Implementing a Solar Panel System at King Hamad University
Hospital: A Pathway to Sustainability and Cost Efficiency
1AHMED ALBINALI, 2MOHAMED ALSEDDIQI, 2ANWAR AL-MOFLEH, 2OSAMA NAJAM,
2BUDOOR ALMANNAEI, 2LEENA ALBALOOSHI, 3AHMAD BATAINEH
1Engineering and Maintenance Directorate,
King Hamad University Hospital,
Building: 2435, Road 2835, Block 228 P.O. Box 24343, Busaiteen,
KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN
2Clinical Engineering Directorate,
King Hamad University Hospital,
Building: 2435, Road 2835, Block 228 P.O. Box 24343, Busaiteen,
KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN
3Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Irbid 21510,
JORDAN
Abstract: - Purpose: This paper analyses the functioning of a solar panel system at King Hamad University
Hospital (KHUH), indicating its part in enhancing sustainability and cost-efficiency. Due to the increasing
demand in renewable energy, this study illustrates how healthcare facilities can minimize operational costs using
solar energy. Methodology: The study details the integration of solar panels into KHUH’s infrastructure,
importance their potential for energy generation. It encompasses a methodical investigation of the project's
technical, economic, and environmental scope, aligning with the hospital's commitment to responsible resource
management. Findings: The study reveals that KHUH's implementation of solar panels much reduces electricity
payment, in this manner present substantial cost savings. It also enhances the hospital's energy safety and leads
to an important reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, reflecting its commitment to environmental impacts.
Originality: This paper's originality lies in its determined inspection of solar panel integration in a hospital,
underlining in cooperation economic and environmental profit. It contributes to the role of renewable energy in
healthcare, showcasing KHUH's original role in sustainable and efficient resource management in the medical
sector.
Key-Words: - Implementing, Solar Panel System, King Hamad University Hospital, Pathway, Sustainability,
Cost Efficiency
Received: September 19, 2023. Revised: March 8, 2024. Accepted: April 11, 2024. Published: May 31, 2024.
1 Introduction
King Hamad University Hospital (KHUH) was
established by Royal Decree No. 31 of 2010, which
affiliated it to the Bahrain Defense Force. It was
officially opened by his majesty King Hamad Bin Isa
AL Khalifa on 2/2/2012. KHUH is a university
hospital primarily serving the Royal College of
Surgeons of Ireland, Bahrain branch, which is located
at its western border. KHUH has a capacity of 739
beds, in all services. (In- patients including isolation
rooms: 348, Out-patient clinics: 242, other services:
149). With 1731 employees [1, 2]. The project started
in 2003 as King Hamad General Hospital to help
meet the increasing healthcare needs in Bahrain.
KHUH now is a specialized hospital for the delivery
of state of-the-art healthcare, teaching, and research,
in addition to fulfilling the national agenda defined in
Bahrain Vision 2030 [3, 4]. Due to their large
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
106
Volume 6, 2024
building volume and their continuous operation,
hospitals are considered to be among the most
energy-intensive building units, with a highly
negative impact on the environment [5, 6]. The
constant human activity that takes place in these
buildings and the numerous people who are working
or moving into these structures make proper energy
management a necessity. Furthermore, energy
management in hospitals is an important factor since
its mismanagement leads to an increase in operating
costs, a negative environmental impact, and a
decrease in competitiveness [7]. However, the
medical devices used in intensive care units (ICU),
surgery rooms, imaging units, and furnaces also
require large amounts of energy for smooth
functioning. Nevertheless, the largest energy
consumption in hospital units comes from cooling,
lighting, and hot water, which are usually covered by
the cogeneration of electricity, gas, and oil and, in
some cases, by photovoltaic solar panels [8–11].
Governments and hospital administrations are
looking for economical energy solutions that will
subtractive work in addressing the high prices that
they pay to secure energy, in order to reduce
operating costs [12, 15].
2 The Importance of Reducing Energy
Consumption
The two main benefits of reducing energy
consumption are the economic benefits and the
environmental benefits. While a facility may wish to
conduct an energy assessment for either or both of the
reasons, getting funding to make improvements to the
facility is typically easier when the goal of the
assessment is to reduce energy costs [16-18]. If
hospital staff is looking to reduce the costs associated
with energy consumption, two main reasons why an
assessment was not typically carried out previously
are that the staff did not understand the total costs that
the hospital was currently incurring or the staff did
not understand the costs associated with making
improvements [19]. One of the most important pieces
of information that a researcher conducting an energy
assessment can provide is a breakdown of the overall
costs the hospital is incurring from energy use.
Oftentimes, seeing what costs are associated with
certain fixtures or practices can result in changes to
the culture or policies at the hospital. Additionally,
the hospital staff may not have had the time or
expertise to research what options were available to
lower the costs of energy consumption. Even though
the hospital may have a sustainability committee, the
employees that sit on that committee still have the
primary responsibility of ensuring that the hospital is
running smoothly and caring for patients. Their
primary responsibility is not to improve on the
situation of the hospital’s energy consumption [20-
24].
Implementing strategies to reduce energy
consumption in hospitals is not only a financial
imperative but also a moral one, considering the
healthcare sector's commitment to promoting health
and well-being. By adopting the latest energy-
efficient technologies, following best practices in
energy management, and learning from successful
case studies, hospitals can achieve significant
reductions in energy use, resulting in cost savings and
a lower environmental impact. As healthcare
facilities continue to evolve, integrating
sustainability into their core operations will be key to
their long-term success and contribution to a
healthier planet [25, 26].
3 Renewable Energy Potentials
Bahrain’s Vision 2030 outlines measures to protect
the natural environment, reduce carbon emissions,
minimize pollution, and promote sustainable
energy. Bahrain is committed to designing energy
efficiency policies and promoting renewable energy
technologies that support Bahrain’s long-term
climate action and environmental protection
ambitions. Endorsed by Bahrain’s Cabinet and
monitored by SEA, the National Energy Efficiency
Action Plan (NEEAP) and the National Renewable
Energy Action Plan (NREAP) set national energy
efficiency and national renewable energy 2025
targets of 6 and 5 percent, respectively, with the
NREAP target increasing to 10 percent by 2035[ 27].
Figure 1. Solar radiation map of Bahrain
Bahrain’s proposed renewable energy pipeline
consists of solar, wind, and waste to energy
technologies, with plans to capture the majority of
Bahrain’s renewable energy mix from solar
power. Some of Bahrain’s key solar initiatives
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
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include: planning for a solar farm project on the
Askar landfill, delivering 100 megawatts of
renewable power; a 50-megawatt initiative to install
solar panels on the roofs of hundreds of government-
owned buildings, and the potential installation of
“floating solar” technologies to be deployed for
power generation in Bahrain’s territorial waters in
order to address the problem of land scarcity for
larger solar farms. Figure1 shows the solar radiation
map in kingdom of Bahrain. The average annual
solar radiation available in Bahrain is around 2,600
kWh/m2 /year and the technical potential for electric
generation using solar thermal technology is about 33
TWh per year. [28, 29].
Direct projects can supply as a litmus test for broader
achievement. For example, a small-scale system at a
society health center might offer expensive insights
into the logistical, technological, and financial
aspects of solar projects in healthcare settings. Such
initiatives can cover the way for larger-scale
implementations across Bahrain's hospitals and
healthcare services. Furthermore, worldwide
collaboration can play an important role in
overcoming these challenges. Knowledge from
worldwide best practices and leveraging international
expertise can help Bahrain find the way to adopting
solar energy solutions in healthcare, ensuring that
these initiatives are together sustainable and cost-
effective. [30-32]
4 Methodology
The methodologies for adapting a solar panel system
at KHUH include a series of key steps intended at
ensuring its successful implementation. First, a full
implementation plan is developed, outlining the
project step by step. Key project details are
highlighted, including a design load of 4000 kW
(DC), division into 14 areas each with 10,000 PV
modules at 400 W each, the use of 54 inverters, and
total area coverage of 20,000 square meters. Figure
2, depicting the Project Master Plan, and Figure 3,
illustrating the installation process, complement the
methodology
Figure 2. Project Master plan
Figure 3. System installation process internal
This comprehensive approach facilitates a thorough
assessment of feasibility, energy generation capacity,
financial viability, and environmental benefits,
ultimately guiding the successful installation and
operation of the solar panel system, aligning with the
hospital's commitment to sustainability and cost-
efficiency. The provided figure 4, illustrates the
setup of a solar panel system, showcasing its key
components and their interconnected functionality.
At its core, the system features solar panels,
responsible for harnessing renewable solar energy.
This generated DC power is efficiently managed
through a DC distribution box, ensuring smooth flow
into the system. The inverter plays a pivotal role in
converting DC power into usable AC electricity for
Figure 4. The setup of a solar panel system
consumption and grid export, facilitated by the
electrical control panel. The EWA bidirectional
meter is integrated to monitor the energy exchange
between the system and the external EWA grid,
allowing for precise measurement and billing.
Finally, the electrical control panel efficiently
channels the converted energy to the electrical
internal load, powering the facility while potentially
exporting excess energy back to the grid, illustrating
a comprehensive and sustainable energy ecosystem.
Team
managemen
t
Planning
•Material
•Tools
Work
Preparati
on
•Civil works
•Mechanical
works
•Electrical
works
•Testing &
commissionin
g
Work
execution
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
108
Volume 6, 2024
4.1 Converter Selection and Specifications
In the implementation of the solar panel system at
KHUH, a critical component was the selection of an
appropriate converter. For the system, SUN2000-
60KTL-M0 were chosen, a highly efficient and
reliable converter for converting the variable direct
current (DC) output of the photovoltaic (PV) cells
into a grid-compatible alternating current (AC). This
type was chosen because it met the specifications and
scale of the solar system at our hospital.
4.2 Technical Capabilities
SUN2000-60KTL-M0 is a model of a specific one.
String inverter that is manufactured by Huawei. Here
are Some common specs for the SUN2000-:60KTL-
M0:
Power rating: The maximum amount of AC
power that the inverter can provide to the grid
Maximum DC voltage: The maximum DC
voltage that the SUN2000-60KTL-M0 can
operate at is normally around 1100 volts.
Efficiency: It is a measure of how the inverter
does its job of converting DC power into AC
power. Typically, the SUN2000-60KTL-M0
is known to have a high efficiency above 98%
under given conditions of operation.
Input voltage range: The inverter allows
different configurations of solar panels and
string layouts
Monitoring and communication: The
SUN2000-60KTL-M0 has advanced
monitoring and communication features.
Protection features: is fitted with a series of
protection measures to ensure the safe and
reliable operation of the equipment.
4.3 Justification of Choice
The hospital selected the SUN2000-60KTL-M0 due
to its specific requirements. The ability to switch the
required energy loads, combined with its efficiency,
safety character, and ease of incorporation, made it
the perfect choice for our solar energy system. The
system's overall effectiveness and sustainability align
with our goal of reducing energy expenses and
mitigating environmental impacts.
5 Results & Discussion
5.1 Energy Output Calculations
In our study, we have taken into consideration the
calculation of the energy output from the
photovoltaic system installed at KHUH. The
following formula can be used:
ENERGY OUTPUT (kWh/month) = SOLAR
ARRAY AREA (m2) x CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY x SOLAR RADIATION FOR THE
MONTH (kWh/m2/day)
Factors affecting the daily solar power calculations:
Tracking system: This system effectively
adjusts the position of the solar panels to
track the sun’s movement throughout the
day. The optimization of the panel
orientation helps in increasing the daily
power production when compared to the
fixed-tilt systems. So, it is important for any
solar panel system to have a functional
tracking system.
Inverter efficiency: Solar inverters convert
the direct current or DC produced by the
solar cells into working alternating current or
AC for use in residential or commercial
places. So, inverter efficiency plays a crucial
role in the overall system performance.
Temperature effects: The temperature
coefficient defines the impact of temperature
on solar panels. It refers to the decrease in
solar panel efficiency due to the temperature
rise.
Shading: The impact of the shading from
nearby objects like trees, buildings, or other
structures to solar panels affects its kWh
production.
System orientation: The orientation and tilt
angle of the solar panels impact the solar
energy output.
Panel efficiency: The efficiency of the solar
panels affects the total solar panel energy
production. Modern solar panels have an
efficiency of around 15% to 22%.
Solar irradiance: It is the term referring to
the total amount of sunlight energy received
per unit area at a given time and location.
5.2 Environmental Impact Analysis
Our study of the environmental impact, mainly in
terms of CO2 emissions reduction, was conducted
using the following formula:
CO2 (kg) = kWh produced x CO2 Factor (g/kWh).
Each kWh of electricity can be generated using fossil
fuel, which generates CO2 emissions. The number
shown is the quantity of CO2 emissions that would
have been generated by an equivalent fossil fuel
system. This number depends on the systems’
location; the emissions level in each country.
Figure 5, provides a snapshot of a solar system's
performance, showing its current electricity output
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
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Volume 6, 2024
(active power), daily energy production (E-daily),
total energy generated to date (E-total), and the
amount of CO2 emissions it has reduced. It offers a
quick overview of the system's efficiency and
environmental benefits.
Figure 5. A snapshot of a solar system's performance
In the provided dataset, there are three figures (6, 7,
8), corresponding to the years 2021, 2022, and 2023.
Each figure is structured to display a month-by-
month analysis of two critical aspects of a solar
system's performance:
Yield (kWh): These values signify the amount of
electricity generated by the solar system on a monthly
basis throughout the respective year. This data offers
insights into the system's productivity and its ability
to capture solar energy effectively.
Figure 6. Yearly Energy Production 2021
Reduction CO2 Emission (kg): This leads to efficit to
the environmental impact of the solar system. the
volume of carbon dioxide emissions that have been
generated or prevented by the utilization of clean
solar energy, as opposed to energy derived from
fossil fuels. These figures underscore the solar
system's role in reducing greenhouse gas
Figure 7. Yearly Energy Production 2022
Figure 8. Yearly Energy Production 2023
Table 1 illustrates the yearly production of energy in
2021, the solar panel system generates 3,264,381.62
KWh, per year of energy, compared to 2,154,491.87
kg of CO2 emissions. It's an important contribution
to cooperation in environmental sustainability and
cost efficiency.
Table .1. Yearly Energy Production 2021
Table 2 illustrate the yearly production of energy in
2022, the solar panel system generates 5,153,121.23
KWh, per year of energy, compare to 3,401,060.01
kg of CO2 emissions. It’s important contribution to
in cooperation environmental sustainability and cost
efficiency.
Time
Yield(KWh)
ReducedCO2
Emission(kg)
2021-01
0.00
0.00
2021-02
0.00
0.00
2021-03
9238.38
6097.33
2021-04
304443.72
200932.86
2021-05
433390.04
286037.43
2021-06
464348.76
306470.18
2021-07
559956.17
369571.07
2021-08
208574.43
137659.12
2021-09
207499.63
163349.76
2021-10
410025.52
270616.84
2021-11
326347.86
215389.59
2021-12
300557.11
198367.69
Total
3264381.62
2154491.87
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
110
Volume 6, 2024
Table .2. Yearly Energy Production 2022
Time
Yield(KWh)
ReducedCO2
Emission(kg)
Revenue
(S)
2022-01
35748.46
235935.78
10366.9
2022-02
429287.83
283329.97
12449.3
2022-03
520171.29
343313.05
15085.0
2022-04
477163.86
314928.15
13837.0
2022-05
546102.85
360427.88
15837.0
2022-06
564412.29
372512.11
16368.0
2022-07
446289.90
294551.33
12942.4
2022-08
458908.27
302879.46
13308.3
2022-09
420639.93
277622.35
12198.6
2022-10
399236.50
263496.09
11577.9
2022-11
288623.32
190491.39
8370.1
2022-12
244806.73
161572.44
7099.4
Total
5153121.23
3401060.01
149440.5
Table 3 illustrates the yearly production of energy in
2022, the solar panel system generates 3,990,242.99
kWh, per year of energy, compare to 2,633,560.37 kg
of CO2 emissions. It's an important contribution to
cooperation in environmental sustainability and cost
efficiency.
Table .3 Yearly Energy Production 2023
Time
Yield(KWh)
ReducedCO2
Emission(kg)
Revenue(S)
2023-01
313555.17
206946.41
9093.1
2023-02
399707.99
263807.27
11591.5
2023-03
510775.74
337111.99
14812.5
2023-04
555318.65
366510.31
16104.2
2023-05
614401.53
405505.01
17817.6
2023-06
610447.99
402895.67
17703.0
2023-07
561983.10
370908.85
16297.5
2023-08
424052.82
279874.86
12297.5
2023-09
0.00
2023-10
0.00
2023-11
0.00
2023-12
0.00
Total
3990242.99
2633560.37
115717.0
As shown in Figure 9 the relation between electricity
bill and load, while a new equipment installation or
new services opened, its lead to increasing the
electricity usage therefore increasing the electricity
bills.
However, integrating a solar system into the existing
infrastructure can offset this impact. Solar panels
generate renewable energy, reducing reliance on grid
electricity and subsequently lowering electricity bills.
This relation between new loads and solar energy
showcases the possible for cost savings and improved
Sustainability, making it a practical choice for both
residential and commercial energy management.
Figure 9. The relation between electricity bill and
load
Regular cleaning of solar panels is essential to
continue their best performance and efficiency. A
study has exposed that after just 55 days of dust
increase; the power output of mono-crystalline
silicon (m-Si) solar panels can decline by as much as
40% [23]. This major drop underscores the harmful
impact of dust and remains on solar panel efficiency.
Accumulated dust on the panels' surface hinders
sunshine from efficiently reaching the photovoltaic
cells, leading to decreased energy production.
Therefore, to guarantee efficient sunshine harnessing
and maximize electricity generation, KHUH has
implemented a monthly cleaning schedule for its
solar panels.
In order for our methodologies to insure requirements
of KHUH, we are looking for factors such as the
hospital's incessant process and serious power needs.
This was fundamental for a practical assessment of
the system's impact. For example, the 24/7 operation
model of the hospital meant that our energy output
calculations had to consider the nonstop use of
essential medical equipment. This detail came up to
ensure that our analysis exactly reflected the
hospital's exceptional energy usage profile, in this
manner enabling us to evaluate the true value of the
solar installation in gathering the hospital's energy
consumption and sustainability objectives.
The expected outcomes of implementing a solar
panel system at KHUH are involved and
transformative, moving upon a range of aspects of
sustainability, efficiency, and environmental
stewardship. The predictable outcomes include:
Clean Energy Generation: The solar panel
system is projected to generate a substantial
amount of clean, renewable energy. This will
not only decrease the hospital's dependence on
non-renewable energy sources however also
much lower its carbon emission.
Cost Savings: Utilizing solar energy for a portion
of the hospital's electricity needs could lead to
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
111
Volume 6, 2024
considerable cost savings. By implementing the
new method, we expect a reduction in monthly
electricity bills by approximately [10%],
resulting in substantial long-term financial
benefits.
Financial Viability: The cost-benefit
investigation of the solar panel structure
showing a good return on investment. The
result highlights the cost-effective return of
solar energy, showing that the primary capital
spending will be counterbalanced by long-term
savings.
Environmental Benefits: Environmental impact
estimation predicts a remarkable decrease in
greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants.
By implementing solar energy, the hospital
will make efforts in environmental
management and sustainability.
Community Engagement: This study serves as a
way for sustainable practices, potentially
moving society members, other hospitals, and
businesses to look at renewable energy
solutions, by this means encouraging a culture
of sustainability.
Educational Opportunity: The solar system
offers knowledge in relation to renewable
energy technologies. It provides a chance for
teamwork with educational institutions in
research, workshops, and awareness
campaigns.
Operational Resilience: Incorporating renewable
energy enhances the hospital's flexibility
aligned with energy cost fluctuations. This is
particularly fundamental for a healthcare
facility, where a constant power supply is very
important for patient care.
Long-Term Impact: The achievement of this
development could place an example for other
healthcare facilities, representing the
possibility and flexibility of renewable energy
in different contexts.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, the employment of a solar panel
system at KHUH characterizes a significant phase to
sustainability and cost efficiency in the hospital. The
complete method accepted, connecting viability
studies, energy audits, and cost-benefit analyses, has
systematically evaluated the project's potential,
encouraging its viability and long-term benefits
A promising way for improving the system's
efficiency and dependability lies in the engagement
of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the initial discovery
of faults and analytical maintenance. By applying
advanced (AI) systems accomplished of monitoring
the system's show in real-time, this methodology
aims to classify differences and forecast possible
failures earlier they happen. Such predictive
competences can extremely decrease maintenance
costs, minimize interruption, and significantly spread
the lifetime of the solar panel system. The results, as
complete in the study, potential a future of clean
energy generation, reduced reliance on conventional
energy sources, and a noticeable reduction in carbon
emissions. Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 efficiently
demonstrate the solar panel system's performance,
showcasing the daily energy production, monthly
differences, and year-long efficiency. These
graphical tools not only support in monitoring the
project's improvement but also highlight the
flexibility of the system to various operating needs,
supporting the sustainability at KHUH.
Economically, the project has shown significant
cost reduction savings improving the hospital's
financial efficiency. The perceptible reduction in
environmental influence dovetails with KHUH's
philosophy of responsible resource management
and supports global climate change extenuation
efforts.
The annual energy production reports, as shown in
Figures 6, 7, and 8, highlight the reliable energy
generation by the solar system and its possible long-
term positive effect. This solar panel system
implementation at KHUH not only helps as an
efficient energy solution but also stands as a model
for other institutions considering a move to
sustainable practices.
By marrying sustainability with cost efficiency and
environmental stewardship, KHUH's initiative
emerges as a guiding light for healthcare facilities
globally, showcasing the harmonious blend of
operational excellence and ecological responsibility.
Acknowledgement:
I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the
pleasure to work during this and other related
research. Each of the members of paper Committee
has provided an extensive personal and professional
guidance.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
112
Volume 6, 2024
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Authors' contributions
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi and Anwar
AL-Mofleh: provided the conception and design of
the study, acquisition of data, analysis and
interpretation of data, drafting the article, revised it
critically for important intellectual content, and final
approval of the version to be submitted
Osama Najam: supplied the acquisition of data,
drafting of paper;
Leena Albalooshi: supplied the design of study,
analysis and interpretation; supplied the acquisition
of data.
Budoor Almannaei: was responsible for the article
critically for important intellectual content; and
Ahmad Bataineh: provided the revised the article
critically for important intellectual content and gave
final approval of the version to be submitted.
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
that are relevant to the content of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
DOI: 10.37394/232027.2024.6.12
Ahmed Albinali, Mohamed Alseddiqi,
Anwar Al-Mofleh, Osama Najam,
Budoor Almannaei, Leena Albalooshi, Ahmad Bataineh
E-ISSN: 2769-2507
114
Volume 6, 2024