Implementation of Urban Planning Parameters for the Needs of the
Spatial Planning Process in Kosovo
FERIM GASHIa, IBRAHIM RAMADANIb,*
1Department of Geography,
University of Pristina "Hasan Prishtina",
Mother Teresa Street, 10000 Pristina,
KOSOVO
a ORCiD: 0000-0002-1745-3888
bORCiD: 0000-0001-7648-8549
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - This paper consists of finding a way to implement some norms of urban planning in the process of
drafting the urban development plan, that in are ignored in many cases. The plan is considered a development
process to be carried out in several phases, such as the analysis of the existing situation, the vision provisions,
and its implementation for the specified period. Based on the development program, the future functions of the
city are determined, its increase at the end of the foreseen planning period, and the completion of new material
elements of the city. All these predictions in the urban development plan should be realized in the foreseen
period. For this reason, the program must rely on preliminary testing, analysis, and budgeting.
Key-Words: - Planning, city, land use, sustainable urban, parameters, building.
Received: May 22, 2023. Revised: December 16, 2023. Accepted: February 12, 2024. Published: April 15, 2024.
1 Introduction
These last two decades, after the 1999 war, Kosovo
has experienced significant changes in social,
economic, and political life. These changes affect
the field of planning has a direct or indirect impact.
The changes directly or indirectly affect the field of
planning, especially in the development of cities.
“Cities need more than ever to be sustainable and
should offer the kind of quality of life and
opportunity that make people want to live in them”.
(European Union, 2010). The urban development
plan relies on three main planning components:
basic spatial organization, nature conservation, and
historical cultural values of a particular territory.
This, in the first place, means the assessment of the
territory and the method of use of land within the
settlement, ranging from the country's capital to the
smallest habitations with functional characteristics.
The Urban Development Plan as a document is
drafted by the projection office registered for
drafting of spatial plans, whereas the municipal
assembly approves that document for at least 5 years
and at most 20 years. The document consists of a
graphical part that is derived from the basic state
map of large scale, and today the latest orthophotos
are used based on which the digitalization of the
objects and all the spaces needed for evaluation is
done, as well as the textual part that contains: entry,
plan objectives and implementing provisions.
The main purpose of this paper is to present a
model for the application of urban parameters in the
spatial planning requirements of a certain territory.
The basic framework of general orientations for
socio-economic development and the assessment of
environmental impacts is achieved with general
orientations with spatial planning plans For this case
study, the treatment of the city of Kaçanik was used
as a model, the analysis of this study was based on
the demographic movement, the way and manner of
land use, the way and form of city construction, etc.
The implementation of control parameters in urban
and regional development plans is a necessary
action, with the sole purpose of having a rational use
of urban land. This is in full harmony with the
concepts of sustainable development, [1].
Sustainable cities are developed based on several
important criteria, such as integrated land use, and
high density, [2]. Variety of activities, [3], mixed
land use, built environment and compactness [4],
Sustainable transportation [5], the density of
construction and the 'greening' of the city, and the
integration of society with nature, [6]. Building
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density is one of the most important parameters of
urban planning. The building density must be fully
compliant with the road, technical, social,
educational, road, technical, social, educational, etc.
infrastructure parameters. In addition, the density of
the building must also ensure the fulfillment of other
conditions such as; natural lighting, ventilation, fire
extinguishing, etc.
Plans can be considered assets of agendas,
policies, designs, and strategies for physical
development, summarized in a ‘two-dimensional
layout of the physical form of the city’; urban
development regulations are binding rules
concerning ‘what is built, where it is built, and when
and how it is built’, [7]. Generally, these take the
form of land use regulations, zoning ordinances, and
building codes. Such regulations generally have the
force of law, unlike master plans, which city
councils consult, [8]. Well, there is a strong need for
an integrated national policy, a strong need for
special development control mechanisms, a
moderately strong need for a separate format for
preparing the Development Proposal Report, a
moderate need for special planning standards, and
some support for revising the present town and
country planning to satisfy the town development,
[9]. The elements needed to formulate measures
adapted to the needs of society are being designed to
ensure the consolidation of the urban morphology.
This can be seen in the historic centers, [10].
In Kosovo, spatial planning control is also
carried out through the building permit. This permit
is required for any construction work inside or
outside the settlement. It is a combined planning and
building control system, that regulates the
construction and demolition of buildings, as well as
the change of land use. However, in most cases,
these rules on the ground are overlooked, avoiding
standards. Consequently, most of our cities have
been caught by chaos, especially after the last war in
Kosovo in 1999.
2 Literature Review
Decision-making in the spatial planning process is
focused on spatial planning theories, laws, and
systems, but they do not dealing with concrete
issues regarding urban development. Cities are
complex organizational systems, where for
sustainable development and efficient use of urban
areas, the interconnection of theories, planning laws,
and spatial planning parameters is required. For
sustainable urban planning, it is required to have:
efficient land management, adequate infrastructure,
protection and services, [11].
In the process of drawing up urban development
plans, and other development plans, the parameters
of urban planning are important, such as population
density calculations, calculation of the population
size at the end of the forecasted period, the way of
land use, the coefficient of construction, etc. Many
authors have addressed all these problems.
The application of urban parameters and
development control mechanisms helps in the
realization of urban centers with sustainable
development. To improve the living environment,
such as transport system, public safety,
minimization of negative externalities, efficiency of
land use, equal access to urban land, social welfare,
etc.
Population projection techniques can be simple
and straightforward or exotic and complex, [12]. A
very important indicator is the population density
that can be predicted from population projections.
Many demographers developed an innovative
approach and described a model of population
density. It concludes that past growth rates, and
population density, measured in people/ ha, affect
population changes, affect population changes. At
different stages of the community life cycle,
maximum population density changes and growth
decline results. Under this model, communities
progress through the initial stages. Maturity and
decline are each represented by mathematically
derived critical density ceilings. Because its output
is expressed in persons per hectare, and population
is established by multiplying that figure with the
current area of the community, the model can
account for annexations or their boundary changes.
It also allows what-if analysis that produces
different results depending on where the community
is in its life cycle and how the analyst categorizes
the community with calculated projected
parameters, [13]. A low level of economic
development, which leads to emigration of the
young members of society, is among the major
factors causing population decrease. Development
controls such as growth control lower the urban
population growth path and thus create smaller
cities; this eliminates congestion and overcrowding
and thus has a welfare-enhancing effect on the
residents of the city, [14]. This happens also in
Kosovo in general and in the Municipality of
Kaçanik in particular.
Many authors have described the application of
density measures in urban planning and regulation.
“Accommodation density”, or the number of
habitable rooms/acre, is problematic because the
number of persons per room is not taken into
account, and the definition of “habitable” rooms is
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vague. Similar problems damage the habitable floor
space/ha index. Population density fails to reflect
concentrations of people (as in high-rise structures)
but divided by accumulation density it can produce
an occupancy rate (persons per habitable room).
Stein notes that a common characteristic of all
density measures is their inflexibility, both in
reflecting spatial differences (concentration of
dispersion) and temporal ones (differences between
daytime and nighttime use).
3 Data and Methods
The number of the population should be calculated
in the process of drawing urban or even regional
plans. The time of this calculation can be 20 years.
The drafting of spatial plans can be for long periods,
as well as for short periods of time. Urban plans are
drawn up for short periods, which enable long-term
development of the city. The number of populations
should be calculate for the data of the planned
period. The calculation will done according to
this equation:
Pn =Pe x (NGr + Gm) x Y/100] + 1
where Pn represents population forecast for n
years; Pe represents the current number of the
population; NGr represents the annual rate of
natural growth;
Gm represents annual growth by migration and
Y represents a number of years of the design period.
In our study, the population in the city of
Kaçanik was calculated for the period 2010-2020. In
the drafting of the urban plan, which is required for
planning the needs for new housing, infrastructure,
social facilities, and green areas, we must know the
exact forecast of population growth. To achieve this,
standardized urban parameters must be applied. For
this, the terms are used: FSR, FSI, FAR (FSR =
Floor Space Ratio, FSI= Floor Space Index, FAR =
Floor Area Ratio). According to this case, the
construction of buildings up to 5 (five) floors is
allowed, according to the defined coefficients ISD
max= 2.8, IUP= 40%, max= 50% (based on the area
allowed for construction).
For high-rise buildings, businesses,
accompanying spaces for residents, such as
greenery, parking, internal roads, pedestrian paths,
recreation, children's activity corner, etc., and
objective construction up to two floors, the
coefficients are determined ISD max= 1.3, IUP=
40%, max= 50%.
In the process of spatial planning, a great
importance to discuss is the population density of
the city, such as gross density (Db) and net density
(Dn). Gross density is expressed by the number of
inhabitants per 1 hectare of the city's territory. The
density of the city is determined by the size and
character of the city, its functional structure, and
natural conditions. These affect the number of
buildings, such as social and commercial ones, and
the way the city is populated. Gross density
increases with city size. Thus, the gross housing
density is 100-120 inhabitants per hectare for small
cities, 120-140 inhabitants/ha for medium-sized
cities, and 140-150 inhabitants/ha for large cities,
[15].
Whereas, for settlements with health functions
that require large green areas, as in the case of
bathrooms, the density of housing is low, reaching
around 50-60 inhabitants per hectare. These
parameters can be used as a guide when calculating
the area required for the population. However, as a
real measure of residential density, it is taken only
based on final forecasts, such as the type of
residential buildings, the degree of living space per
inhabitant, the size of households, differ in the
number of members. Net density, which deals with
the residential areas or neighborhoods, is called net
density. In the calculation of the net density, the
residential complexes are taken into account
together with social and traffic ones within the
residential area, [16].
According to the number of floors, and the
construction method, the net density is estimated.
Increasing the number of floors increases the
distance between buildings and thus increases the
net density. Thus, for example, the net density for
the family ground floor building complex in parcels
of 400 m2, with an average of five residents per
building unit, will provide this result:

 
On the same surface (of 1 ha), in case of
elevation of 50 m long multi-storey buildings, at a
distance of 20 meters between them, which is the
sufficient distance for light, can be obtained the total
floor area of 7.000 m2. If the average gross surface
area of 20 m2 is approved per capita then the result
will be:

 
Also, other factors, such as: the number of
buildings, green areas, road infrastructure, social
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facilities, etc., determine the net density. As an
orientation in the projection phase, in function of
sustainable urban development, this percentage can
be: 40-50% for a residential complex, 15-20% for
social facilities, 15-25% for green spaces, 15-20%
for infrastructure. Numbers for population and
density of population represent space utilization,
which may look like this:
Dn - indicates the number of residents in the built
area.
Db - indicates the number of residents with built-up
areas and accompanying infrastructure.
To determine the number of floors, you need to
know the population density, from this, you can
determine the type of housing construction (Figure
1), such as Low-rise buildings with 0-3 floors for
100-200 inhabitants per hectare, tall buildings up to
6 floors are for 300-350 inhabitants per hectare.
In spatial planning, the arrangement of the space
and the way of use is indicated by numerical
indicators: Cc - construction coefficient, Luc - land
use coefficient, and Dc - density of construction
(Dc). The construction coefficient is present in this
form:
Fig. 1: Zooning parameters (Construction
Coefficient)
The construction coefficient is determined by
the ratio of the total built area (residential and public
buildings) and the total area of the city. Whereas,
the construction coefficient can only be calculated
for residential buildings or public buildings, gross
(total residential area), or net (residential or working
area).
 

Ccb represents the coefficient of city building, Gba
represents gross build-up area (housing, public,
economic facilities) and Ta represents the total area
of the city complex. Other authors have also
presented ways to calculate the coefficient of city
building. Among them is the Weaver-Tomas
composite coefficient (WT), which helps us to
calculate urban built-up land composite structure
quantitatively.
Thus, the percentage of built-up area
(apartments and all accompanying buildings) can be
calculated in relation to the total area of the city
(Figure 2), as follows:
 
 
Pb represents the percentage of built-up area,
Sb represents the surface of buildings per hectare
and
Sq represents the area of the city complex in
hectares.
Sb x No. floors
Luc =-----------------------
P (parcele)
Fig. 2: Parameters of land use and construction
The land use coefficient is the reciprocal value
of the construction coefficient and shows how much
net land area is needed for 1 m2 of gross built area,
[17].

 

In addition, in the spatial planning process, there
is also a presentation of the development program,
as an important part of the preliminary drafting of
the spatial plan, [18], [19].
4 Study Area
Kosovo has an area of 10,905 square km with about
1.8 million inhabitants, located in the central part of
the Balkan peninsula. Kosovo is bordered with
Serbia in the north and northeast, North Macedonia
in the southeast, Albania in the southwest, and
Montenegro in the west (Figure 5). It is surrounded
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by the mountains, in the east and southeast such
with Sharr Mountains, in the west with Albanian
Alps, and north with Kopaonik. Kosovo stretches on
two plateaus: in the east part is Kosovo at 600 m
above sea height and in the western part at 300-500
above sea level is Dukagjini.
We took the city of Kaçanik as a case study. It
is located in the south part of Kosova (Figure 3).
Fig. 3: The Urban Development Structure of
Kaçanik Authors' elaboration
It is a small town, the urban area of the city has
an area of about 200 ha (Figure 4), with about 13
thousand inhabitants.
Fig. 4: The view of the city of Kaçanik, 2018
(Urban Development Plan of Kaçanik).
Kacanik as a city has been attractive for
habitation since prehistoric times, this has been
made possible by the convenient position that lies
between the mountain systems of Sharri and
Karadak [20]. The topography of the relief has
influenced this settlement to develop longitudinally
along the banks of the Nerodime River.
Fig. 5: The geographical position of Kaçanik in the
Republic of Kosovo
Source: Authors' elaboration
To minimize errors in land use, in this paper we
have analyzed the implementation of zoning
parameters for spatial plans. The data were collected
from urban plans, from the field, and supporting
literature. Using aerial views and GIS techniques, an
analysis of the existing situation, such as the density
of the buildings, social facilities, unbuilt surfaces,
and land use, have been made. The results are
presented in maps, tables, and further
recommendations.
5 Results and Discussion
In the process of drawing up spatial plans, the
preparation of a sustainable urban program is
important. This plan contains elements, such as an
analysis of natural conditions and an analysis of
social conditions.
Kaçanik urban development plan consists of the
general part, vision, and complementary graphical
schemes that explain the progress of problem-
solving The urban development plan contains all the
main current elements and those that will be realized
during the projection period. Through the
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development plan these basic elements are
presented: residential zones with different services,
surfaces dedicated to the industry, surfaces designed
for rail traffic, with all appropriate stations -
passengers, goods, etc., existing and planned areas
for the establishment of municipal facilities, existing
and planned green areas, the city's main street
network, with all types and levels, traffic line
network (existing and planned), hydrotechnic
network, energy network and reserved area for city
expansion for the following projection period.
Spatial planning legislation varies from country
to country. The American Planning Association has
developed model state planning legislation in its
Growing Smart SM Legislative Guidebook (2002).
The American Planning Association has developed
a legislative guide that suggests required and
optional elements such as land use, community
facilities, infrastructure, economic development,
natural hazards, and agricultural lands. Whereas, in
Kosovo, the planning parameters in most urban
plans are not practiced properly (Law on Spatial
Planning 2009, Kosovo).
Based on the demographic development, the
results of the population of the city of Kaçanik are
extracted. During the estimation of the number of
population the city of Kaçanik by 2020, two basic
components have been calculated that directly affect
demographic growth such as natural growth and
migration:
Thus, for the city of Kaçanik, the population for
2020 was calculated according to the above formula
(in the methodology):
Pn = Pe x (NGr + Gm) x Y/100] + 1
Pf = 13.450 x (1.7 + 0.45) x 12/100] + 1=
= 13.450 x 1.25 = 16.812
From this calculation for the year 2020, the
number is 16,812 inhabitants, or 20% more than 10
years ago. According to the analysis, the net density
is 92 inhabitants/ha, while the gross density is 74
inhabitants/ha (Table 1).
Table 1. Population in the city of Kaçanik in the
period 1948-2009
Year
Population
Period
1948
2,094
1953/48
1953
2,275
1961/53
1961
2,923
1971/61
1971
4,513
1981/71
1981
6,629
1991/81
1991
9,800
2009/91
2009
13,450
2009/48
Source: [21]
According to the table, it can be seen that
Kaçanik has had a continuous increase in population
over the years, although not a large increase
compared to other urban centers. As we can see in
the table, the density is small with about 74
inhabitants/ha. The parameter <100 inhabitants per
hectare is not economically reasonable from the
point of view of creation and maintenance. The
results show us a change in construction, from
individual buildings to tall buildings from 4 to 6
floors. This comes out according to the forecast of
the city's population with 16,800 inhabitants or
3,360 more inhabitants by 2020, that is, with an
increase in the living area of about 68,000 square
meters. This will also affect the increase in density
in the city center with about 115 inhabitants per
hectare. This also affects the increase in the
intensity of urban land use with a coefficient of
0.24, which is several degrees higher than in the
previous period.
Based on the digitization of all buildings in the
city of Kaçanik, it appears that the total area of the
built buildings is 36 ha, while the total area of the
city is 182 ha. From this calculation, the gross
construction coefficient was obtained, which is
0.198.
 
 
Based on this methodology and parameters
obtained on the ground, the percentage of built
space (residential facilities and associated facilities)
can be calculated about the area of urban territory,
as follows.
 
  
From the calculation obtained for the
construction coefficient, which is 5.0, the area of the
building land is very low.

 
 
The study shows us that the density of buildings
is low. This is like the rules that the city develops
more horizontally and consists of private houses and
gardens. This is a modern planning process and by a
sustainable urban development The urban expansion
in the horizontal form, in addition to the loss of
agricultural land, also affects the increase in the cost
of infrastructure investments.
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6 Conclusion
The city of Kaçanik is characterized by an urban
development that has not implemented urban criteria
and parameters, such as coefficient of land
utilization, population density, and population
forecast.
The urban territory is covered with buildings by
about 20%, mainly individual residential buildings
with 2-3 floors, collective residential buildings with
8 floors,
The facilities in the city area are covered with
70% of the built surface, this indicates insufficient
development of urban functions, and the average
size of the space is about 650 square meters. The
living area per member is 15.2. m2/inhabitants, this
shows that it is very low by contemporary standards.
The city is characterized by a low residential
density, the average density is 74 inhabitants/ha, the
central area is 93 inhabitants/ha, and the peripheral
area is 50 inhabitants/ha. Population growth has
increased from 2,094 in 1948 to 13,450 in 2009, or
in the period of 6 decades (1948-2009), it increased
by 6.4 times.
This can be determined by the small lack of
investments, and uncontrolled professional
activities, has influenced the city of Kacaniku has
have a slow development and irrational land use.
Well, the future developments promise changes in
urban functions, an increase in the density of
housing, the standard of living, and a more rational
transformation of plots with urban norms.
Based on the brief overview of the literature and
the process of drafting the urban plan of the city of
Kaçanik. Through this study, it can be seen that the
objective of harmonizing some standard parameters
and formulating a model regarding the application
of urban control, from the fact that spatial plans
represent the basic framework of general socio-
economic development orientations, as well as the
assessment of environmental impacts.
In this case, the way of implementing the
parameters of area control and development, in the
process of drawing up municipal spatial plans, and
urban and regional plans, has been addressed. The
main focus of the analysis is demographic potential,
intensity, and manner of land use, form and type of
construction. The municipality should focus on
sustainable urban development through strategies
and the implementation of technical norms of urban
planning.
Avoiding mistakes in the design of urban plans
is achieved by taking into account the correct
projections of the population for the planned period,
it helps to derive the needs for new housing, social
objects, infrastructures, and infrastructures and by
the implementation of the technical nomes of
planning. This would help in sustainable urban
development with a very efficient management in
the protection of urban land, agricultural land,
environmental protection, and socio-economic
development.
Acknowledgement:
The authors want to thank the University of Pristina
for its support in the publication of this manuscript.
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
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The authors equally contributed to the present
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problem to the final findings and solution.
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Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2024.20.12
Ferim Gashi, Ibrahim Ramadani
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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