Assessment Tools for Improving Hard Skills in a Virtual Laboratory
(Electrical Machine Case Study)
JOHN MILTON1, RAMÍREZ ROMERO1, ANDRÉS ESTEBAN MURILLO MORENO2,
SERGIO RIVERA3
1Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
COLOMBIA
2Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
COLOMBIA
3Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
COLOMBIA
Abstract: - In 2023, the National University of Colombia (UNAL) in Bogotá developed a professional aptitude
evaluation service utilizing their physical space and technological advancements to benefit the national
industry. By integrating previously developed simulation projects, this service provides graduates with tools to
enhance their knowledge and improve their employment prospects. Although initially tailored for electricians,
these simulation tools and assessment methods are adaptable to other fields. This initiative not only assesses the
professional aptitude of candidates but also identifies their weaknesses and recommends solutions, thereby
helping them refine their skills and increase their job market competitiveness. Although these projects were
developed by and for electricians, their field of action can include other careers.
Key-Words: - Employment, Electric machines, Experiential learning, Gamification, Hard skills, Aptitude test,
Simulator, Simulation-based learning, Virtual reality, Virtual laboratory.
Received: August 24, 2023. Revised: April 10, 2024. Accepted: May 6, 2024. Published: June 25, 2024.
1 Introduction and State of Art
Since 2016, the Electric Machines Laboratory at
UNAL has developed computer solutions that have
allowed its students to approach the laboratory
through simulators. Initially, these initiatives were
focused on the transmission of knowledge to meet
the needs of curricular projects. Originally, these
projects were developed to recreate working
conditions, similar to those found in laboratories and
industries.
In the first four months of 2022, the National
University of Colombia developed and offered a
project based on a professional aptitude evaluation
service. Examining the needs of graduates, this
service not only includes an impartial quantification
of the grades obtained but also includes an option to
detect the weaknesses of those who did not pass and
informs them about the existence of external
providers who offer solutions to their problems.
The market offers goods and services that help
its customers refine their hard and soft skills. In the
face of increasing levels of unemployment,
competition to obtain a job is much higher, so the
added values are factors that can make a difference
for an applicant.
This document describes the role of this project.
Along with other previously developed projects,
they integrate a system that goes beyond the
classrooms and allows graduates (in their role as
applicants) to improve their chances of obtaining a
job.
2 Problem Depiction: Need of a Tool
The Electric Machines Laboratory is located on the
first floor of the "Patios de Ingeniería " building at
the UNAL (Figure 1). Its construction was
completed in 1968, where A. Mejía describes this
space as the habitat with which students, professors,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
47
Volume 21, 2024
and workers from the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering have identified the most, [1].
Currently, the laboratory has a variety of electric
machines equipped with industrial-level
energization and protection systems.
During practical exercises, it is necessary to
comply with safety rules and use protective
equipment. Teacher supervision is essential in this
space, as the hazards to which attendees are exposed
range from minor injuries (such as cuts with the
cable ends) to electrocutions (damage that can cause
death), [2]. Therefore, the authors of this document
have developed simulators and other virtual
educational materials over the past six years that
allow students to develop virtual practices that
recreate the most relevant conditions that may be
encountered in real exercises.
In 2016, the Monophasic Transformer Virtual
Laboratory (LVTM) (machines used in the
transmission and distribution of electricity), was
developed as the graduation project, [3]. This first
development allows its users to recreate tests, which
are procedures for connecting and energizing
machines to obtain data that will be used to evaluate
the technical parameters of electric machines. The
UNAL Electric Machines Laboratory already had
other virtual materials, both self-created and third-
party. The development of this graduation project
allowed students to get closer to characteristics
closer to those found in the Institution's facilities.
The recreated conditions allow students to generate
errors and simulate the steps they must follow in
reality. In this way, they would not be exposed to
risks and could repeat simulations at all times
(Figure 2).
In 2017, the National Directorate of Academic
Innovation of the UNAL (DNIA) sponsored the
development of a new simulator, the Virtual
Induction Machines Laboratory (LVMI), focused on
induction machines (devices used in industry such
as motors, (Figure 3)). This simulator shows step-
by-step the activities to be carried out to energize
and install the protection and measurement
equipment during tests. Likewise, a module for
evaluating the selection of the necessary protection
equipment for use during the tests was included, [4].
In 2018, the UNAL's Vice-Deanery of Research
and Extension sponsored the development of the
synchronous machine simulator (used as electricity
generators, (Figure 4)). As a novelty, a module for
evaluating the handling of the equipment used
during the tests was included, [5].
In 2021, as part of a joint development between
the authors of this article, a game called "Electric
motors shop" (Figure 5). It allows the user to
recreate certain situations encountered daily in the
marketing of Electric Motors. It is based on a
fictional story, initiated in the year 2000, in which
the user plays the role of Manager of an SME.
Through missions, the player must manage the basic
aspects of managing their company, in addition, to
instilling the importance of innovation, which is
represented as technology research, [6].
In 2022, thanks to the Bogotá Campus Extension
Division of the UNAL, the Professional Aptitude
Evaluation Service (SECAP) project was developed.
It was built as a service in which the UNAL acts as
an arbitrator between industry and the general
public, offering an ideal and impartial physical and
technological environment for the development of
aptitude tests.
Fig. 1: Facade of the “Patios de Ingeniería” building
Source: The authors
Fig. 2: Example of a test setup for a single-phase
transformer included in the LVTM
Source: UNAL DNIA, [3]
Fig. 3: Connection of an induction machine in the
LVMI
Source: UNAL National Directorate of Academic Innovation,
[4]
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DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
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Fig. 4: Example of power measurement in a load
during a test on a synchronous machine
Source: UNAL Vice Dean for Research and Extension, [5]
Fig. 5: Promotional graphic of the game "Electric
motors shop"
Source: the authors
Fig. 6: SECAP screenshot - Multiple choice
question with only true answer
Source: UNAL Bogotá Headquarters Extension Division
Fig. 7: SECAP Screenshot - Rough estimation
question
Source: UNAL - Extension Division Bogotá Headquarters
3 Proposed Approach: Professional
Aptitude Evaluation through
SECAP
The SECAP working team includes the authors of
this article (directed by Engineer Rivera and
developed by Engineer Ramírez) and Electrical
Engineers Pedro Julián García Guarín and Carlos
Mauricio Bula Oyuela. The software developed for
this project allows the development of Aptitude
Tests that contain the question types described in
Table 1.
The SECAP Aptitude Tests are not exclusively
focused on electricity-related tests; they can also be
focused on other professions.
UNAL and the industry can generate joint
Aptitude Tests, in which the candidate can obtain a
certificate (with a limited validity period) that can
be attached to their resume (Figure 8).
Once the Aptitude Tests are developed,
candidates who were not selected can receive
feedback on the possible errors they made (Figure
9), the corrective measures they can take (Figure
10), and suggested providers of goods and services
that will help them refine their skills (Figure 11).
Aptitude tests should fulfill their role as filters
where only candidates with the best skills will
remain. Evaluations must be developed to recreate
conditions that candidates will encounter in their
daily work, so it is not possible to evaluate practical
conditions using written tests or verbal interviews.
Therefore, SECAP is a tool that allows the
evaluation of candidates by making impartial scores.
The service design also includes an internal
regulation that covers the developers of the tests, the
candidates, and the evaluators. The rules seek to
ensure that the company and/or candidates contact
SECAP to request the availability of physical space
for the development of evaluations.
Fig. 8: SECAP Screenshot Certification of
approval of the aptitude test
Source: UNAL Bogotá Headquarters Extension Division
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
49
Volume 21, 2024
In general, a room that is not being used in the
institution is sought to serve as a quiet space where
candidates take tests using a computer, where the
necessary software for the operation of the
evaluation software will be installed.
Fig. 9: SECAP Screenshot - Rough estimation
question
Source: UNAL - Extension Division Bogotá Headquarters
Fig. 10: SECAP screenshot - Wiring type question
Source: UNAL Bogotá Headquarters Extension Division
Fig. 11: SECAP Screenshot Example of a list of
opportunities for improvement and offering of
goods and services from sponsors
Source: UNAL Bogotá Headquarters Extension Division
Some aspects can only be considered if service
delivery recreations are developed, which can help
make the development more enjoyable.
For example, the UNAL area is very extensive,
and it is effortless for a candidate to take a long time
to find the place where they will take the test
(especially those who have never entered the
campus).
This situation is common during undergraduate
entrance exams. Therefore, it is necessary to use
current digital tools to help users use the system
without problems.
Table 1. Types of SECAP questions
Question type
Description
Multiple
Choice
Question with four options and
only one valid answer. See Figure 6.
An image can be included to
complement the question asked of the
Applicant.
Estimation
approximate
The applicant selects a value that
they consider to be within the correct
range. It is ideal for evaluating valid
responses within a range. See Figure
7. This type of question is restricted to
numerical values.
Positions
indication
The user clicks on an image,
indicating, among one and four
coordinates, which they consider as
the location of the correct answers.
See Figure 8.
Cabling
The user connects terminals
through cables. Ideal for evaluating
wiring before the operation of a
machine. See Figure 9.
Source: self-made
4 Problem Solution: The Point of
View of the Working World and
the Path of Job Applicants
In general, Human Resources Departments speak of
two types of skills: hard skills, which integrate the
knowledge and abilities that an applicant for a job
should have, and soft skills, related to their attitudes,
behaviors, and values at work, [7]. The services
offered by the national industry within the life cycle
of electric machines require skills that are acquired
through theoretical-practical training. The use of
induction machines has focused on their role as a
driving force, extending to industrial applications
since they do not generate harmful vapors (unlike
gasoline engines) and are not restricted to use in
certain places (as it happened in the Industrial
Revolution, where the driving force obliged the
installation of engines on the banks of rivers). Two
examples can be found in the cement and mining
industries. In both cases, it is necessary to increase
the efficiency of the processes whose objective is to
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
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Volume 21, 2024
apply digitization in drive systems to obtain
competitive advantages. Throughout the life cycle
of induction machines, the services required by the
industry focus on consulting and support services,
preventive and corrective maintenance, spare parts,
personnel training, modernization and updating,
digital services, and service agreements, [8].
Figure 12 shows a generalization of the process
of obtaining hard skills by a professional, including
the tools they have available. The acquisition of
theoretical knowledge officially begins in the
classroom. Currently, most higher education
institutions have didactic material that includes
books, photographs, videos, and animations, among
others. These are suggested in the bibliography
recommended by the teachers. Likewise, there is
more audiovisual content that has been created and
made publicly available.
In the case of theoretical-practical hard skills,
laboratories are essential to recreate the conditions
found in the industry. The handling of electrical
machinery involves risks, so the use of simulators is
necessary. There are circumstances where it is
necessary to recreate adverse conditions to instill
diagnostic criteria for faults in students. For safety
reasons, it is better to perform this task in a
simulator than in a real device. This task, when
developed in a tangible environment, can be risky
for both students and teachers. Simulators are
capable of showing phenomena visually and
showing the measurements obtained from the
instruments, [9].
Before laboratory practices, the teacher can use
simulators so that students can recreate the
conditions existing in a real environment. It does not
necessarily have to be restricted to the devices found
in the institution; the behavior of current and past
machinery (examining the efficiency of a current
device compared to the old) or future machinery
(usually idealizations, where there are devices that
reach the highest degree of efficiency, which cannot
be achieved with current technology but could be
achieved with future technology, can also be
recreated).
Once the students become graduates, for
industrial purposes, they will be the Applicants who
will be in their selection processes, at some point,
they will send job applications and may need to
present aptitude tests. Currently, both oral and
written tests are used to establish a written record of
the evaluations carried out. Tests can also be done
with de-energized machines, making connections or
operating instructions to the evaluators. It should be
noted that just entering a workplace implies many
risks to the physical integrity of the Applicants.
Fig. 12: Description of the tools available to
applicants for vacancies in the aptitude test approval
process
Source: The authors
Before taking an evaluation, applicants can
complement the use of simulators with didactic
material used in the classroom, training offered by
educational institutions (that usually offer
certifications), and the experience gained in the
presentation of other aptitude tests. These are the
moments when they need to have classrooms or
laboratories at their disposal again. According to the
policies of their Alma mater, graduates can continue
to use simulators to review the necessary
knowledge, [10], [11].
Examining the context of the Applicants who
graduate from Electrical Engineering and related
programs, the following difficulties are listed:
In comparison to software development or
electronics laboratories (for example, software
development or development of circuits
controlled by Development Boards laboratories,
where it is possible to perform a practice space
in a room and the investment in equipment is
not very high), students can’t recreate an
Electrical Machines laboratory in their homes
since the physical space, electrical connections,
and machines require a very high investment to
ensure the proper functioning and a safe
environment. Likewise, the electrical and
mechanical risks to which they are exposed are
considerably high.
Graduates cannot provide feedback on the
knowledge acquired in the UNAL Electrical
Machines Laboratory unless they are developed
within processes related to the fulfillment of the
institution's mission purposes.
There are no conditioned spaces in the market
for the development of industrial practices in
electrical machines that can be used by the
general public to polish the hard skills of
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
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Volume 21, 2024
Applicants. If they were to exist, very high
investment and much stricter regulation would
be necessary, obliging attendees to accredit their
affiliation with Occupational Risk Management
systems.
5 Conclusion
The SECAP is a service that allows UNAL to make
use of its physical and technological space through a
service that enables candidates to quantify their
current level, identify their weaknesses, and learn
about goods and services that are available on the
market to improve their scores in future evaluations.
Day by day, some services and solutions allow
bringing the Laboratory Home through simulators.
Candidates must keep in mind that market
conditions change, and although there are topics that
are valid since the time they were studying for their
undergraduate and graduate degrees, it is necessary
to know the state of the art and learn to apply the
rules that have been recently issued. Omitting this
principle will put them at a disadvantage compared
to other competitors in the selection process.
In personnel selection processes related to the
electrical field, it is very important to impartially
evaluate the candidates. A selection error can lead to
an accident that can cause economic losses and
workplace accidents. It is also not advisable to favor
a candidate or induce other candidates to make
mistakes. The SECAP can only operate efficiently if
it is used within clean selection processes.
Human Resources Departments must continually
update themselves to examine the solutions
available in the market related to the virtual
recreation of work conditions.
Higher Education Institutions must continue to
provide simulation tools to their students so that
they can recreate the laboratories developed during
their stay when preparing to take an aptitude test.
References:
[1] Mejía, A. (2023). 50 years realizing dreams.
(50 años realizando sueños). Ingeniería, 35(1),
1-10.
[2] National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).(1994). Electrical safety in the
workplace: A guide for employers and
employees. NIOSH Publication No.94-100.
[3] Ramirez, J. & Rivera, S.(2016, May).
Monophasic Transformer Virtual Laboratory.
In Proceedings of the 13th WSEAS
International Conference on Automatic
Control, Modelling & Simulation (pp.244-
250), Canary Islands Spain May 27 - 29, 2011,
ISBN: 978-1-61804-004-6.
[4] Ramirez, J. & Rivera, S.(2017, May ).Virtual
Induction Machine Laboratory. In Proceedings
of the 14th WSEAS International Conference
on Automatic Control, Modelling & Simulation
(pp.251-257), Saint Malo & Mont Saint-
Michel, France, April 2-4, 2012.
[5] Ramírez, J. & Rivera, S. (2020). Synchronous
machine virtual laboratory (Laboratorio virtual
de máquina sincrónica). Revista
Iberoamericana de Tecnologías del
Aprendizaje, 15(4), 545-552.
[6] D. Goshevski, J. Veljanoska, and T.
Hatziapostolou, -A review of gamification
platforms for higher education, in Proc. 8th
Balkan Conference in Informatics (BCI 2017),
pp. 1-6, September 2017.
[7] C. Wu, C. Chen, S. Wang and H. Hou, ―The
design and evaluation of a gamification
teaching activity using board game and Q.R.
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[8] Siemens. (2024, June 2). Innomotics GP
general purpose motors, [Online].
https://www.innomotics.com/hub/en/portfolio/
products/low-voltage-motors/general-purpose-
motors (Accessed Date: June 12, 2024).
[9] Siemens Innomotics. (2024, June 2). Services
for the entire life cycle, [Online].
https://www.innomotics.com/hub/en/customer-
service (Accessed Date: June 12, 2024).
[10] University of St.Augustinefor Health Sciences.
(2024, June 2). How simulation in Education
benefits students and patients, [Online].
https://www.usa.edu/blog/simulation-in-
education/ (Accessed Date: June 12, 2024).
[11] Eklavvya. (2024, June 2). Career aptitude test,
[Online].
https://www.eklavvya.com/Content/doc/career-
aptitude-test/ (Accessed Date: June 12, 2024).
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
52
Volume 21, 2024
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
The authors equally contributed in the present
research, at all stages from the formulation of the
problem to the final findings and solution.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION
DOI: 10.37394/232010.2024.21.7
John Milton, Ramírez Romero,
Andrés Esteban Murillo Moreno, Sergio Rivera
E-ISSN: 2224-3410
53
Volume 21, 2024