and “Bashkirenergo”.
