An Architecture to Identify Aromatic Herbs using Augmented Reality

(AR) and Mobile Application

JOÃO CARLOS LOPES FERNANDESa, MARCELO TSUGUIO OKANOb,

WILLIAM APARECIDO CELESTINO LOPESc, SAMIRA NASCIMENTO ANTUNESd,

ODUVALDO VENDRAMETTOe

Department of Production Engineering,

Paulista University - UNIP,

São Paulo,

BRAZIL

aORCiD: 0000-0002-5309-6304

bORCiD: 0000-0003-1680-7821

cORCiD: 0009-0009-4437-776X

dORCiD: 0000-0001-9813-1874

eORCiD: 0000-0003-2430-6138

Abstract: - Mobile applications are part of people's daily lives, helping with many daily tasks. The objective of

this article was to create an architecture for identifying aromatic herbs in a CEAGESP food distribution center

through an application integrating augmented reality and computer vision technologies. The methodology used

to develop the article was a case study applied at CEAGESP using the proposed architecture to identify

aromatic herbs and evaluate the benefits of practical implementation. This proposal aimed to meet a growing

demand for solutions that help consumers distinguish herbs that share morphological similarities, such as

similarities between leaves and stems, a challenge for selecting and purchasing high-quality products. The

design and implementation of this architecture allowed the superimposition of virtual information on the

identified natural environment, containing an intuitive and easy-to-use mobile application. Users could visually

scan products and receive detailed information in real-time using a comprehensive database of aromatic herbs

and their distinctive characteristics. Upon completion of the architectural steps applied to the project, it was

possible to verify the presentation of aromatic herbs on the application screen, making it clear that they worked

with precision. The study of the architecture associated with the development of the application allowed the

identification of 18 types of aromatic herbs with quick response times and safe results for users. This

functionality increases consumers' confidence in purchasing decisions while facilitating the accurate

identification of aromatic herbs that might otherwise be confused due to morphological similarities.

Key-Words: - AR, augmented reality, mobile, App, aromatic herbs, CEAGESP, herb.

Received: April 12, 2023. Revised: November 3, 2023. Accepted: December 21, 2023. Published: December 31, 2023.

1 Introduction

The growing demand for food is a global reality due

to the current population increase. To equalize this

problem, a good strategy is to reduce waste; for this,

technological artifacts that identify the types and

species of food are a viable solution, [1].

Most food waste occurs in the preliminary

stages of the supply chain and is often related to the

absence or deficiency of infrastructure and post-

harvest systems. In contrast, food waste occurs in

the later stages of the chain, such as the retail

market and consumption, and is always related to

human behavior, [2].

Every year, around 14% of the food produced is

lost between when it is harvested and when it

reaches stores. Furthermore, producers and

consumers end up wasting another 17%. Food loss

and waste also contribute to the climate crisis,

accounting for up to 10% of global greenhouse gas

emissions, [3].

Brazil occupies the third position among fruit

and vegetable producers worldwide, with around

forty-five million tons produced annually, offering

tropical and temperate fruits throughout the year.

However, losses and waste occur during all stages

of the production chain, [4].

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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Digital technologies bring new resources and

capabilities when launching new versions or updates

of their products or services. In this case, they can

speed up the identification of fruits and vegetables,

minimizing losses and waste, [5].

In this article, we propose an architecture based

on augmented reality and the use of a mobile

application to identify eighteen types of aromatic

herbs sold by retailers from Companhia de

Entreposto e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo

(CEAGESP), an institutional and academic partner

in the sector Project.

CEAGESP is a federal public corporation linked

to the Ministry of Agrarian Development and

Family Agriculture and represents an essential link

in the horticultural products production chain, [6].

Owner of the largest public warehouse network,

CEAGESP contains silos (large cylindrical

warehouses for storing agricultural products) and

bulk carriers (places that receive or house products

in bulk) in the State of São Paulo, totaling twelve

active units distributed throughout the state of São

Paulo. São Paulo. São Paulo, [7]. The structure of

the storage company can be seen in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: Representation in the top view of CEAGESP.

Source: grouped by the authors based on source, [7]

2 Literature Review

2.1 Augmented Reality and Its Applications

Augmented Reality (AR) is the superimposition of

virtual objects in the natural environment through a

technological tool that improves or increases the

user's vision, [8], [9], [10].

The application of AR presents several studies

with successful use, including in the entertainment

industry, particularly in electronic games and

simulation environments, among other application

alternatives, [11].

The first reference to AR occurred in the sixties,

more precisely in 1964, when Sutherland published

his doctoral thesis entitled "Sketchpad, a Man-

Machine Graphical Communication System."

However, it was only in the 1980s, with the help of

the military, that the first AR project took place,

which was the construction of an airplane cabin

simulator using virtual elements with the users'

physical environment, [10], [12].

With the help of technological devices, AR can

provide a superimposition between digital objects

within physical environments in real-time,

improving or increasing users' vision, [10], [12]. For

this to happen, computer vision and computer

graphics techniques must be combined, [8].

User interaction with virtual elements must be

characterized by its naturalness and intrinsic safety

since digitally generated content overlaps with the

physical environments in which users are inserted.

This overlay is a complement to reality, not a

complete replacement, and this process can be made

possible through cameras integrated into mobile

devices, such as smartphones, thus eliminating the

need to use specific equipment, [13].

Augmented reality has great versatility, one of

whose applications is the association of an object

detection system with neural networks to obtain a

quick method for building a data set of specific

objects, [14].

The relationship between technology and herbs

can be integrated through an augmented reality

application to define the characteristics and uses of

local herbs by using animations, [15].

Another study that relates mobile technologies

to food is the solution to distinguish medicinal herbs

through leaves and flowers using deep learning

algorithms and image processing through a mobile

application. The proposed mobile application

identifies a flower and a leaf by their morphological

characteristics, such as shape, color, and texture.

This application combines 3D models of medicinal

herbs with augmented reality, [16]. When including

a subsection you must use, for its heading, small

letters, 12pt, left justified, bold, Times New Roman

as here.

2.1 The Importance of Identifying Herbs in

the Environmental Context

The versatility of aromatic herbs transcends their

natural consumption and is applied in post-

processed products such as essential oils and dietary

supplements, [17].

Facing the challenges of identifying types of

aromatic herbs becomes vital due to their

characteristics suffering from climate change,

conservation conditions, vast diversification, and

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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innovations applied to herb derivations. Adopting

strategies that make it easier to meet consumer

demands during product selection guarantees access

to quality products and accuracy in their processing

objectives, [18].

The similarities between aromatic herbs often

make identification difficult for consumers who do

not constantly interact with the appropriate plants.

Even though there is a similarity in format and

color, the flavor and tasting factors vary according

to each species. For some people, changing herbs

while eating can cause side effects such as olfactory

dysfunction and allergic disorders, [19].

Speed and accuracy in identifying aromatic

herbs help professionals who work with the

development of plant derivatives, such as their use

in essential oils and herbal medicines created for

personal consumption on a commercial scale, [17].

The intentional adulteration of aromatic herbs

using dyes and salts interferes with the palatability

of the food by transmitting sensations. It reduces the

efficiency of the conservation delay when associated

with other foods. Creating technological tools to

combat plant adulteration brings significant gains to

food safety. The field of application is vast due to

the large number of varieties sold in distribution

centers worldwide, [20].

Using technologies associated with aromatic

herbs allows us to identify and classify plants

according to type, characteristics, and applications,

in addition to checking whether the food sold is by

the standard distributed in the region and whether it

presents physical characteristics that will not

compromise its consumption in the future, [21].

3 Methodology

To generate the first MVP, that is, a Minimum

Viable Product to be used at CEAGESP

(Companhia de Entreposto e Armazéns Gerais de

São Paulo), the Design Science Research (DSR)

methodology was used, a scientific study to create

technological artifacts, [22].

The objective of the methodology is to solve

practical problems and is divided into five stages,

ranging from development to validation by experts

in the field, [23]. The DSR steps contained in the

framework can be observed, as shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 2: The structure of the DSR, [24]

Phase 1. Explanation of the problem

The complexity of CEAGESP's fruit and vegetable

marketing operation, intermediated by its vast

network of 2,800 distributors, involves the

transaction of a great diversity of fruits, divided into

more than three hundred types, considering the

species variations within each category. In addition

to this considerable list of fruits, CEAGESP also

deals with a significant volume of vegetables and

other associated products.

Among the products sold, the group of eighteen

main aromatic herbs deserves to be highlighted,

namely Rosemary, Leek, Chives, Coriander, Dill,

Fennel, Tarragon, Mint, Laurel, Basil, Marjoram,

Nira, Oregano, Parsley, Celery, Sage, and Thyme,

[25]. The publication book can be seen in Figure 3.

Fig. 3: Printed aromatic herb report, [25]

Trading operations face a significant

challenge in quickly and accurately identifying

these products during the transaction process.

Accuracy in this identification is essential to

guarantee customer satisfaction, minimize

losses and waste, and improve the efficiency

and quality of services offered by CEAGESP.

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William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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In this context, the lack of an efficient

aromatic herb identification system is a relevant

obstacle, promoting the need to develop a

solution that can improve the identification and

handling of the eighteen main aromatic herbs

and contribute to reducing environmental

impact. The impact resulting from waste is in

line with the principles of sustainability and

efficiency that guide operations.

Phase 2. Defining MVP requirements

To create the first artifact or Minimum Viable

Product (MVP), which was delivered to CEAGESP

in September 2023, it was decided to create an

APK, Android Application Pack, an application file

owned by the company Google intended for the

system Android mobile operating system, that is, a

computer installation file format.

The first step towards creating the solution

considered CEAGESP's needs and the number of

items to be computerized, so it was decided to

identify Vegetables and, among them, Aromatic

Herbs.

This type of product was chosen because

CEAGESP already has extensive textual and visual

documentation. Among the various products it sells

daily, it is the one that presents an identification

problem, as the items that make up its subcategory

have some similarities between them, which in

certain situations makes visual identification

difficult (central problem).

This way, a solution that helps identify

Aromatic Herbs meets the inherent and justified

need to create a primary MVP. This solution can

evolve depending on the new control needs of

CEAGESP products.

If your paper deviates significantly from these

specifications, our Publishing House may not be

able to include your paper in the Proceedings.

When citing references in the text of the

abstract, type the corresponding number in square

brackets as shown at the end of this sentence, [1].

The authors are required to look over and verify

whether the in-text citations exist in the reference

list and whether all the references mentioned in the

reference list exist in the in-text citations.

Phase 3. Design and development

A flow of activities was created to create the

solution, which can be seen in Figure 4, where

image capture can occur using three resources:

smartphone, digital camera, or webcam, considering

the quality of the captured image, which is the main

requirement for creating the solution.

Pattern recognition has the function of dividing

groups of different elements with repeated symbols,

creating a basic form of identification.

To carry out identification, the solution uses

augmented reality, user interaction directed by the

cell phone camera (Android) to the product, and

after identification, information is received on the

screen.

Fig. 4: Solution flow. Source: Authors

The development of the application or APK

used Unity software in version 2020.3.33f1, with

which it was possible to insert and manipulate the

solution images. The C# language programs were

also used with the help of Visual Studio in refining

the solution.

The solution developed only considers the direct

identification of images; it does not use machine

learning or Artificial Intelligence techniques, which

must be implemented in the subsequences of this

project (solution update).

The parameters for their capture and processing

must be determined to properly function any

computational solution that performs manipulations

and simulations with images.

These parameters mark the format, size,

resolution, function, and other relevant details of the

images that will be manipulated. These parameters

must be defined before capture, which is crucial to

the solution's success.

To standardize the images used, the following

parameters were taken into consideration when

collecting the images: the "Image Size," this detail is

directly related to the quality and processing

capacity of the solution; the "Format," which

guarantees that all images can be manipulated in a

homogeneous way, "Contrast," which is the

difference in brightness between the light and dark

areas of the images, is what determines the number

of shadows in the image; therefore low contrast

images tend to have problems with dimension and

smoothness; and "Lighting," which defines the

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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clarity of the image, was also taken into

consideration, thus ensuring that the images were

equivalent and of good quality.

In the image acquisition phase, the solution's

database was acquired. Therefore, the accuracy of

image collection is a fundamental factor for

identification to occur clearly and safely, reducing

possible conceptualization and visualization

problems between the selected and analyzed

products.

After defining with the CEAGESP team what

group and category would be worked on

(Vegetables, Aromatic Herbs) for creating the MVP,

the collection of images began.

They came from various places and in different

formats (jpg, pdf, png, among others) and with non-

standard quality; therefore, in some cases, they

could not be used.

The collection of images had its first origin in

CEAGESP's image bank (images in jpeg and pdf

format), which needed more to feed the solution.

From this time onwards, the number of images

increased, and some images available on the Internet

related to the Aromatic Herbs category (respecting

Fig. 5: Aromatic herbs selected from the image

bank, [25]

Even so, the number of images needed to be

increased for the solution to be effective, meaning

that more images needed to be collected. To solve

the difficulty, field collections were carried out,

considered as technical visits, carried out on some

free holidays in São Paulo and at distribution points

within CEAGESP itself; that is, more photos were

taken to complement and/or replace low-quality

photos. Alternatively, that did not meet the

requirements defined in the collection.

After obtaining the images, it was necessary to

classify them according to the defined parameters,

which calibrated the solution.

For this classification, we selected images of

excellent quality that are suitable for use. A scale

was used to measure the quality of the images

represented in DPI (Dots Per Inch).

The higher the image's DPI value, the better its

quality. By default, a high-resolution image must be

at least 200 DPI, but simply selecting images by

DPI amount is not enough, as other details must be

considered, to ensure that all photos meet the

minimum requirements for the solution, it was

decided to use software that classified them.

To choose the images that made up the solution,

we chose the Vuforia software version 10.11.3, with

which it was possible to identify the characteristics

in each image.

Vuforia evaluates images on a scale ranging

from 0 (zero) to 5 (five), where zero means low-

quality image and five means high-quality image.

The choice to use Vuforia is due to the easy

integration with Unity, another tool used in creating

this solution.

Therefore, it can be guaranteed that the MVP

delivered to CEAGESP only has images qualified

with parameter 5 (five); this choice was intuitive to

reduce as much as possible the occurrences of "false

positives"; that is, the identification fails or even

indicates a wrong result.

Figure 6 shows how the images are classified by

Vuforia, in which it is possible to observe the

number of stars. They indicate the quality of each

image, that is, without stars, low quality, and when

the flag indicates 5 (five), it represents the

maximum quality; between 1 (one) and 4 (four)

stars, the images have exponentially increased

quality.

The development of the application was divided

into two stages, the first being the backend and later

the frontend, two fronts. Given this scenario, the

structure, and details of the development of

activities follow.

The first step in developing the backend and

operationalizing the application was the structural

organization of the information with the creation of

folders corresponding to the different types of

aromatic herbs to be identified. Each folder contains

images of specific species, establishing a basis for

future comparative analysis.

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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Fig. 6: Image selection.

Source: Authors

The second step was classifying images in the

Vuforia database, allowing the system to understand

and relate the images considering their geometries

and contrasts, thus facilitating subsequent

identification.

In the third step, an additional folder is created

for each of the eighteen species of aromatic herbs to

be analyzed. These folders store the reference

images that will be compared with those captured by

the mobile device's camera. This comparison is

essential for accurate species identification.

The fourth step consists of inserting the

previously organized folders into the "Assets"

environment of the Unity software, the development

platform used to create the application. This ensures

all necessary information and resources are

available to build the application's user interface and

logic.

The fifth step involves integrating the Vuforia

Engine AR package into Unity. The Vuforia Engine

provides image tracking and marker technology,

allowing AR to work effectively. Its integration is

essential for detecting and superimposing virtual

information on authentic images of aromatic herbs.

Finally, a C# script is developed for the Unity

application in the sixth step. This script references

information about a specific image, its location in

the Vuforia database, and the image displayed after

using the application. This includes details such as

the species name of the aromatic herb, its

description, and additional information relevant to

identification. The script acts as a bridge between

the data and the user interface, enabling a fluid and

informative user experience.

The presentation screen was initially thought of

to develop the front end. The application starts with

a splash screen that plays an essential role in

communicating with the user. This screen displays

the partners involved in the development of the

application. Collaboration between the institutions

was fundamental to the project's success, and,

therefore, the inclusion of the logos and names of

the partner institutions conveys credibility, in

addition to reinforcing the commitment to the

quality of the application.

In the second stage of the front end, the

application name and logos were inserted into the

usage screen, highlighting the importance of

collaboration, and providing helpful information to

the user about the entities involved in the

development of the application.

An essential feature of the application is the

provision of additional information, which is

included in the third stage. To do this, a button was

inserted that directs the user to the CEAGESP

website, where they can download the PDF version

containing detailed information about aromatic

herbs. This gives the user a reliable reference

source, expanding their knowledge.

In the center of the application screen, a

guidance message was inserted to assist the user in

the fourth step of the front end. The phrase "Point to

the aromatic herb you want to identify!" highlights

the interactivity of the application and guides the

user on how to use the application's main

functionality, which is the identification of aromatic

herbs through the mobile device's camera. The result

obtained can be seen in Figure 7.

Fig. 7: Application screen. Source: Authors

Phase 4. Testing and Evaluation

In the fifth stage, the application underwent critical

testing and validation. Several mobile devices were

used to evaluate the application in different

configurations and operating systems during this

stage. The goal was to identify and fix potential

performance, compatibility, and usability issues.

The evaluation also involved collecting feedback

from users to assess the effectiveness of the

application in its main functionality: the

identification and classification of aromatic herbs.

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

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4 Results and Discussion

The application made it possible to verify the

difference between the 18 types of aromatic herbs

studied. Six hundred images containing the types

were analyzed, stored for studies, and captured in

the field at the CEAGESP distribution center. After

creating the architecture for image recognition, the

application indicated an accuracy of 96% of the

images tested and a response time of 2 seconds.

The application created to execute the architecture

used a device with Android operating system

version 8.0 “Oreo” (API level 26) with 8 GB of

RAM.

Some difficulties during the execution of the

architecture tests were identified, such as the quality

of the images used, the lighting of the environment,

and the camera angle when handled during

identification.

The quality of the images analyzed directly

interfered with the calibration between the cell

phone camera and the application. The difference

between the megapixels of the images captured for

analysis and those shared by the CEAGESP

database presented discrepancies in identification.

Given this scenario, a standardization filter based on

computer vision was applied.

The lighting contained in the environment

during the capture also interfered with accuracy, as

the contrast obtained during image capture between

the herbs and the cell phone made it difficult to

compare and direct responses.

The incidence of the capture angle during the

application's recognition action also showed a

positive result when directed at an angle of up to 30°

between the herb to be identified and the position of

the cell phone camera.

The use of Apple's operating system for cell

phones has yet to be implemented, but the version

will be developed soon.

Given the accuracy and response time in

identifying herbs at the distribution center, the

analysis helped with food safety, associating the

morphology of the plant with a registered image

pattern, and preventing the food from being

misused.

It provided greater security for consumers who

select plants and use them in food combinations,

processing them into oils, and creating herbal

medicines.

5 Conclusion

Augmented Reality technology enables users to

interact with virtual objects that are part of the real

world and, in real-time, are registered in 3D (three

dimensions), [26], [27]. AR has enormous potential

in creating applications in horticulture. There are

few solutions based on computer vision components

used in this area. However, many challenges must

be faced in research and development efforts in

agriculture and its sub-areas.

The system used the overlay of virtual

information on the natural environment, providing

an interactive and educational experience for users

and providing knowledge about aromatic herbs and

a deeper understanding of local biodiversity.

The functionality of the architecture where the

application was inserted increased consumer

confidence during the herb selection process,

preventing errors from being seen due to similarities

between herbs due to shapes and colors.

The degree of innovation in this study was

presented with augmented reality being used to

avoid errors in identifying aromatic herbs, in

addition to an interactive experience for users. The

practical application at CEAGESP represents a

significant advance, using technology to monitor the

biodiversity of aromatic herbs sold at the

distribution center.

The sustainable benefits observed with the

application within the architecture helped identify

the morphology about an established release and

quality standard, consequently assisting in food

safety, the identification process, and future

handling in the preparation of oils and medicine.

The main bottleneck identified was the creation

of large databases for training solutions related to

agriculture, with quality and diverse images, which

serve not only an augmented reality but also

solutions based on Artificial Intelligence and neural

networks for tasks insights that may be developed in

the future.

Many challenges still need to be overcome, but

research continues and seeks to offer new versions

and technological solutions to the market.

Acknowledgement:

The authors thank CEAGESP for their support,

contributions, and collaboration in this project. This

study was financed in part by the Coordenação de

Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -

Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

The authors equally contributed to the present

research, at all stages from the formulation of the

problem to the final findings and solution.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.132

João Carlos Lopes Fernandes, Marcelo Tsuguio Okano,

William Aparecido Celestino Lopes,

Samira Nascimento Antunes, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

1467

Volume 19, 2023