47821c73-33e0-4d36-ac75-fa8f22660e1320251101090335369wseas:wseasmdt@crossref.orgMDT DepositInternational Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science2769-250710.37394/232027https://wseas.com/journals/eeacs/index.php22420252242025710.37394/232027.2025.7https://wseas.com/journals/eeacs/2025.phpKartik ChandraPatraDepartment of Electrical Engineering C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752054, INDIAhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-4883AsutoshPatnaikDepartment of Electrical Engineering C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752054, INDIAThe primary objective in a power system is to maintain a stable supply of both active and reactive power during steady-state operation. This involves generating and delivering power reliably across an interconnected network while ensuring economic efficiency, and keeping voltage and frequency within acceptable limits. To achieve the goals of minimizing frequency deviation, reducing steady-state error, and ensuring the fastest response time, various models and controllers have been explored and tested in the context of Load Frequency Control (LFC). After thorough evaluation, a suitable and relatively general model was selected, and tests were conducted using this system model. In practice, problems occur when power demand exceeds the generated power. Variations in real power primarily impact the system frequency, which is also influenced by deviation in voltage magnitude. With the expansion of interconnected power systems, LFC has become increasingly important. Controllers in these interconnected systems play a important role in maintaining both frequency and voltage magnitude within specified permissible limits in response to small changes in load demand. Building on a clear understanding of various models—such as a two-area interconnected power system using both conventional and intelligent controllers, a robust PID controller for a single-area reheat thermal power plant optimized with Elephant Herding Optimization, and a two-area LFC system with graphical user interface integration—these systems were tested in an autonomous state to evaluate their responses during transient and steady-state oscillations. The steady-state oscillations were effectively stabilized using a high-frequency, deterministic dither signal. Finally, stabilization through the high-frequency signal combined with a digital deadbeat control approach was tested, aiming to achieve a transient-free, ripple-free response with zero steady-state error in the shortest possible time.1112025111202520021719https://wseas.com/journals/eeacs/2025/a38eeacs-017(2025).pdf10.37394/232027.2025.7.19https://wseas.com/journals/eeacs/2025/a38eeacs-017(2025).pdf10.3390/en15103488Gulzar, M.M., Iqbal, M., Shahzad, S., Muqeet, H.A., Shahzad, M., Hussain, M.M., Load Frequency Control (LFC) Strategies in Renewable EnergyBased Hybrid Power Systems: A Review, Energies, 15, 2022, 3488. Kothari, D.P., Nagrath, I, et al., Modern Power System Analysis. Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2011. Kundur, P, Batu, N. J and Lauby, M.G., Power System stability and control. McGraw-Hill New York, 1994. 10.1109/iementech.2017.8076976Wagh, S and Choubey, S., Implementation of graphical user interface for single area load frequency control, IEEE 1st International conference in Electronics, Materials Engineering & NanoTechnology, 2017. 10.1109/icecet55527.2022.9873442Alhalabi, M, Rashed, A. et al., Two-area Load Frequency control for power system Dynamic Performance Enhancement with Graphic User Interface Integration, Proc. Of the International conference on Electrical computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET2022),20-22, 2022. Vavilala, S. K, Srinivas, R.S, et al., Load Frequency control of Two Area Interconnected Power system using conventional and Intelligent controllers, Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, vol.4, 2014, pp 156-160. 10.37936/ecti-eec.2023211.248665Moghaddam, S.G, Bagheri, A. A, et. al., Load Frequency control in a Two-area Power system using the Fuzzy-PID Method, ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communications, vol. 21, No.1, 2023. 10.1109/icomicon.2017.8279104Sambariya, D. K and Fagna, R, A Robust PID controller for load frequency control of single area re-heat Thermal Power Plant using Elephant Herding Optimization Techniques, IEEE, International Conference on Information, Communication and Control (ICICIC -2017) Paper Id: 279. 10.3390/sym17060853Turk, Ismail, Kilic, H, et al., Robust Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Micro grids using Type-3 Fuzzy Logic under stochastic variations, Symmetry (MDPI) 17, 2025, 853. Maurya, A. K., and Khan, H., Comprehensive Analysis of Load Frequency Control in Multi-area of Power System Networks, AKGEC International Journal of Technology, Vol. 15. No 2. 10.3390/electronics13163177Thotakura, N.L, Burge, C.R, et al., Impact of the Exciter and Governor Parameters on Forced Oscillation, Electronics (MDPI), 13, 2024, 3177 http//doi.org/10.3390 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.04.003Tungadio, D.H and Sun, Y, Load Frequency Controllers considering renewable energy integration in power system, Energy Report Elsevier, 5, 2019, 436-453. Wang, L, Model Predictive Control System Design and Implementation using MATLAB, Springer, 2009 10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.04.036Elsist, M, et al, Bat inspired algorithm based optimal design of model predictive load frequency control, Int J Electro Power Energy System. 83, 2016, 426- 433. 10.1016/j.isatra.2017.03.009Zheng, V., et al., A distributed Model predictive control based load frequency control scheme for inter connected power system using discrete time Laguerre functions, ISA Trans, 68, 2017, 127-140. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.06.005Tsay, T. S., Load frequency control of interconnected power system with Governor backlash nonlinearities, Elsevier, Electrical Power and Energy System 33, 2011, 1542-1549. 10.1109/indcon.2005.1590225Chidambaram, I.A., Velusami, S., Decentralized Biased controllers for Load-Frequency control of Inter connected Power Systems considering Governor Dead Band Non-linearity, IEEE Indicon, 2005 conference, 2005, page 1599. 10.1049/ip-c.1982.0002Tripathy SC, Hop GS, Malik Op., Optimization of load-frequency control parameters for power system with read steam turbines and governor dead-band nonlinearity, PROC IEE ptc, 1982, 129(1), 10-6. 10.1109/59.207343Tripathy SC, Balasubramanian R, Nair PSC, Effect of superconducting magnetic energy storage on automatic generation control considering governor dead-band and boiler dynamics, IEEE Trans Power Syst, 7(3), 1992, 1266-73. 10.1109/60.464882Lu CF, Liu CC, WU CJ, Effect of battery energy storage system on load frequency control considering governor dead-band and generation rate constraint, IEEE Trans Energy Convers, 1995, 10(1), 555-61. Kumar A. Malik O.P. Hope GS., Variable-structuresystem control applied to AGC of an interconnected power system, IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission and Distribution), 1985,132(1), 23-29. 10.1049/ip-c.1987.0017Kumar A, Malik O.P., Hope GS, Discrete variable structure controller for load frequency control of multi area interconnected power systems, IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission and Distribution) 1987, 134(2),116-122. 10.1109/isie.2000.930509Yang MS., Decentralized sliding mode stabilizer design for multi-area interconnected power systems, In: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics, vol. 1: 2000, p.185-190. 10.1049/ip-c.1991.0033Aideen M. Marsh J.F., Decentralized proportional – plus-integral design method for interconnected power systems, IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission and Distribution), 1991, 138(4), 263- 274. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2009.11.006Khodabakhshian A. Hooshmand R., A new PID controller design for automatic generation control of hydro power system,. Int J Elect Power Energy Syst 2010, 32(5), 375-82. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.015Alrifai MT. Hassan MF. Zribi M., Decentralized load frequency controller for a multi-area interconnected power system, Int J Electr power Energy syst, 211, 33(2), 198-209. 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.02.024Tan W., Tuning of PID load frequency controller of power systems, Energy Convers Manage 2009, 50(6), 1465-1472. 10.1109/fuzzy.2004.1375486Juang C.F. Lu CF., Power System load frequency control by evolutionary Fuzzy PI Controller, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2004. P. 715-719. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2005.06.003Kocaarsian I. Cam E., Fuzzy logic controller in interconnected electrical power systems for loadfrequency control, Int J Electri power Energy Syst 2005, 27(8), 542-549. 10.1109/icit.2006.372279Mathur H.D. Manjunath HV., Extended fuzzy logic based integral controller for three area power system with generation rate constraint, In: ICIT 2006 IEEE international conference on industrial technology, 2006, p.917-921. 10.1016/s0142-0615(01)00036-9Moon, Y.H and et al., Extended integral control for load frequency control with the consideration of generation rate constraints, International Journal of Electrical power & Engg. Systems, vol.24, Issue 4, 2002. pp 263-269. Tsay TS, Han KW., Limit cycle analysis of nonlinear multivariable feedback control systems, J Franklin Inst 1988, 325(6), 721-30. 10.1002/047134608x.w1024Atherton DP, Spurgeon S., Nonlinear control systems, analytical methods, Electrical engineering encyclopedia. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.:1999. 10.1049/ip-cta:19960520Patra KC, Singh Y.P., Graphical method of prediction of limit cycle for multivariable nonlinear systems. IEE PROC control Theory Appl 1996, 143(5), 423-428. 10.1016/0005-1098(79)90045-1Gray J.O, Taylor P.M., Computer aided design of multivariable nonlinear control system using frequency domain techniques, Automatica 1979, 5, 281-297. 10.1049/ip-d.1981.0050Gray J.O Nakhla NB., Prediction of limit cycle in multivariable nonlinear systems, PROC IEE PtD 1981, 128(5), 238-241. 10.1007/s40435-021-00860-xPatra, K.C, Kar, N., Suppression Limit Cycles in 2x2 nonlinear systems with memory type nonlinearities. International Journal of Dynamics and Control, Springer Nature, 34, 95, vol. 10 Issue 3, 2022, pp 721-733. Ashtaq, T, Muntaz, S, and et al, Automatic Generation Control is Renewables Integrated MultiArea Power systems: A comparative Control Analysis, Sustainability, 16, 2024, 5735 Jain, D., et al., Comprehensive review on control systems and stability investigation of hybrid AC-DC micro grid, Electrical Power System, Res 2021, 45, 14085-140116 10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107114Bevrani, H., Golpira, H., and et al, Power system frequency control: An updated review of current solutions and new challenges, Elew. Power syst. Res 2021, 194, 107114 10.1002/er.6641Parigrahi, D; and et al, A comprehensive review on intelligent I landing detection techniques for renewable energy integrated power system, Int J . Energy Res 2021, 45, 14085-14116. Patra, K.C. and Dakua, B.K., Investigation of Limit Cycles and signal stabilization of two dimensional systems with memory type nonlinear elements, Archivers of control sciences, vol. 28, 285-330. 10.1109/tie.2017.2711564Wang, C., Yang, M., Zheng, W., Hu, K.,. and Xu, D. Analysis and suppression of limit cycle oscillation Nonlinearity, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62,(12), 2017, 9261-9270 10.1016/s0167-6911(98)00056-5Patra, K.C., Pati, B.B., An Investigation of Forced Oscillations for Signal stabilization of Two Dimensional Nonlinear systems, Systems & Control Letters, Volume 35, Issue 4, 19 November 1998, 229-236 Patra, K.C., Patnaik, A., Estimation of Limit cycles and signal stabilization with dead beat approach in three dimensional. Nonlinear systems, Int. J. of control system and Robotics. 10.1109/tac.1961.1105218Oldenburger, R.T. Nakada, T. Signal stabilization of Self Oscillating System, IRE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 6, no. 3, 1961, 319-325. Benjamin, C. Kuo, Digital Control Systems, Oxford Universities Press, 2nd Edition, 8th Impression, 2004.