I–V characteristics of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene by Zinc

Abstract: - In this research, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Zinc/5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-

tetraazapentacenes (L5H2) doped surface-type structures were investigated in the air at ambient temperature.

The conventional forward bias I–V methods were used to extract the diode parameters. The I-V profile

demonstrates a rectifying behavior. Furthermore, the charge transport behavior was evaluated using the I-V

conventional method and Schottky diode analysis. The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics were

evaluated in both dark and light conditions to determine the key parameters of the photovoltaic effect.

Key-Words: - Zinc/5, 14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacenes (L5H2), a forward bias I–V method, Schottky

diode.

Received: September 17, 2022. Revised: February 14, 2023. Accepted: March 13, 2023. Published: April 25, 2023.

1 Introduction

The organic semiconductor is a type of

material, which has recently drawn special

attention in the field of electronics. It is a

hybrid material that consists of both organic

and inorganic materials. Organic

semiconductors are having unique properties

that make them stand out in the field of

electronics. The key properties that are held up

in their popularity are being low-cost, tunable

optoelectronic properties, and high thermal

stability. These materials are lightweight,

flexible, and can easily be produced in large

quantities, making them a cost-effective

alternative to traditional inorganic

semiconductors. Furthermore, organic

semiconductors have a tunable optoelectronic

behavior, which means that their electrical and

optical properties can be controlled by

changing the molecular structure [1-3].

Organic semiconductors have already found

widespread applications in various electronic

devices. One of the most popular applications

of organic semiconductors is in the production

of OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes).

OLEDs are lightweight, flexible, and can be

produced at a lower cost than traditional light-

emitting diodes. Another application of organic

semiconductors is in the development of

organic solar cells that can generate electricity

from sunlight. Organic photovoltaic cells have

high power conversion efficiency and can be

produced using low-cost materials. Other

applications of organic semiconductors include

organic thin-film transistors, organic field-

effect transistors, and organic sensors. In

conclusion, organic semiconductor materials

are achieving popularity due to their unique

properties, low cost, and tunable optoelectronic

behavior. They have already been put into

operation for various types of electronic

devices such as OLEDs, organic solar cells,

and organic transistors. The prospects of

organic semiconductors are promising, and we

can expect to see them being used in a variety

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232027.2023.5.2

Hassan Ghalami Bavil Olyaee,

Seyed Alireza Mousavi Shirazi

Volume 5, 2023

E-ISSN: 2769-2507

HASSAN GHALAMI BAVIL OLYAEE, SEYED ALIREZA MOUSAVI SHIRAZI

Department of Physics

South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University

Shahid Deh-Haghi AVE, Fifth Bridge, Abouzar Blvd, Pirouzi AVE, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1777613651,

IRAN

of electronic applications in the future [4-6].

The usage of organic semiconductors is

expected to grow in the coming years. Many

research groups have been working on

developing advanced organic semiconductors

that have even better properties than the current

ones. Some of the areas where organic

semiconductors are expected to find

applications in the future include flexible

electronics, wearable electronics, and printed

electronics.

5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene

(L5H2) with molecular formula C18H12N4 was

used for the fabrication of Schottky diodes.

The molecular structure is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig 1. The structure of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-

tetraazapentacene (L5H2)

Zinc/5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-

tetraazapentacenes is a complex molecule

consisting of a Zinc ion bonded to a molecule

of 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacene,

which is an organic compound with a fused

five-ring structure containing four nitrogen

atoms. It has potential applications in organic

electronics as a catalyst. This molecule has

potential applications in electronic and

optoelectronic devices due to its unique

properties.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Sample Preparation

The thin films of L5H2 and Zinc were deposited

by evaporation from a resistive heating element

in an oil-pumped vacuum system onto the

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass substrates. ITO

is a mixed oxide of indium and tin with a

melting point within the range of 1526–1926°C

(1800–2200 K, 2800–3500 °F), depending on

composition. ITO is a transparent, conductive

oxide. It has several electrical properties;

including having a high electrical conductivity,

and being an ideal material for conducting

electricity in electronic devices. ITO has a

rather low resistance in a way that allows it to

be used in electrodes for a variety of devices. A

schematic view of the sample is shown in Fig.

2 [7-10].

Fig 2. A schematic view of a sample

I-V measurements were carried out on the

sample using a Keithley 230 Programmable

Voltage Source and a Keithley 485 Pico-

Ammeter.

Applying the OLEDs technology has caused

the efficiency and lifetime of white OLEDs to

reach the maximum level. The new technology

of OLEDs has taken over other semiconductor

display devices because of having striking

feature [11-12].

3. Results and discussion

The plot of I-V for the Zinc/5,14-dihydro-

5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacenes (L5H2) contact

shows rectification characteristics (Fig 3). The

rectification ratio in a diode is the ratio of the

DC (direct current) output voltage to the AC

(alternating current) input voltage of a diode

rectifier circuit. It is a measure of how well the

circuit can convert AC input to DC output with

minimum ripple. The rectification ratio is

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232027.2023.5.2

Hassan Ghalami Bavil Olyaee,

Seyed Alireza Mousavi Shirazi

Volume 5, 2023

E-ISSN: 2769-2507

calculated as the average value of the output

voltage divided by the maximum value of the

input voltage. The higher the rectification ratio

is, the better the diode can convert and smooth

out the AC signal. The range of rectification

ratio in a diode is the ratio between the number

of charge carriers crossing the PN junction in

the depletion region during forward biasing

and the number of carriers diffusing across the

junction during reverse biasing. It indicates the

rectifying efficiency of a diode, which means

how well it blocks the flow of current in one

direction and allows it towards another. The

higher the rectification ratio, the better the

rectifying efficiency of the diode will be. The

calculated rectification ratio is 1 at 17oC at

room temperature.

Series resistance in a diode refers to the

resistance presented by components in series

with the diode in a circuit. This may include

resistors or other components that are placed

between the voltage source and the diode.

Series resistance can affect the behavior of a

diode, particularly in terms of the voltage drop

across the diode and the amount of current that

flows through it. Some factors such as the

value of the series resistance may cause the

forward voltage of the diode to drop, and the

applied voltage can all impact the behavior of

the diode in a series circuit. The series

resistance is .

Fig 3. I-V Characteristic curve of Zinc/5, 14-

dihydro-5,7,12,14-tetraazapentacenes (L5H2)

4 Conclusion

In this paper, the rectification ratio is 1. It means

that the output voltage of the rectifier is equal to the

input voltage. On the other hand, there is no change

in the voltage level, and the rectifier has not

rectified the alternating current (AC) signal. Also,

when the series resistance in a diode is high, it

means there is a significant amount of resistance in

the circuit that limits the current flowing through

the diode. This can result in a reduction in the

amount of current that can flow through the circuit,

which may impact the overall performance of the

circuit. In practical terms, a high series resistance

can result in reduced power output, slower response

times, and increased heat distributed in the diode.

Although 5,14-dihydro-5,7,12,14-

tetraazapentacenes (L5H2) is a semiconducting

material, when it is connected with zinc metal, it

shows ohmic behavior according to Fig 3. In case,

aluminum metal shows non-ohmic behavior for the

Schottky diode.

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Contribution of individual authors to

the creation of a scientific article

(ghostwriting policy)

Hassan Ghalami Bavil Olyaee has carried out

all of the scientific works belonging to this

research consisting of calculations, simulation,

and extraction of the results.

Seyed Alireza Mousavi Shirazi has organized

the paper.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

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Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

DOI: 10.37394/232027.2023.5.2

Hassan Ghalami Bavil Olyaee,

Seyed Alireza Mousavi Shirazi

Volume 5, 2023

E-ISSN: 2769-2507