Health Risk Assessment of Radon Concentrations in Water Samples of
Selected Areas North of Al-Najaf Governorates
AMJAD H. ALI1, ALI SAEED JASSIM2, ALI ABID ABOJASSIM3,*, RUKIA JABAR DOSH3
1Directorate General of Education in Najaf Governorate,
Najaf,
IRAQ
2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science,
University of Kufa,
Al-Najaf,
IRAQ
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences,
University of Kufa,
Al-Najaf,
IRAQ
Abstract: - Studies on radon concentrations and the risks they pose to people's health are widely available.
Groundwater is one of the most common sources of Rn that the populace consumes directly. Rn gas, occurring
naturally in rocks, soil, and water, poses a significant health risk for lung cancer, stomach illnesses, leukemia,
and juvenile cancer. This study aimed to measure the content of Rn in groundwater sources and assess the
health risk for children and adults in Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Ten samples of well water from various
locations in the Najaf governorate have been collected to evaluate the radon concentration level using the
RAD7 technology. The concentrations of Radon varied from a maximum of 2.42 Bq/L in the Al-Melad region
to a minimum of 0.712 Bq/L in the Al-Naser region, with a mean of 1.6690.194 Bq/L. The estimated annual
effective dose in ingestion (stomach) for children varied between 1.470 μSv/y and 4.997 μSv/y. The mean
value was 3.447±0.4008 μSv/y, and the total annual effective dosage for adults varied from 1.819 μSv/y to
6.183 μSv/y with a mean of 4.265±0.4958 μSv/year. Each individual's estimated yearly effective dose
inhalation (lungs) ranged from 9.959 μSv/year to 33.850 μSv/y for children and adults. With an average of
(23.3508±2.7146) μSv/year, while in adults, the annual effective dose varied between 0.0017942 μSv/year and
0.0060984 μSv/year. The average value was 004206888±0.00048907 μSv/year. According to the findings, The
Radon concentration in the groundwater specimens was below the global limit of 11.1 Bq/L. Additionally, the
yearly effective dosage for the analyzed samples was below the internationally approved threshold of
1mSv/year.
Key-Words: - Radon, health risk, water, well water, RAD-7, Najaf.
Received: July 9, 2024. Revised: November 17, 2024. Accepted: December 14, 2024. Published: December 31, 2024.
1 Introduction
Radiation is energy emitted through a material
medium, and it is the formation of waves or
particles. It has a substantial impact on life in the
fields of sciences and medicine, [1]. Radiation
sources can be divided into two types: natural and
artificial. Natural radiation is divided into three
main groups based on its origin: cosmic and
terrestrial. Cosmic rays separate atoms in the
atmosphere, producing cosmic nuclides. There are
two groups of primordial radionuclides, with the
first being led by chains 238U, 235U, and 232Th in the
radionuclide. Second, some radionuclides decay
directly into stable nuclides, such as 40K, [2]. Radon
is a radioactive gas that lacks color and odor and
dissolves in water. It decays into other elements
because it is radioactive. The half-life, or how long
it takes for half of an element to decay, determines
how quickly Radon decays radioactively. Radon-
222 undergoes radioactive decay with a half-life of
3.8 days, [3]. Radon-222 was produced by
radioactive decay inside the 238U- chain. As a result,
sites underlain by granite and other rocks with high
uranium contents often have higher radon levels
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Amjad H. Ali, Ali Saeed Jassim,
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than areas covered by different rock types, [4].
Radioactivity occurs in all natural waters, including
mineral water, surface water, and groundwater.
Since rocks and soil contain radium, surface and
groundwater must also contain dissolved radon, [5],
[6]. Radon gas travels from its origin in rocks and
soils via cracks and gaps. Exploiting foundation
fissures can penetrate structures as a gas. It can also
blend with groundwater and be transported to water
supply wells. Because the concentrations of aquifer
materials, aquifer porosity, permeability, and
emanation rates from mineral sources all differ, so
do the amounts of Radon-222 in groundwater. In
2017, Inacio et al. conducted a study in Portugal to
assess the Radon concentrations in 33 water
specimens collected nationwide. Out of the twenty-
three collected water samples, all had levels above
the maximum allowable threshold. The maximum
value achieved was 1690 Bq.L-1. The findings also
indicated a yearly effective dosage that was ingested
beyond the World Health Organization's advised
limit of 0.1 mSv/year, [7]. In Saudi Arabia, adjacent
to Iraq, 222Rn levels in tap water vary between 9.2 ±
0.02 and 0.10 ± 0.02 Bq/L. The results were
substantially less than the standards set by the EPA.
The effective dosages for adults and children varied
between 0.51 μSv/year and 46.69 μSv/year, [8]. In
Iran, a neighboring nation, research was conducted
to calculate the 222Rn content of 44 drinking water
sources. Specific samples exhibited an elevated
222Rn concentration, above the EPA level in which
the Radon range levels were 26.88 BqL-1 and 0.74
BqL-1, respectively. The upper and lower limits of
the annual effective dosage for adults were
calculated to be 52.7 μSv/year and 2.29 μSv /year,
[9]. A study in Iraq analyzed the Radon levels in
100 water samples. This study revealed that the
AED resulting from radon intake was 0.236+0.020
μSv/year, whereas the AED resulting from radon
inhalation was 0.015+0.0001 nSv/year. The total
AED varied between 0.015 μSv and 1.171 μSv, with
a mean of 0.236±0.020 μSv/year. The 222Rn levels
in this study for most water samples adhered to the
internationally accepted standards of the WHO and
ICRP, which can be considered safe, [10]. The
current research aimed to assess the Radon
concentration and related adverse effects in 10
groundwater wells in Al-Najaf province. The study
employed a Rad-7 detector to quantify the quantity
of Radon and determine the annual effective Radon
in the study region. The findings are thought to be
crucial for public health. Additionally, this study
presents a picture of how the Rn concentration is
detected and how it affects both adult's and
children's health.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 The Study Area
Southwest Iraq is where the Najaf governorate is on
the western desert plateau’s edge, southwest of
Baghdad, a distance of approximately 160 km. It is
located at latitudes 31059 and longitudes 44019. It
rises 70 m above sea level, [11]. Iraq’s Najaf is a
sacred city. Near the ancient city of Kufa, Najaf is
situated in southern Iraq—about 80 km separate
Najaf from Karbala in the northwest direction. The
Al-Melad, Al-Naser, Al-Nuda, and Al-Faw
neighborhoods are located north of Al-Najaf. Figure
1. shows the study area chosen in the area under
study, [12]. The measurement locations in northern
Najaf are listed in Table 1.
Fig. 1: Study area groundwater locations on a map
Table 1. Code, place, and coordinate of groundwater
in the current research
No.
Code
Place
Coordinates
North
East
1
Well1
Al-Melad
32.0480
44.3139
2
Well2
32.0534
44.3121
3
Well3
32.0712
44.3060
4
Well4
32.0466
44.3097
5
Well5
Al-Nuda
32.0679
44.3094
6
Well6
32.0537
44.3112
7
Well7
32.0720
44.3037
8
Well8
Al-Naser
32.0421
44.3084
9
Well9
32.0405
44.3088
10
Well10
Al-Faw
32.0583
44.3115
2.2 Measurement System
The RAD-7 detector is a multifunctional device
designed explicitly for detecting radon gas. The
distinct characteristics set it apart from other
detectors, [11]. RAD7’s interior cell is a hemisphere
with a size of 0.7 litters. In the center of the
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hemisphere is a flat silicon alpha detector implanted
with ions. By introducing the inner conducting to a
potential of about (2000–2500 V) to a detector, the
high-voltage electrical circuit creates an electric
field within the cell volume. Radon and thoron
progeny on the detector surface can directly input
the solid-state detector with characteristically
energetic alpha particles. The signal is picked up by
the RAD7 microprocessor and stored, depending on
the particle energy, [13]. Durridge Company Inc.,
USA manufactures a RAD/H2O adapter that can be
linked to a RAD 7 device to determine Rn levels in
water specimens. This device is battery-powered
and portable. After 30 minutes of testing, the
sensitivity of the method was on par with or higher
than liquid scintillation methods, [14]. RAD 7 was
attached to vials containing either 40 ml or 250 ml
vials. By recirculating a closed air cycle into the
sample water, the Radon monitor’s internal air
pump removed Radon from the water and
transferred it to the air loop. Air is continuously
pumped over water to eliminate radioactive Radon
until the RAD/H2O system reaches equilibrium,
[14]. It keeps track of the gas in water at various
concentrations. Sixty minutes after collecting the
sample, the results must be obtained, and
sterilization (i.e., a moisture content of less than
60%) must occur. A pump was added to the Grab
system to calculate the amount of Radon in the
water, [15]. During each session, the pump was
operated for 5 min to extract Radon from the
sample, which was subsequently delivered to the
RAD7 detector for measurement. Following a 5-
minute break to reach equilibrium, the remaining
four sessions were repeated for a 30-minute
examination in total (i.e., monitoring the amount of
Radon, the amount of moisture, the temperature, and
the normal deviation), [16], [17]. The operational
numbers were a 4-circuit diagram, cumulative
spectrum, and number of turns, [18]. The radon
removal ratio from water in the air ring of a 250 mL
sample was 95%, indicating a significantly high
value, [16], [19].
2.3 Evaluate the Annual Effective Dose
The annual effective dose (Ed) for children and
adults resulting from the ingestion of water
containing Radon can be calculated using equation
(1), [20]:
Ac represents the concentration of 222Rn, Ai
represents the annual water intake, and Cf represents
the dose conversion factor. The coefficients of
effective dose conversion, Cf, are 5.9 nSv/Bq for
children and 3.5 nSv/Bq for adults, [21]. The
formula used for determining the annual effective
dose for inhalation (Einhalation) resulting from radon
gas dissolved in water depends on several variables,
including the radon concentration (Ac), AWR (Air-
Water Ratio), which equals 0.0001, OCF represents
the occupation factor, E.F. Here, represents the
equilibrium factor, and DCF is the dose conversion
factor for radon gas inhalation at 9 nSv m3/Bq h, as
illustrated in equation (2), [10], [22]:
(2)
2.4 Statistical Analysis
This research employed statistical analysis,
specifically descriptive statistics, which included
minimum, maximum, average, and standard
deviation values calculations. The Shapiro-Wilk and
Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests evaluated the
distribution’s normality, which was considered to
have a P- value > 0.05. The statistical software
SPSS version 26 was used for the analysis.
3 Results and Discussion
Groundwater samples from 10 locations north of
Najaf City are listed in Table 2. The highest value
obtained for Well2 (Al-Melad) was 2.42 Bq/L,
whereas the sample from Well8 (Al-Nasr) had a
minimum value of 0.712 Bq/L. The average value
was determined to be 1.669±0.194 Bq/L. Figure 2.
displays the radiological map of Radon results for
the ten wells drawn using the GIS program used in
this study.
Table 2. The results of 222Rn concentration for
selected samples of groundwater
Sample code
Radon concentrations (Bq/L)
Well1
2.41±0.19
Well2
2.42±0.19
Well3
1.14±0.13
Well4
2.14±0.18
Well5
2.03±0.18
Well6
1.57±0.16
Well7
1.28±0.14
Well8
0.712±0.11
Well9
0.992±0.12
Well10
2±0.18
Max
2.42±0.19
Min
0.712±0.11
Average±S.E.
1.669±0.194
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Fig. 2: Map of the current study's groundwater
radon concentrations
The current research evaluated "the annual
effective ingestion dose" (stomach)(Ed) in children
and adults per individual. Table 3 presents each
person’s Ed values associated with different
groundwater samples in the Anajaf governorate. Ed
results for children ranged between 4.997 μSv/y for
sample coded Well2 and 1.470 μSv/y for sample
Well8. The average value was determined to be
3.447±0.4008 μSv/y, whereas the total annual
effective dosage for adults varied from 6.183 μSv/y
in sample coded Well2 to 1.819 μSv/y in sample
Well8, with an average of 4.265±0.4958 μSv/y.
Table 3. The annual effective ingestion dose in
current work
No.
code
Annual effective dose (µSv/y)
Children
Adult
1
Well1
4.977
6.158
2
Well2
4.997
6.183
3
Well3
2.354
2.913
4
Well4
4.419
5.468
5
Well5
4.192
5.187
6
Well6
3.242
4.011
7
Well7
2.643
3.270
8
Well8
1.470
1.819
9
Well9
2.048
2.535
10
Well10
4.130
5.110
Max
4.997
6.183
Min
1.470
1.819
Average±S.E.
3.447±0.4008
4.265±0.4958
This study estimated the effective inhalation
dose (per person for children and adults.
Table 4 presents each person's annual effective dose
for several groundwater samples for children and
adults. The estimated for children varied
from 9.959 μSv/year in sample Well8 and 33.850
μSv/y in sample Well2 with a mean of
23.3508±2.7146 μSv/year.
Table 4. Results of
"
the annual effective dose "for
inhalation in current research
No
.
Sample
code
Annual effective dose (µSv/year)
Children
Adult
1
Well1
33.710
0.0060732
2
Well2
33.850
0.0060984
3
Well3
15.946
0.0028728
4
Well4
29.933
0.0053928
5
Well5
28.395
0.0051156
6
Well6
21.960
0.0039564
7
Well7
17.904
0.0032256
8
Well8
9.959
0.00179424
9
Well9
13.876
0.00249984
10
Well10
27.975
0.00504
Max
33.850
0.0060984
Min
9.959
0.0017942
Average±S.E.
23.3508±2.7
146
.004206888±.000489
07
4 Discussion
Water is vital to living organisms on Earth because
it is a necessary component of human existence and
all other life forms, including food and beverages.
Consequently, it is crucial to examine 222Rn
concentrations for water to evaluate the extent of
radiation exposure. Radioactive pollution can harm
the environment and human health because nuclei
can infiltrate the human body via water
consumption.
In comparison, for adults ranged
between 0.0017942 μSv/year in Well8 as well as
0.0060984 μSv/year in Well2. The average value
was determined to be 0.004206888±0.00048907
μSv/year. Results from each site in the research area
showed that the total was below the
permissible level for WHO, and the Council of the
European Union recommended 0.1 mSv/y, [20],
[21].
Moreover, upon comparing the mean Radon
levels acquired in the current work with those
documented in prior investigations conducted in
Iraq and other countries (as illustrated in Table 5), it
is evident that the present study recorded lower
average Radon concentrations than any of the
preceding studies, except the investigations
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conducted in Hela, Iraq, and the Najaf/Haidariya
district of Iraq.
Table 5. Compare with the literature review
Country (year)
Methodolog
y employed
222Rn
(Bq/L)
Referenc
e
Turkey/ Anatolia
(2013)
GEO-RTM
2128
1.6 - 230
[23]
Scotland/Aberdee
n Area
(1993
RDU-200
3-35 to 40-
76
well water
[24]
Jordan/Irbid
(1997)
CR-39
4.5±0.8
well water
[25]
Babyl-Al-Qasim
City, Iraq (2015)
RAD-7
0.793-8.005
Groundwate
r
[26]
Iraq /Karbala- Al-
Hindiyah City
(2014)
CR-39
11.790
Groundwate
r
[27]
Al- Hella, Iraq
(2013)
RAD-7
0.036 -0.941
[28]
Najaf ,Iraq (2014)
RAD-7
0.569-5.010
Groundwate
r
[29]
Najaf/Haidariya
district, Iraq
(2015)
RAD-7
0.487±0.121
Groundwate
r
[30]
Present work
(2023)
RAD-7
1.669±0.194
well water
-----
Table 6. The statistical summary of the Radon
results and "Annual effective dose" in the water
samples
R
a
d
o
n
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
B
q
/
L
)
E
d
f
o
r
i
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
(
µ
S
v
/
y
e
a
r
)
E
d
f
o
r
i
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
d
u
l
t
s
(
µ
S
v
/
y
e
a
r
)
E
d
f
o
r
i
n
h
a
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
(
µ
S
v
/
y
e
a
r
)
E
d
f
o
r
i
n
h
a
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
d
u
l
t
s
(
µ
S
v
/
y
e
a
r
)
Mean
1.6694
3.4472
4.2654
23.3508
0.004207
Std.
Error
of
Mean
0.19408
0.40081
0.49589
2.71466
0.000489
Media
n
1.785
3.686
4.5605
24.9675
0.004498
Mode
0.71a
1.47a
1.82a
9.96a
0.00179a
Std.
Deviat
ion
0.61373
1.26748
1.56815
8.58451
0.001547
Varian
ce
0.377
1.607
2.459
73.694
0
Skewn
ess
-0.229
-0.229
-0.228
-0.229
-0.229
Kurtos
is
-1.496
-1.496
-1.496
-1.495
-1.496
Minim
um
0.71
1.47
1.82
9.96
0.00179
Maxi
mum
2.42
5
6.18
33.85
0.0061
Table 6 shows the descriptive statistics of the
Radon concentrations for groundwater and Ed for
the cases of ingestion and inhalation associated with
the level of Radon. The Radon data displayed in
Figure 3(a) show the Radon concentration
distribution for the studied wells, which tended to be
approximately normal, and the Shapiro-Wilk test
with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was successful in
assessing normality (p-value > 0.05), as illustrated
in Figure 3(b) and Figure 3(c).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3: (a) The Histogram of the Radon distribution,
(b) The Q-Q plot of the Radon results, (C) The
bpxplot of Radon distribution in the water samples
5 Conclusion
Based on the current study results, the total annual
effective dose and radon concentrations for the
groundwater samples remained below the
acceptable limits of 1 mSv/year and 11.1 Bq/L set
by the USEPA in 2012, as well as UNSCEAR and
WHO for members of the public. The assessed risk
from the total annual effective dose in Al-Najaf
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province was found to be minimal when compared
to the projected risk recommended by the ICRP.
Consequently, residents can be regarded as safe in
terms of radon exposure risk. As a result, no health
risks are linked to the use of Najaf water.
Acknowledgment:
We sincerely thank the physics department staff—
the science faculty at Kufa University.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2024.20.83
Amjad H. Ali, Ali Saeed Jassim,
Ali Abid Abojassim, Rukia Jabar Dosh
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
900
Volume 20, 2024
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
Amjad Ali and Ali Saeed carried out the
experimental process in the laboratory. Ali
Abojassim and Rukia Dosh wrote the draft paper
and work statistics.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
The article funded by the authors.
Conflict of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2024.20.83
Amjad H. Ali, Ali Saeed Jassim,
Ali Abid Abojassim, Rukia Jabar Dosh
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
901
Volume 20, 2024
