Transformational Leadership in Local Heritage Area Development
(Case Studies in Medan Kesawan Area and Semarang Kota Lama)
MUHAMMAD HUSNI THAMRIN1,*, FAIZ ALBAR NASUTION1,
YULIYANTO BUDI SETIAWAN2, YOFIENDI INDAH INDAINANTO2
1Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan 20222,
INDONESIA
2Faculty of Information Technology and Communication,
Universitas Semarang,
Semarang 59160,
INDONESIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - Sustainable development of local heritage areas can boost the economy and people's standard of
living. This research describes transformational leadership contributing to the sustainable development of local
heritage in Medan City and Semarang City. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Data were
obtained by observation, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis techniques were used by reducing data,
presenting, and making conclusions. The results showed that transformational leadership contributes to the
development of sustainable development of the Kesawan area in Medan City and the Kota Lama area in
Semarang City, which is seen based on four characteristics of transformational leadership, namely: idealistic
leadership, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Medan City has
potential as the condition of the building is still very good in the Kesawan area. The obstacles are the legal
aspects where many illegal buildings are built and the need for coordination between the government and non-
government organizations. In Semarang City, the driving factor is more influenced by the government's and
stakeholders' readiness and awareness regarding the Kota Lama Area as a cultural heritage. Barriers regarding
the level of security and bureaucracy over the massive turnover of members who have the authority to continue
the management of the Kota Lama. From the Implementation results, Medan City is still in revitalization and
infrastructure development, so the results must be concrete and specific. On the other hand, the Semarang City
Government has provided concrete and specific contributions, especially in economic and socio-cultural
aspects.
Key-Words: - Local Leaders, Regional, Development, Sustainable, Cultural, Local Heritage
Received: July 27, 2023. Revised: May 4, 2024. Accepted: June 13, 2024. Published: July 18, 2024.
1 Introduction
The importance of the role of tourism in economic
development and improving the community's
standard of living encourages various attention to be
paid to the development process. Moreover, the
historical traces of the city in the past provide its
attraction in improving tourist destinations. Thus,
Medan City and Semarang City have a historical
history of heritage in the Kesawan area and the Kota
Lama with buildings still in use. Heritage tourism
has its value in attracting tourists, ranging from
local history, building art, monuments, garden sites,
areas, and overall landscapes that provide an
atmosphere of the past, [1]. Realizing these
conditions requires a set of systems ranging from
regional arrangements and legal protection to
maintaining areas that prioritize historical
distinctiveness.
Area revitalization is the leading solution in
Medan's Kesawan Area and Semarang's Old Town.
However, heritage tourism differs in placing the
area into a tourist spot. This condition is related to
the mobilization process of various roles and tasks
driven through the leadership style of the Regional
Head, [2]. The Medan City Government's move to
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2024.20.31
Muhammad Husni Thamrin, Faiz Albar Nasution,
Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan, Yofiendi Indah Indainanto
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protect the Kesawan Area as a heritage tourism
destination is part of an effort to increase tourist
visits in Medan City. Developing a heritage area is
an attraction in sharing old building tours and
culinary tours in the Kesawan area. The
revitalization process, targeted to be completed in
2023, places the Kesawan area to display the
meaning of the Kesawan legacy and the potential of
cultural arts.
The potential of the Kesawan area in developing
heritage areas as an effort to develop the economy
and new tourist destinations in Medan City.
However, previous studies have shown that the
Kesawan area could be more user-friendly, as seen
from the image of Kesawan, which has high
historical value but needs to be maintained, [3].
Moreover, there is a need for assertiveness from the
government in formulating Local Regulation No. 6
of 1988 on the preservation of historic buildings.
This condition can be proven by the emergence of
illegal buildings in the Kesawan area, [4], [5].
Overlapping, lack of jurisdictional clarity, and
coordination between government agencies are
significant obstacles to cultural heritage
preservation in Medan City, [6].
The Kesawan Kota Lama Area Management
Board (BPK2LK) is a non-structural institution
whose membership consists of elements of local
government, the private sector, and the community.
It has the authority to revitalize the Kota Lama and
Kesawan areas. However, revitalization efforts
require the leadership of the Regional Head, who
encourages the community to develop and increase
economic potential. Thus, the creative economy and
historic tourism require a strong push from the
motivation of the Regional Head leader. With its
revitalization, the Kota Lama of Semarang can have
a broad impact, while the Kesawan area is building
a tourist spot. Therefore, the Medan City
Government seeks to develop the Kesawan Area as
a tourism area by modeling the Semarang Kota
Lama Area in organizing and revitalizing the
historic area, [7].
Previous studies have shown that
transformational leadership can contribute to
tourism development, [8]. The revitalization process
that forms three crucial sectors, tourism, industry,
and agriculture, relies heavily on transformational
leadership that encourages involving various
elements of society in developing Local Heritage.
Seeing the character of society, culture, and
different leadership styles, it is interesting to see the
transformational leadership of the mayor in both
regions in developing Local Heritage. The Medan
City government makes Semarang City a reference
in developing the Kesawan area to preserve local
heritage in Medan City based on the success of the
Semarang City Government in developing the Old
City as a heritage area and local economic
development area. This is seen through comparative
study activities conducted by the Medan City
Government against the Semarang Government in
handling the Old City. In addition, the Medan City
Government also cooperates with the parties
involved in the Semarang government to develop
the Old City, especially in infrastructure
development. Therefore, this is the basis for
researchers to make Medan City and Semarang City
as research subjects in efforts to develop and
manage local heritage. This research analyzes Local
Leadership in Developing Sustainable Local
Heritage Areas in Indonesia: A Study in Medan City
and Semarang City.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Transformational Leadership on Local
Leadership
Transformational leadership is a leadership style
that emphasizes inspiring and motivating followers
to reach their full potential. Research has shown that
transformational leaders can positively impact
organizational outcomes such as organizational
member behavior, organizational commitment, job
satisfaction, and member effectiveness, [9], [10].
The leadership of the Regional Head in Indonesia is
very influential in moving and directing all
employees in achieving the organization's vision,
[11]. It is crucial to emphasize local leadership
capabilities as a form of administrative control.
Leadership skills can assist in the development of
strategic policies and the evaluation of actions
taken. These capabilities require the ability to
communicate. Effective local leadership is
distinguished by information consolidation,
consistency, and two-way communication, leading
to the perception of being a pioneer in mobilizing
the public, [12], [13].
2.2 Local Leadership in Sustainable Local
Heritage Development
Local leadership plays a vital role in the sustainable
development of local heritage. UNESCO has
emphasized the importance of sustainable
development and world heritage to local
communities, [14], [15]. The perception of
sustainable development in the local world is
essential to understand local sustainability
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dynamics, [16]. Institutional antecedents of
sustainable development can be facilitated by local
leaders, [17]. The Local Leadership for Sustainable
Development Goals project explores bottom-up
approaches by governments and communities to
foster sustainable local development, [18].
Stakeholder engagement is essential for
sustainable local heritage development. Identifying
important stakeholders, such as local and central
governments, real estate development companies,
expert groups, and architectural heritage
administrations, is essential for successful
engagement, [19]. The challenges of participatory
management to become an intelligent Kota Lama in
the context of cultural heritage have been reviewed
in previous research. The goal of heritage and
tourism initiatives that engage local stakeholders
and build practical and accessible cultural
knowledge can lead to sustainable solutions [20].
Critical factors of local leadership in sustainable
local heritage development include incorporating
local culture into community development,
recognizing the social, environmental, and cultural
aspects of sustainable development, and the role of
cultural heritage in sustainable development, [21],
[22]. Local leadership plays a vital role in the
sustainable development of local heritage. UNESCO
has emphasized the importance of sustainable
development and world heritage to local
communities, [14], [15]. The perception of
sustainable development in the local world is
essential to understand local sustainability
dynamics, [16]. Institutional antecedents of
sustainable development can be facilitated by local
leaders, [17]. The Local Leadership for Sustainable
Development Goals project explores bottom-up
approaches by governments and communities to
foster sustainable local development, [18].
Stakeholder engagement is essential for
sustainable local heritage development. Identifying
important stakeholders, such as local and central
governments, real estate development companies,
expert groups, and architectural heritage
administrations, is essential for successful
engagement, [19]. The challenges of participatory
management to become an intelligent Kota Lama in
the context of cultural heritage have been reviewed
in previous research. The goal of heritage and
tourism initiatives that engage local stakeholders
and build practical and accessible cultural
knowledge can lead to sustainable solutions, [20].
Critical factors of local leadership in sustainable
local heritage development include incorporating
local culture into community development,
recognizing the social, environmental, and cultural
aspects of sustainable development, and the role of
cultural heritage in sustainable development, [21],
[22].
3 Method
This study employs a descriptive qualitative
technique. Descriptive qualitative research is an
approach that uses qualitative data to describe and
describe existent phenomena, both natural and
manufactured, with a focus on the qualities, quality,
and interrelationships between activities. This
research focuses on Transformational Leadership in
Local Heritage Area Development (Case Studies in
Medan Kesawan Area and Semarang Kota Lama).
This research was conducted in two major cities in
Indonesia, Medan City and Semarang City. This
study used data collection techniques with
documentation and in-depth interviews, [23].
Data collection techniques were carried out
through observation to collect data by observing and
recording phenomena that occur in the research
setting. In addition, documentation to obtain
secondary data is used by searching and collecting
documents on issues related to the problem being
studied through the literature of books, newspapers,
journals, and others. This activity is combined with
other data collection techniques, such as in-depth
interviews, to obtain primary data. Data analysis
techniques through data reduction, presentation, and
conclusion drawing, [24].
In the process, this research was conducted
within six months, from February to August 2023,
where the research was conducted in two different
cities, namely Medan City, North Sumatra Province,
Indonesia, and Semarang City, Central Java
Province, Indonesia. The researcher divided the
roles to collect primary data, especially in
determining sources by purposive sampling
technique (judgmental sampling) based on the
priority of knowledge of the subject under study.
The resource persons include the governments of
Medan City and Semarang City, the Kesawan Old
City Area Management Agency (BPK2LK), the
Medan City Cultural Heritage Expert Team of the
North Sumatra Provincial Government, the Cultural
Heritage Expert Team (TACB) and the Semarang
Old City Area Management Agency (BPK2L).
These resource persons are parties who are directly
involved as coordinators of local heritage area
management, both in the Kesawan and Kota Lama
areas.
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4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Transformational Leadership in
Sustainable Development of Local
Heritage
Efforts in preventing and overcoming cultural
Heritage damage are through rescue, security, and
restoration measures, supported by Law No. 11
Year 2010 on preserving cultural Heritage. Cultural
Heritage is included in the local Heritage in each
region, which is considered to have great potential
for sustainable development, especially in the
economic sector through cultural tourism as a step
in increasing regional income, [25].
As what Medan City has, the Kesawan area is
considered to have overall cultural resources
compared to other areas. The Medan City
Government has guidelines for creating a roadmap
development scenario for cultural heritage
preservation in Medan, dominated by immovable
heritage objects, especially buildings, [26].
Meanwhile, similar to the Medan City government,
the Semarang City government also sees tourism
potential as an added value to the regional economy.
One of them is through the revitalization of the Kota
Lama historical area. The Kota Lama is a historical
building with various architectural styles originating
from medieval, baroque, and modern styles of
Dutch Heritage, [27], [28].
Therefore, maintaining this cultural Heritage
requires seriousness for the government in
maintaining and developing the potential of each
Local Heritage area. The potential of this cultural
Heritage can only be developed through
revitalization or re-empowerment of potential tourist
attractions. As for this case, the revitalization in the
Kota Lama area of Semarang has resulted in a
significant shift in economic activity in the tourism
sector. This is proven through the data of tourist
visits to the Kota Lama after revitalization, which
jumped drastically, namely visited by 162,719
tourists, and placed the Kota Lama as the most
visited place in Central Java, [29]. This means that
the revitalization process of the Kota Lama area has
a significant effect. Revitalization also shows
environmental changes, having a good influence on
the economic and social aspects of the area.
Changes and strengthening the image of the area
through the provision of public facilities and its
arrangement as a tourist destination need to be
maintained with sustainable management efforts,
[30].
The Kota Lama becomes one of the alternatives
for increasing the growth of the economic sector
through the tourism industry. The local government
runs this program as a form of effort to preserve the
historic area and increase the tourism potential of
Semarang City. This is also motivated by changes in
leadership, so it becomes one of the success factors
of the Kota Lama by maintaining existing cultural
values, [27]. Thus, the possibility of connecting,
flowing, and generating activities of the surrounding
economic center to revive the vitality of the
Kesawan Area by looking at the Kota Lama is
significant with transformational leadership, [31].
Seeing what happened in Semarang through the
revitalization of the Kota Lama, Medan City began
to take revitalization actions as well as reflecting on
the leadership style of the Medan City government,
which became more flexible, open, and participatory
through efforts to involve and include related parties
such as the Ministry of Public Works and Public
Housing (PUPR) RI, [32], [33]. Medan City
Cultural Heritage Expert Team of North Sumatra
Provincial Government as well as the community in
improving the quality of Kesawan by
transformational leadership.
Transformational leadership plays a vital role in
tourism development. Therefore, leadership change
is also proposed as a vehicle to maintain the growth
of the tourism industry and achieve sustainable
growth, [34]. On the other hand, applying
transformational leadership helps promote
sustainable tourism development that benefits local
communities and the environment. Tourism is a
promising economic sector for poverty alleviation
strategies, [35].
Transformational leadership is different from
other leadership styles, especially in tourism
development. From the government side,
transformational leadership can be interpreted as a
goal to inspire and motivate government officials or
parties outside of government, such as NGOs,
private companies, and the community, by creating
a shared vision while empowering them to achieve a
common goal of sustainable development, which in
this case is to strengthen sustainable tourism
development by involving local communities in the
management of tourism destinations, [36].
This is supported by studies showing that
transformational leadership is an effective
leadership style for the hospitality and tourism
industry, [37]. Transformational leadership style can
also help tourism organizations overcome
challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic by
encouraging innovation and adaptability, [38]. In
addition, transformational leadership impacts
perceptions of leadership effectiveness and
subordinate satisfaction while clarifying the
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organization's direction, [39]. Therefore,
transformative leadership can contribute to
sustainable tourism development by creating a
positive work environment that encourages
innovation, creativity, and collaboration.
Transformational leadership is a unique
approach that can contribute to sustainable tourism
development by inspiring government innovation,
creativity, and collaboration with the community.
Through this transformational leadership, this paper
wants to see how transformational leadership can be
applied and conditioned in the scope of local
government (local leadership) of Medan City and
Semarang City to improve sustainable development
in the Local Heritage Areas, namely Kesawan and
Kota Lama. This is presented through four (4)
characteristics of transformational leadership,
namely Idealized influence, Inspirational
motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and
Individualised Consideration, [40].
4.1.1 Local Leadership Idealism in Sustainable
Development of Local Heritage
Transformational leaders behave in ways that allow
them to be role models for their followers. The
leaders are admired, respected, and trusted.
Followers identify with leaders and want to emulate
them; leaders are credited by their followers as
possessing extraordinary ability, persistence, and
determination. In local leadership, this can be
realized through the local government's decision to
make the right policies for the community. The right
policy reflects how the government acts as a role
model for the community. A good policy places the
public interest as a priority, [41]. A good policy
means that the government can carry out the
aspirations given by the people, and of course, this
will affect the public's view of the government, [42].
In this case, the governments of Medan City and
Semarang City are trying to create policies that aim
to improve the sustainable development of local
heritage areas to improve the community's economy
while preserving the culture in their areas.
According to the available search results,
Medan Mayor Bobby Nasution is developing and
revitalizing the Kesawan area in Medan, [7], [43].
He desires to see the Kesawan development plan
implemented this year. The Medan City
Government is working to develop and enhance the
historical buildings in Kesawan to increase its
attractiveness as a tourist destination, [7], [44]. In
addition, the Mayor of Medan has requested support
from the United Nations to develop Kesawan and
other historical sites in Medan.
The development objective of the Kesawan area
in Medan is to revitalize and preserve the historical
buildings and sites, [45]. The Medan City
Government aims to increase the attractiveness of
Kesawan as a tourist destination by improving its
infrastructure and facilities, [6]. In addition, one of
the projects aims to design a comfortable and safe
place to live for people on Hindu Street in the
Kesawan area.
The policies made by the Medan City
government towards efforts to revamp Kesawan are:
1) conducting development or physical work on the
Kesawan heritage area of Medan City by
coordinating directly with the central government
through the Ministry of Public Works and Public
Housing (PUPR) RI. The development and
improvement of local heritage areas include the
Kesawan City Area, followed by other historical
areas such as Maimun Palace, Al Mashun Grand
Mosque, and Sri Deli Pond. 2) Establish the
Kesawan Kota Lama Area Management Agency
(BPK2LK), a non-structural institution whose
membership consists of elements of local
government, the private sector, and society. This
institution will have the authority to conserve and
revitalize the Kota Lama Kesawan area and is
responsible for managing all activities in the Kota
Lama Kesawan area. 3) Establish cooperation with
Medan City stakeholders, including private
companies, NGOs, and communities. Private
companies involve PT Brantas Abipraya (Persero)
as the executor of the contractor activities of the
Kota Lama Kesawan Area Settlement Infrastructure
Development work, then collaborate with the Aku
Anak Medan Community, which aims to implement
the ideas of the younger generation related to Local
Heritage which is currently also the focus of the
Medan City Government. This will be followed by
involving the community directly, especially around
the area, by forming culinary MSMEs that will
impact the economy. This is supported by the
Medan City government's desire to make Kesawan a
new icon of Medan City by combining the beauty of
old buildings and the culinary delights of Medan
City so that it becomes "The Kitchen of Asia", [43].
Meanwhile, like the Semarang City
Government, the Kota Lama is considered a tourist
destination with more value in the Semarang area,
both culturally and economically. One of the current
focuses of the Semarang City government is to
make tourism an added economic value aimed at the
development of tourism programs. Based on
Semarang City Regional Regulation number 3 of
2010 concerning Tourism, things that the Semarang
City government can do to develop tourism explore
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the potential of Semarang City, potential that is
explored is one of them through the revitalization of
historic areas of the Kota Lama historic area, [27].
Therefore, revitalization is the most appropriate
decision to make. The policies made to develop the
local heritage of the Kota Lama Area are
infrastructure improvements, which focus on
improving the supporting infrastructure of the Kota
Lama area, such as roads, bridges, and sidewalks.
This is a crucial step to make the area more
accessible and easy to attract visitors, [46],
conserving and restoring historic buildings in the
Kota area as a preservation of heritage and culture,
further develops the Kota Lama support
communities that have been supporting the
designation of the area as a cultural district that has
played an essential role in promoting the area as a
tourist destination make efforts to apply for a
UNESCO World Heritage Site so that the Kota
Lama of Semarang is listed in the UNESCO World
Heritage while helping to promote the cultural
heritage of the Kota Lama area and is expected to
attract more visitors do City Branding on the Kota
Lama as a brand for the City of Semarang, [46].
4.1.2 Inspirational Motivation of Local
Leadership in Sustainable Development
of Local Heritage
Inspirational, motivational leaders behave in ways
that motivate and inspire those around them by
providing meaning and challenge to their followers'
work. Leaders display enthusiasm and optimism by
engaging their followers in envisioning exciting
future states, creating hope, and committing to
shared goals and visions. The essential qualities of a
good leader in tourism development include social
and emotional intelligence, integrity,
communication, positive attitude, delegation,
empathy, flexibility, humor, confidence, creativity,
vision, determination, and communication skills,
[34], [47], [48].
Based on this, the local government seeks to
continue to involve parties outside of the
government apparatus, which in local heritage
sustainable development efforts as a step in
equalizing perceptions and government goals with
parties outside of the government. Involving parties
directly related to this development can be
interpreted as a step by the local government to
open and provide opportunities for them to
collaborate, innovate, and directly participate in
sustainable development activities.
The Medan City Government itself plans to
involve investors in this project to reduce the burden
on the regional budget, especially in the physical
development process. Besides that, involving
investors is expected to open opportunities for
cooperation for local businesses through MSME
activities, such as culinary businesses and souvenirs,
[44]. Furthermore, in carrying out infrastructure
development, the Medan City Government
collaborates directly with the Ministry of Public
Works and Public Housing (PUPR) RI. There are
also OPDs involved, such as the Tourism Office and
the Trade Office of Medan City. Of course,
managing the Kesawan Area is accompanied by the
formation of the Kesawan Kota Lama Area
Management Agency (BPK2LK) and the Medan
City Cultural Heritage Expert Team, which has the
authority to maintain and revitalize the Kesawan
Kota Lama Area and is responsible for managing all
activities in the Kesawan Kota Lama Area. Then,
establish cooperation with Medan City stakeholders,
including private companies, NGOs, and the
community. Private companies involved PT Brantas
Abipraya (Persero) as the contractor executor of
Kesawan infrastructure development activities, [33].
They partnered with the Aku Anak Medan
community, which aims to implement ideas related
to local cultural heritage in the Kesawan area and
involve the local community, especially those living
in the area, by forming culinary MSMEs which will
have a positive impact on the economic aspect, [45].
Semarang City also realizes that conducting
revitalization efforts must be done with others.
Therefore, the Semarang City Government also
seeks to involve parties who will be involved with
this revitalization; these parties include the Cultural
Heritage Expert Team (TACB) and the Semarang
Kota Lama Area Management Agency (BPK2L),
which is tasked with licensing and further
management of the Semarang Kota Lama Area.
There are also DPOs involved in the revitalization,
such as the Tourism Office, Trade Office, Civil
Service Police Unit, Regional Development
Planning Agency, and the Spatial Planning Office.
Furthermore, the Semarang City Government
formed a partnership, one of which was to fund the
historical buildings of the Kota Lama. In addition, it
also involves building owners who are considered
part of the Kota Lama cultural heritage to manage
their buildings to be preserved. To stimulate the
awareness and attention of old building owners, the
Semarang city government even bought one of the
heritage buildings named Oudetrap near Blenduk
Church. It transformed it into a multipurpose
building, [46].
Semarang Mayor Hendrar Prihadi also asked the
central government to step in and help fund the
revitalization of the Kota Lama through the
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Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing
(PUPR). Private parties such as Bank Mandiri, Bank
Jateng, Bank Indonesia, PT PLN, Baznaz,
Pertamina, Indosat, and Gojek are also involved
from academia itself, such as Semarang State
University and Diponegoro University.
Next, the Semarang City government also
opened opportunities for cultural communities to
conduct cultural activities in the Kota Lama. This
was supported by building the Oudetrap Theatre in
the Kota Lama area with the concept of an open
space area that was used as a space for artistic
activities. Community participation is also very
much needed in this revitalization effort; by
working with investors, the Semarang City
government formed MSMEs as a supporter of
increasing income in the Kota Lama; this is
implemented through the commercialization of old
buildings such as restaurants, cafes, exhibitions,
creative industry galleries, and others. In addition,
visitors have their role in developing Kota Lama
revitalization. To the objectives of the Semarang
City government, which seeks to register the Kota
Lama of Semarang as a UNESCO cultural heritage,
the visitors are needed as potential supporters of the
entry of this area into the UNESCO World Heritage
List as well as aiming to attract more tourists, [46].
The development of cultural tourism in the Kota
Lama area also benefits local businesses and
economies.
4.1.3 Intellectual Stimulation of Local
Leadership in Sustainable Development
of Local Heritage
Transformational leaders stimulate their followers'
efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning
assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching
old situations in new ways. New ideas and creative
problem solutions are gathered from followers, who
are included in addressing problems and finding
solutions. Intellectual stimulation in
transformational leadership is the leader's ability to
raise the team's awareness of a problem and
maximize their positive beliefs and values, [39].
Therefore, by improving its quality, the local
government must provide encouragement and
collaboration between the government and all its
members and the parties involved to improve their
knowledge and abilities through intellectual
training, including on local heritage sustainable
development efforts.
In the case of Medan City itself, efforts to
improve the quality of local heritage development in
Medan City, especially in the Kesawan area, still
cannot be done thoroughly due to the ongoing
revitalization process, [44]. The Kesawan area is
still developing supporting infrastructure, such as
naturalizing local heritage areas and restoring
buildings with cultural and tourism potential.
Besides that, the Medan City Government, with
related parties, is still conducting further studies to
deepen and evaluate the impact of development on
the Kesawan area, seeing the position of Kesawan in
the middle of the city and its location, which
intersects with the residence of the surrounding
community. Of course, this development will also
have various impacts that affect the community.
Therefore, the Medan City Government is also still
conducting an approach stage to avoid conflicts that
occur; this is primarily related to the legal regulation
of the Kesawan area buildings, some of which are
also owned by the surrounding community.
Therefore, engagement with the community is
needed. In addition, in terms of urban planning,
based on information obtained from the Kesawan
Old Town Area Management Agency (BPK2LK),
the Medan City Government is trying to design the
Kesawan Area as a tourist-friendly place, as it was
initially intended as a local heritage area, but by
following the times and the needs of the community,
the Old Town Area was developed into a tourist
attraction that would be able to accommodate
tourists; this was done through improving roads that
were more feasible as one of the supporting factors
in increasing visitor mobilization. Then, related to
the development of building use functions into
several functions, such as notable cultural buildings
designated as historical places in Medan City, these
buildings will be managed into pure areas not
designated for other functions. Furthermore, tourist-
friendly buildings, namely buildings that are
restored by adding their functions, for example, into
commercial buildings such as restaurants, and as
tourist attractions such as performance activities and
art installations,
Therefore, the Medan City Government still
focuses on infrastructure development, specially
forming cooperative relationships with related
parties. However, before this revitalization plan, the
mayor of Medan, along with the deputy mayor of
Medan, and the team had visited Kota Lama
Semarang to seek input to reorganize the Kota Lama
Kesawan area. This is one way for the Medan City
government to increase intellectual knowledge as
well as prepare technical matters related to
revitalization to support the arrangement of Kota
Lama Kesawan by asking for input and suggestions
directly from the deputy mayor of Semarang,
namely Hevearita Gunaryanti Rahayu as the
Chairperson of BPK2L, [49]. These inputs will be a
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reference for the Medan City Government to
develop the Kesawan Area into a local heritage area
and tourist destination and make the Kesawan Area
a place for the city's economic growth.
4.1.4 Individualised Considerations of Local
Leadership in the Development of Local
Heritage Sustainable Development
Individualized consideration in transformational
leadership is the leader's ability to pay special
attention to each follower's needs for achievement
and growth by acting as a coach or mentor. Through
the context of local government, this individualized
consideration is considered through how local
leaders seek to provide opportunities for those
involved in local heritage development for
sustainable development.
The development of local cultural heritage in
the Kesawan area will be built by the Ministry of
Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) of the
Republic of Indonesia from the State Budget for
fiscal year 2022 involving construction company PT
Brantas Abipraya (Persero), with the progress of
work carried out from 8 July 2022 to 14 May 2023
has reached 54.830 percent, [50]. PT Brantas
Abipraya (Persero) is a state-owned enterprise
(SOE) in the construction sector that has had
previous experience in revitalizing the Kota Lama in
Semarang. Previously, this construction SOE had
shared its experience working on the Kota
LamaSemarang Revitalisation with the Medan City
Government, including the Mayor of Medan, Bobby
Nasution. Therefore, the Medan city government
gave the opportunity and trust to PT Brantas
Abipraya to be involved and participate while
sharing knowledge and discussing together to
rebuild the Kesawan area.
The Semarang government also provides
opportunities for parties involved in the Kota Lama
revitalization efforts. The revitalization of
Semarang's Kota Lama has been carried out since
2017 and is targeted to be completed by the end of
April 2019. The total budget spent is IDR 183
billion, which involves PT Brantas Abipraya, [51].
In addition, to support the smooth revitalization of
the Kota Lama, the Semarang City government
provides incentives for building owners in the Kota
Lama area to reduce the land and building tax
(PBB) by 50% for old building owners who want to
repair and maintain the buildings.
4.2 Drivers and Barriers of Local Leadership
in Sustainable Development of Local
Heritage
In implementing the sustainable development of
local heritage, transformational leadership plays a
central role in local government. However, in its
implementation, it will certainly only sometimes run
smoothly; many factors can influence this
development, including supporting factors and
inhibiting factors; these factors, for example, can be
classified through aspects of bureaucracy, legal
status, and communication. In Medan City, the
implementation of Kesawan revitalization was
influenced by several things, such as the Medan
City government, which initially saw the potential
of the Kesawan area as a place that has historical
value and is still well preserved, [52]. Supported by
attractive visuals when viewed from an aesthetic
aspect to attract visitors, [53]. It has the potential in
terms of the economy that will be implemented
through cultural tourism, and the development of
culinary MSMEs and infrastructure can improve the
tourism aspect in the Kesawan area.
However, based on previous studies, the
existing supporting factors show that the Kesawan
area still needs to be more friendly to visitors. This
can be seen from the image of Kesawan, which has
high historical value but needs to be maintained, [3].
However, before experiencing revitalization
promoted by the government, the Kesawan area had
not experienced optimal and significant
maintenance or care. There are still many buildings
that need to get attention. If you look at the
condition of the Kesawan area so far, it is no more
like other non-historic areas. The number of
buildings that are not considered causes the
historical values of the Kesawan area buildings to be
eroded. In addition, the government's lack of
attention and anticipation of historic buildings
causes the interiors of buildings in the Kesawan area
to be damaged because they do not get regular
maintenance and lose the original form of some
buildings. After all, they get restorations that must
be standardized for local heritage areas. This is
influenced by the community's private ownership of
these buildings, so the restoration no longer follows
the appropriate benchmarks intended for historic
buildings. Some of the buildings that their owners
have renovated have taken the form of new
buildings.
Moreover, from the legal aspect, there still
needs to be assertiveness from the government in
formulating Local Regulation Number 6 of 1988
concerning preserving historic buildings, [1]. This
condition can be proven by the emergence of illegal
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buildings in the Kesawan area, [4], [5].
Overlapping, lack of jurisdictional clarity, and
coordination between government agencies are
significant obstacles to cultural heritage
preservation in Medan City. [6], is looked at
regulations protecting cultural heritage preservation
in Medan, found a need for inter-organizational
coordination between government agencies. That
condition led to overlaps, conflicts, inappropriate
projects, oversized budgets, stalled work, and
sectoral fragmentation. Moreover, the elements
forming tangible econ linkage activities are
buildings, street decorations, collaborative local
events, street food, infrastructure, and old buildings
[31].
According to the findings of [53], in shaping
place identity, it is essential to maintain continuity
by maintaining values, memories, and familiarity in
a place. Medan City's tourist attractions include the
local culinary and cultural heritage (old buildings),
[54]. In addition, the Medan City government is still
trying to communicate with building owners in the
Kesawan area because many old buildings are
privately owned, so socialization and agreement
between the Medan City government and building
owners are needed. The Medan City government has
also tried various approaches to the community,
especially regarding legalizing buildings in the
Kesawan area. As for avoiding conflicts and risks
caused by revitalization, the Medan City
Government builds cooperation with the local
community. This cooperation is considered a
preventive measure and the most effective way to
strengthen the relationship between the Medan City
Government and the community. Another step is to
open access for the community to manage and
develop the Kesawan area through existing
participation, such as participating in the economy
and culture through the development of MSMEs and
the implementation of art activities. Furthermore,
the Medan City Government will also subsidize the
Land and Building Tax (PBB) for building owners
in the Kesawan area.
Like the Medan City Government, Semarang
City also refers to the potential of the Kota Lama as
a local heritage with historical, cultural, and
economic values. These values are accumulated into
cultural tourism activities through the revitalization
of the Kota Lama. Transformational leadership can
be carried out quite well by the Semarang City
government, especially by the mayor of Semarang.
The alignment and understanding of the same vision
among the government and stakeholders is one of
the supporting factors in improving the sustainable
development of local heritage in Semarang. The
awareness of the Semarang city government can be
seen through the signing of the Heritage City
Commitment Charter as a step in restoring and
repairing the Kota Lama area as well as
implementing the standards of heritage city
arrangement and preservation starting from
planning, implementation, cooperation
development, and budget allocation to realize the
development planning of the Kota Lama of
Semarang. Of course, this has caused the
revitalization process to run well due to the
collaboration of the local government with the
central government, academics, community or
building owners, and the private sector, [55].
However, it cannot be denied that obstacles still
affect revitalization activities. This relates to the
condition of the environment around the Kota Lama
area, which still needs to be guaranteed security. In
addition, when viewed from the aspect of
bureaucracy, a slight obstacle affects the
revitalization of the Kota Lama Semarang area,
namely regarding the massive turnover of members
who have the authority to continue the management
of the Kota Lama, [55]. Of course, this turnover is
the biggest scourge in running the revitalization
program. With frequent changes in members, the
revitalization process is hampered because it affects
the coordination between less cooperative members
and the draft decisions that have been made before.
However, the relevant management parties,
especially the Old City Area Management Agency
(BPK2L) of Semarang, try to avoid making this an
inhibiting factor in managing and developing the
Old City.
Then there is still no complete understanding of
the vision and mission between the community,
building owners, and the private sector who do not
understand and understand what the vision and
purpose of Kota Lama will be in the future. Lack of
communication also became an obstacle at the
beginning of the revitalization process; this
happened among stakeholders, such as the
Management Board, the government, building
owners, and the private sector. Another reason is
that the Semarang City Government owns no assets
in the Kota Lama area other than the Oudetrap
building. Initially, this was quite an issue for the
Semarang City Government, especially considering
the need for more government ownership of the Old
City as a local heritage area.
Other than the Oudetrap building, all existing
buildings are owned by individuals, private parties,
and state-owned enterprises. This was followed by
rejection and opposition due to the unpreparedness
of the community in facing the changes that
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occurred. However, these barriers were obstacles
that occurred at the beginning of the revitalization.
This lack of ownership automatically weakens the
Semarang City government's authority in managing
the Old City. However, according to Semarang's
Old City Area Management Agency (BPK2L), this
difficulty can be solved by the government's
mobilization with the community, in which the
government acts as an access provider for
community participation in the management of the
Old City. At the same time, the coordination
between the Semarang government and other parties
has been better, supported by an understanding of
the potential of the Kota Lama as a cultural heritage
and economic source, especially for the region and
the surrounding community.
4.3 Results of Transformational Leadership
Implementation on Sustainable
Development of Local Heritage
The application of Transformational Leadership is
expected to have a good influence in achieving
existing goals, which in this discourse talks about
efforts to develop sustainable development in the
local heritage area, which shows that transformative
leadership can contribute to tourism development,
[8]. Due to the Medan City Government's awareness
of the local heritage of historical places and their
potential, revitalizing the Kesawan area is the first
step for the government to maintain and preserve the
culture in Medan City. Transformational leadership
applied by the Medan city government directly
influences all decisions and policies. However,
when talking about the results of implementation,
until now, the results are still rotating on the actions
of policymaking and the implementation of
revitalization, including the process of socialization
and communication to the parties involved and the
development that is being carried out to date has not
provided concrete and specific results. However, it
is expected that in the future, after the infrastructure
development process is completed, every program
that has been prepared and planned by the Medan
City Government can run well, especially in efforts
to preserve the cultural heritage of the Kesawan area
and improve the regional economy through cultural
tourism and MSME activities.
Like the Semarang City Government, the Kota
Lama area, which underwent infrastructure
development and revitalization since early 2017, has
contributed to sustainable development. From an
economic aspect, the revitalization of Semarang's
Old Town has encouraged local economic growth
through the adaptive and sustainable reuse of
buildings. This can be seen through the openness of
the Semarang City government in involving the
community in participating in the management and
development of the Old City. In addition, the
maturity of the development carried out in the Old
City, including the infrastructure, also provides an
opportunity for the community to develop the
economic and cultural potential of the Old City area
through the formation of SMEs with regional
characteristics of Semarang City. The collaboration
of various stakeholders such as the government,
academics, and the cultural community has also
influenced the development and improvement of the
economy, more coupled explicitly with physical
improvements within the Kota Lama area, which
has improved the local economy. The revitalization
of Semarang Kota Lama has also been identified as
a potential economic place as a socio-cultural-
economic center area for tourism development, [56].
From a cultural aspect, Semarang's Old Town's
revitalization has helped preserve local heritage and
promote it as a destination. The designation of this
area also has the potential to be included in the
UNESCO World Heritage List, [56]. In addition,
cultural art performances at the Kota Cultural
Festival have contributed to Semarang's cultural
tourism development. In terms of branding and
promotion, the revitalization of Semarang's Kota
Lama has also helped to position itself as an
essential icon for the city of Semarang while
promoting the area as a cultural tourism asset. This
has the prospect of attracting more visitors while
increasing tourist mobilization.
5 Conclusion
The results showed that applying Transformational
Leadership in the sustainable development of Local
Heritage in Medan City and Semarang City
contributed to the regional economy. The
application of Transformational Leadership can be
seen based on four characteristics of
Transformational Leadership, namely:
1. Idealistic Leadership: characterized by the
Medan City and Semarang City governments'
policymaking in revitalizing the Local Heritage
areas, including infrastructure development
efforts, establishing non-structural cultural
organizations, and collaborating with
stakeholders.
2. Inspirational Motivation: characterized by the
Medan City Government and Semarang City
Government involving parties outside the
government apparatus, such as cultural
communities, academics, NGOs, private
companies, and investors. This is the most
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appropriate step in helping to accelerate the
revitalization process of Local Heritage areas
for sustainable development.
3. Intellectual stimulation: The Medan City
Government has established an intellectual
cooperation relationship with the Semarang City
Government through BPK2L to revitalize the
Kesawan area. Meanwhile, the Semarang City
Government has revamped BPK2L as a first
step in preparation for the revitalization of the
Kota Lama, as a form of the Semarang City
Government's seriousness in managing the
Local Heritage area.
4. Individual Considerations: Medan City and
Semarang City governments have prepared
material and non-material preparations to
support revitalizing Local Heritage areas. On
the material side, the Medan City government
has prepared a budget of Rp. 106.581 billion,
while the Semarang City government has
prepared a budget of Rp. One Hundred Eighty-
Three Billion and a 50% Land and Building Tax
(PBB) relief incentive for building owners in the
Kota Lama area. On the non-material side, the
governments of Medan City and Semarang City
have collaborated with parties that are
considered to have capabilities related to
revitalization, such as cooperating with a state-
owned company - PT Brantas Abipraya, in
developing the infrastructure of the Local
Heritage area.
In addition to these 4 (four) characteristics, the
driving and inhibiting factors of revitalization
efforts are also influenced. In Medan City, the
driving factor for revitalization is the potential of
Kesawan as a Local Heritage area, which is
influenced by the excellent condition of the
buildings. The inhibiting factors are the legality of
building status in Kesawan, the number of illegal
buildings built in Kesawan, and the need for
coordination between the government and non-
government organizations. In Semarang City, the
driving factor is more influenced by the
government's and stakeholders' readiness and
awareness regarding the Kota Lama Area as a
potential cultural heritage. However, it is still
affected by constraints regarding the level of
security and bureaucracy over the massive turnover
of members who have the authority to continue the
management of the Kota Lama.
From the implementation results, Medan City is
still in the revitalization and infrastructure
development stage, so the results must be concrete
and specific. On the other hand, the Semarang City
Government has contributed to the development
efforts of Semarang City, especially in the economic
and socio-cultural aspects.
Acknowledgement:
The researchers would like to thank the Research
Institute of the Universitas Sumatera Utara for
providing grants that allowed this study to be
conducted successfully. Contract research number
52/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-WCU/2022, 16 December
2022, supported this study. The Collaboration
Research Scheme NON-PT-NBH has offered
research grants for this project to be conducted and
published in 2023.
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Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan, Yofiendi Indah Indainanto
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
- Muhammad Husni Thamrin has contributed ideas,
concepts, frameworks, and research ideas.
- Faiz Albar Nasution for describing social facts
and literature facts, and generalising research
findings.
- Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan has collected various
policy documents and research literature.
- Yofiendi Indah Indainanto has conducted
observations and is responsible for grammar and
social academic analysis.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
This research is funded by the Research Institute of
the University of North Sumatra through research
contract number 52/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-
WCU/2022, 16 December 2022. The NON-PT-
NBH Collaborative Research Scheme was
implemented and published in 2023.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2024.20.31
Muhammad Husni Thamrin, Faiz Albar Nasution,
Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan, Yofiendi Indah Indainanto
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
330
Volume 20, 2024
