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    <doi_batch_id>wseas-12215-20261020065447-32fbfc</doi_batch_id>
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    <journal>
      <journal_metadata language="en">
        <full_title>WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development</full_title>
        <issn media_type="print">1790-5079</issn>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2224-3496</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_issue>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>09</month>
          <day>05</day>
          <year>2025</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>09</month>
          <day>05</day>
          <year>2025</year>
        </publication_date>
        <journal_volume>
          <volume>22</volume>
        </journal_volume>
      </journal_issue>
      <journal_article publication_type="full_text" language="en">
        <titles>
          <title>Utilization of Fly Ash in the Cement Industry: A Sustainable Construction Approach</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Zarife Bajraktari</given_name>
            <surname>Gashi</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Department of Materials and Metallurgy, University ‘’Isa Boletini’ Mitrovica, St.Ukshin Kovacica, 40 000, Mitrovica, KOSOVO</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Rabije</given_name>
            <surname>Berisha</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Titan Sharrcem, Han i Elezit, KOSOVO</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract xml:lang="en"><jats:p>Lignite fly ash from the Kosovo B thermal power plant is a major industrial by-product that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Through a comprehensive two-year monitoring program in 2024 and 2025, this paper presents a study of lignite fly ash from the Kosovo B thermal power plant. The study showcases and monitors its chemical traits, mechanical performance and industrial viability. This study, through the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, found that fly ash contains an average of 32.28% <mml:math display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>SiO</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, 9.01% <mml:math display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Al</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, 6.76% <mml:math display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and 32.93% <mml:math display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CaO</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, with a loss on ignition (LOI) of 2.88%. These characteristics are comparable to Class C fly ash according to the classifications of ASTM C618 and EN 450-1. Regarding average compressive strengths, they reached 14.66 MPa at 7 days and 35.14 MPa at 28 days. Statistical analysis revealed variations over the two years; notably, moisture content negatively impacted early strength <mml:math display="block"><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.547</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>, while <mml:math display="block"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>MgO</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> exhibited a moderate negative correlation with 28-day strength <mml:math display="block"><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.411</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>. These results are consistent with high-calcium fly ashes reported in international studies. The benefits of greater use of this material include a reduction in clinker demand, conservation of raw materials, and support for the reuse of industrial by-products in cement production.</jats:p></jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>10</month>
          <day>20</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>10</month>
          <day>20</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>1184</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">98</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
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          <ai:license_ref applies_to="vor" start_date="2026-10-20">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ai:license_ref>
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          <doi>10.37394/232015.2026.22.98</doi>
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