Bioclimatic Conditions of the Classic Tourist Route
Tashkent-Samarkand-Bukhara-Khiva in Uzbekistan
BAKHTIYAR M. KHOLMATJANOV1,2, ERKIN I. ABDULAKHATOV2,
SARDOR U. BEGMATOV2, FARRUKH I. ABDIKULOV1,
FARKHOD M. KHALMATJANOV3, MUKHAMMADISMOIL M. MAKHMUDOV3,
FIRUZ B. SAFAROV4
1Faculty of Hydrometeorology,
National University of Uzbekistan,
100174, Tashkent,
UZBEKISTAN
2Hydrometeorological Research Institute,
100052, Tashkent,
UZBEKISTAN
3Alfraganus University,
100000, Tashkent,
UZBEKISTAN
4Agency of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
100052, Tashkent,
UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: - This article is devoted to assessing the bioclimatic conditions of the most popular route among
foreign tourists in Uzbekistan – Tashkent-Samarkand-Bukhara-Khiva based on statistical processing of
meteorological observation data for the period 2011-2020 and the use of the thermohygrometric coefficient of
air dryness (THC) and Missenard’s Effective Temperature (ET). Climatic descriptions of the cities of Tashkent,
Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva include information on the regime of air temperature, precipitation, air
humidity, and cloudiness, which were used to compile the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The
results obtained show that in the cities under study, there are two seasons with the most favorable thermal
comfort conditions throughout the year. In Tashkent, these are the periods April-May and September-first ten
days of November, in Samarkand – March-June and September-October, in Bukhara – April-May and
September-October, and Khiva – from the second ten days of April to June and from the third ten days of
August to the second ten days of October.
Key-Words: - tourism, bioclimate, thermal sensation, index, Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara,
Khiva.
Received: April 26, 2023. Revised: November 9, 2023. Accepted: December 8, 2023. Published: December 31, 2023.
1 Introduction
Information about the nature of weather and
climatic conditions is usually presented using
bioclimatic indices. The assessment of bioclimatic
and meteorological conditions is carried out using
such basic parameters as air temperature, air
humidity, wind, intensity, and duration of sunshine.
In addition, it should take into account the number
of wet days, the amount of precipitation, as well as
weather phenomena such as fog, thunderstorms,
dust storms, and others. From a tourism perspective,
knowing these conditions will help people choose
the best time to travel based on their individual
needs and circumstances.
A large number of scientific works devoted to
the research of bioclimatic conditions for the use of
tourism purposes have been published worldwide,
[1], [2]. During the last hundred years, "empirical
indices" and "rational indices" have been widely
used in these scientific works to assess the comfort
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1255
Volume 19, 2023
conditions for the human body. "Empirical indices"
include Effective Temperature (ET), [3],
Tmperature-Humidity Index (THI), [4], Wind
Exposure Index (WEI), [5] and numerous other
indices that describe the subjective feelings or
physiological reactions of the human body.
"Rational indices" are based on specific calculation
models, such as Tourism Climate Index (TCI), [6],
Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), [7],
Climate Index for Tourism (CIT), [8], Universal
Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), [9] and consists of
a group of other indicators. A detailed comparative
analysis of bioclimatic indices is given in, [1], [2],
[10], [11], [12], [13], [14].
Most of the bioclimatic indices used in the
world are insufficient to fully characterize existing
bioclimatic conditions, [1], [2]. In this regard, the
most effective for characterizing bioclimatic
conditions are the UTCI and PET indices, which
take into account the thermophysiological state of
the human body. UTCI and PET have been
successfully applied by several researchers for the
climatic conditions of various countries in Europe,
Asia, Australia and Africa, [15], [16], [17], [18],
[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27],
[28]. However, because their calculation is based on
the value of radiant temperature, the possibility of
their use in the conditions of Uzbekistan is limited
due to the lack of measuring instruments of this kind
in the meteorological observation network. Taking
into account this circumstance, in this work, the
assessment of bioclimatic conditions was carried out
based on two empirical indices: the new bioclimatic
index – thermohygrometric coefficient of air
dryness (THC), proposed by Uzbek scientists, [29]
and ET, [30].
Uzbekistan, with the peculiarities of its
geographical location and relief, climatic conditions,
the wealth of natural, historical-cultural, and tourist-
recreational potentials, objectively has all the
prerequisites for the intensive development of
domestic and foreign tourism. Acquaintance with
the listed tourism potential usually takes place
outdoors. In this case, weather has a huge impact on
the physiological state of a person. First of all, this
is thermal comfort, i.e. a condition in which as much
heat is removed from a person as his body produces.
In other words, a person does not feel either cold or
overheating. The climate in general and its
biometeorological characteristics are one of the
most important resources for the development of
tourism, which should be included in tourism
promotions. In this regard, it is necessary to have
accurate bioclimatic information, which is very
useful for improving the quality of tourism services.
Thus, tourism, as one of the main sectors of the
world economy, is influenced by weather and
climate. From this point of view, weather and
climate should be considered as a limiting and
developing factor for tourism.
As a result of our search for a climatic and,
especially, bioclimatic description of the territory of
Uzbekistan, in addition to our recent study, [31], we
found the work, [32]. It examines the bioclimatic
comfort conditions of the Fergana Valley using the
TCI index. This circumstance prompted the authors
to carry out a study that, to a small extent, fills the
existing gap.
This paper presents the results of an assessment
of the bioclimatic conditions of the capital of
Uzbekistan, Tashkent city, and the world-famous
tourist destinations of Uzbekistan – the cities of
Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva. We hope that the
article will be useful for both domestic and foreign
tourists visiting these tourist destinations.
2 Study Area and Data Used
2.1 Description of the Study Objects
Uzbekistan is located in the central part of Central
Asia, mainly between Amudarya and Syrdarya. The
northernmost point of Uzbekistan is located at lat
45° 36′N north-east of the Ustyurt plateau. The
southernmost point is near the city of Termiz, on the
banks of the Amudarya at lat 37° 11′ N. The
westernmost point is on the Ustyurt plateau at long
56° 00′ E. The easternmost point is in the eastern
part of the Fergana Valley at 73° 10′ E. The distance
between Uzbekistan's most northern and
southernmost points is 925 km, and the distance
between the most western and eastern points is
1400 km (Figure 1).
Uzbekistan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the
northwest and north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to
the east and southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and
Turkmenistan to the southwest. The Republic of
Karakalpakstan is located in the western part of the
country.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1256
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. 1: Location of research objects
Uzbekistan has favorable natural and
geographical conditions, and its territory consists of
lowlands and mountain reliefs. A large part of the
territory of Uzbekistan (about 4/5) is made up of
lowlands. The most important of them is the Turan
Plain. The Tien-Shan and Pamir mountain ranges
are located in the east and northeast of the country
(the highest point of the country is 4643 m). One of
the largest deserts in the world – Kizilkum lies in
the center of the territory of Uzbekistan, [33].
The territory of Uzbekistan is located in two
climatic zones – the southern part of the temperate
zone and the northern arid part of the subtropical
zone. It consists of a desert region in the temperate
climate zone, and a subtropical desert region in the
subtropical zone. In Uzbekistan, the presence of
natural latitude zones and corresponding height
regions within the class of plain landscapes in the
territory of the country includes desert (temperate,
subtropical) and oasis, foothills and mountain class,
stag deserts, mountain steppes, mountain-forest
steppes, mountain meadows, mountain forests,
mountain tundras, glacial-naval landscape types can
be distinguished, [33].
There are more than 9,600 cultural objects in the
country. More than 7,300 of them are ancient
architectural and archeological objects, 200 of
which are included in the list of UNESCO's World
Cultural Heritage. Most of them are located in the
cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Shakhrisabz,
Termez, and Kakand.
Samarkand, one of the ancient cities of
Uzbekistan, is more than 2750 years old. It is equal
to the city of Rome, one of the oldest cities in the
world, [34].
2.2 Datasets
To carry out the research, we used daily 8-time
observations in local time from the weather stations
Tashkent-Observatory, Samarkand, Bukhara, and
Khiva. These observations covered 10 years (2011-
2020) and were obtained from the meteorological
archive of the Agency of Hydrometeorological
Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The data
observed include air temperature, precipitation,
vapor pressure (VP), relative humidity (RH), dew
point (τ), wind speed, and cloudiness. In addition,
climate norms were used for the indicated weather
stations for the periods 1961-1990, 1971-2000,
1981-2010, and 1991-2020 were used, [35], [36],
[37], [38]. These data served as the basis for
climatic descriptions of the cities of Tashkent,
Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva. These results were
also used in the compilation of the CTIS.
3 Methods
Statistical processing of meteorological quantities
was carried out using standard methods
recommended by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), [39].
The assessment of the conditions of thermal
sensation was carried out based on THC, which
expresses the simultaneous influence of temperature
and air humidity, [29], [31]:
,
TT
T
K
(1)
Where:
Т – air temperature (Kelvin), τ – dew point, Δ – dew
point deficit.
Being a dimensionless quantity, this coefficient
shows how far water vapor is from the state of
saturation for a given content and at a given air
temperature. To identify the role of changes in air
temperature and humidity in the change in THC, we
take the logarithm and then differentiate equation
(1), and move on to finite differences.
,lnln
T
T
K
,lnlnln TTK
,
K
dT
T
ddT
K
dK
,
TT
TddT
K
dK
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1257
Volume 19, 2023
,
T
d
TT
dT
K
dK
,=
=
TK
K
constT
(2)
( )
.=
=
TT
T
K
K
const
(3)
According to equation (2), an increase in
moisture content at a constant air temperature
reduces dryness. From equation (3) it follows that
an increase in temperature in the case of constant
moisture content leads to an increase in air dryness.
As you know, not every combination of temperature
and air humidity provides comfortable conditions.
Each of these parameters can vary, and only within
certain limits does the thermal sensation provide
comfort conditions.
The nomogram categorizes human thermal
sensations based on air temperature and THC into 6
distinct zones, [31], (Figure 2). This nomogram
builds upon the framework proposed in, [40], which
determines thermal sensation zones based on air
temperature and RH. Zone 3 signifies conditions of
thermal comfort for the human body, while zone 2
indicates adverse effects (pessimum) at low
temperatures, and zones 4 and 5 at high
temperatures. Zones 1 and 6 correspond to
extremely unfavorable thermal conditions, where
hypothermia can occur at low temperatures and heat
stroke at high temperatures.
Fig. 2: Nomogram for determining zones of thermal
sensations 1-6 – thermal sensation zones
Heat sensation zones according to THC are given
in Table 1.
Table 1. THC zones of thermal sensations
.
THC zones
Thermal sensation
1
Very cold
2
Cold
3
Comfort
4
Relative comfort
5
Hot
6
Very hot
In, [30], the following mathematical formulation
for effective temperature developed:
1000
1290
41761
1
00140680
37
37
750
RH
T,
V,,
RH,,
T
ET
,
(4)
Where:
Т – air temperature (Celsius), RH– relative humidity
(%), V – wind speed (m/s).
The index establishes a connection between the
human body's thermoregulatory capacity (sensing
warmth and cold) and the varying temperature and
humidity of the surrounding environment. It enables
the calculation of the perceived temperature
experienced by the human body, based on
meteorological parameters such as air temperature,
relative humidity, and wind speed. These parameters
impact the exchange of heat between the
environment and the body. ET is still widely used in
many countries of the world. The classification of
heat sensation according to ET values is given in
Table 2.
Table 2. Assessment scale of
ЕТ.
ЕТ, °C
Thermal sensation
from
to
>30
Heavy thermal load
24
30
Moderate heat load
18
24
Comfort - warm
12
18
Comfort - moderately warm
6
12
Cool
0
6
Moderately cool
0
-6
Very cool
-6
-12
Moderately cold
-12
-18
Cold
-18
-24
Very cold
<-24
Risk of frostbite
ET was used to compare the results obtained by
THC.
Based on the calculated THC values, daily
distributions of long-term average thermal sensation
conditions for each month were identified. The
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1258
Volume 19, 2023
approach given in, [41], made it possible to compile
the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS).
CTIS, along with the conditions of thermal
sensation, provides information about two other
components – aesthetic and physical. In it, the
conditions of thermal sensations are presented as
follows: cold stress – corresponds to zone 1, thermal
comfort – zone 3, and hot stress – zone 6. Aesthetic
components inform about sunny days (cloudiness <
5 points) and foggy conditions (relative humidity >
93%), and the physical components are stuffiness
(vapor pressure > 18 hPa), dry days (precipitation
< 1 mm), rainy days (precipitation > 5 mm) and
stormy conditions (wind speed > 8 m/s at the height
of the weather vane). The CTIS we compiled differs
from the scheme proposed in, [41] in that in our
scheme the conditions of thermal sensations are
presented based on THC in place of PET.
To facilitate tourists' understanding of CTIS, the
scheme is presented in seven classes from
“extremely unfavorable” to “ideal”, which
corresponds to a 14% probability for each class,
[41].
4 Results
4.1 Climatic conditions of Tashkent,
Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva Cities
Data on long-term average air temperatures
(Table 3) and precipitation amounts (Table 4) in the
cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva
indicate the presence of significant changes,
especially in the temperature regime, from period to
period. Thus, if the long-term average annual
temperature in Tashkent in the base climatic period
(1961-1990) was 14.2°C, in the period 1971-2000 it
decreased to 13.5°C, and in 1981-2010 it increased
to 14.8°C. In the last 30-year period (1991-2020),
the long-term average annual temperature increased
to 15.1°C, and in the 10 years 2011-2020 it was
15.4°C.
Table 3. Long-term average air temperature (°С) in Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva during periods
1961-1990 (1), 1971-2000 (2), 1981-2010 (3), 1991-2020 (4), 2011-2020 (5).
City
Period
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Tashkent
1
0.6
2.5
8.5
15.4
20.3
25.6
27.6
25.5
20.0
13.3
7.8
3.4
14.2
2
-0.6
1.9
7.9
14.7
20.1
24.9
27.0
25.0
19.6
12.8
6.6
1.9
13.5
3
1.9
3.9
9.4
15.5
20.5
25.8
27.8
26.2
20.6
13.8
8.5
3.5
14.8
4
2.3
4.2
10.2
15.9
21.1
26.2
28.2
26.6
21.0
14.3
8.1
3.5
15.1
5
3.2
3.8
10.6
16.1
22.0
26.6
28.7
27.1
21.7
14.5
7.5
3.3
15.4
Samarkand
1
0.6
2.2
7.7
14.4
19.4
24.5
26.2
24.2
19.2
12.7
7.4
3.4
13.5
2
0.2
2.8
7.4
14.1
19.2
23.7
25.5
23.8
18.9
12.7
6.4
2.5
13.1
3
1.9
3.6
8.5
14.8
19.8
25.0
26.8
25.2
20.2
13.6
8.4
3.8
14.3
4
2.3
4.0
9.3
15.2
20.4
25.4
27.2
25.6
20.6
14.1
8.0
3.8
14.7
5
3.3
3.5
9.9
15.3
21.5
26.1
27.8
26.1
21.3
14.3
7.4
3.5
15.0
Bukhara
1
0.1
2.6
8.7
16.6
22.5
27.3
28.8
26.0
20.2
13.1
7.3
2.5
14.6
2
0.0
2.6
8.3
16.4
22.2
26.4
28.0
25.4
20.0
13.0
6.4
2.2
14.2
3
1.4
4.0
9.7
17.0
22.8
28.1
29.5
27.2
21.2
14.2
8.1
2.8
15.5
4
1.8
4.1
10.3
17.2
23.4
28.4
29.8
27.6
21.7
14.6
7.6
2.8
15.8
5
2.5
3.4
10.6
16.9
24.1
28.8
30.0
27.8
22.3
14.7
7.2
2.5
15.9
Khiva
1
-2.8
-0.9
6.2
14.9
21.9
26.6
27.9
24.8
19.0
11.5
5.3
-0.1
12.9
2
-3.7
-1.0
5.6
14.7
21.7
26.0
27.6
25.0
19.1
11.8
4.1
-1.6
12.4
3
-1.7
0.5
7.0
15.5
22.0
27.4
28.7
26.3
20.0
12.7
5.6
0.2
13.7
4
-1.4
0.7
7.9
15.9
22.7
27.9
29.2
26.7
20.4
13.1
5.2
-0.1
14.0
5
-0.8
-0.4
8.5
15.9
23.6
28.2
29.7
26.7
20.8
12.7
4.9
0.0
14.2
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1259
Volume 19, 2023
Table 4. Long-term average precipitation (mm) in Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva during the periods
1961-1990 (1), 1971-2000 (2), 1981-2010 (3), 1991-2020 (4), 2011-2020 (5).
City
Period
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Tashkent
1
54.5
46.8
72.3
63.6
32.0
7.1
3.5
2.0
4.5
34.1
45.0
53.4
418.8
2
49.0
52.0
73.0
57.0
32.0
11.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
27.0
41.0
54.0
405.0
3
53.3
63.8
70.2
62.3
41.5
14.3
4.5
1.3
6.0
24.7
43.9
58.9
444.7
4
54.9
72.1
66.4
63.3
41.1
16.8
3.4
2.1
4.6
23.7
51.2
58.4
458.0
5
55.1
74.2
74.9
59.9
34.4
17.0
0.9
1.9
3.8
31.4
58.8
51.7
464.0
Samarkand
1
43.9
39.2
70.5
63.2
33.2
4.0
4.3
0.4
3.8
24.0
28.2
40.5
355.2
2
44.0
46.0
75.0
61.0
34.0
6.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
20.0
29.0
38.0
358.0
3
41.2
46.4
68.8
60.5
36.3
6.1
3.7
1.2
3.5
16.8
33.9
47.0
365.4
4
41.1
52.2
73.2
62.9
40.0
6.8
1.6
1.6
2.7
16.0
40.3
39.2
377.6
5
33.6
57.8
77.1
54.0
28.9
7.4
0.7
0.4
2.2
20.6
42.8
27.1
352.7
Bukhara
1
19.3
17.8
29.7
23.1
8.7
1.0
1.1
0.3
0.5
4.8
11.9
19.0
137.2
2
18.0
21.0
28.0
26.0
10.0
3.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
13.0
16.0
143.0
3
19.1
18.9
29.5
20.1
12.4
1.8
0.7
0.2
1.0
2.0
12.0
17.3
135.0
4
16.5
24.1
25.1
22.3
11.1
1.8
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.7
14.5
12.8
132.4
5
13.9
33.3
31.0
18.7
6.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
5.7
17.7
10.0
137.3
Khiva
1
8.7
8.7
18.9
15.9
9.9
2.3
5.4
1.4
2.7
6.0
8.4
12.7
101.0
2
9.0
12.0
22.0
15.0
9.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
8.0
11.0
100.0
3
10.1
10.6
15.2
10.6
12.6
3.3
4.1
1.9
1.9
4.4
8.5
9.5
92.7
4
9.3
9.6
12.8
11.0
10.7
3.8
0.9
0.8
1.6
3.9
8.2
8.1
80.7
5
5.2
10.3
15.2
10.4
5.1
3.4
0.5
0.0
2.2
4.4
7.0
6.4
70.0
The same trend in air temperature occurs in
Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva cities. The increase
in long-term average annual temperature in the
period 2011-2020 relative to the base climatic
period (1961-1990) was 1.2°C in Tashkent, 1.5°C in
Samarkand, and 1.3°C in Bukhara and Khiva.
In contrast to the temperature regime, there have
been ambiguous changes in the precipitation regime.
In Tashkent, in the period 2011-2020, there was
more precipitation (464.0 mm) than in the base
climate period (418.8 mm). In Samarkand and
Bukhara, precipitation remained virtually
unchanged, but in Khiva, it decreased by 31.0 mm.
Considering the WMO recommendation “While
such short periods cannot be considered to be
climatological standard normals or reference
normals, they are still useful to many users, and in
many cases, there will be benefits to calculating
such averages operationally”, [22], the study was
carried out based on observations during the period
2011-2020.
In all the cities under study, intra-annual
changes in air temperature and precipitation have a
general trend inherent in the continental climate.
January is the coldest and July is the hottest month
of the year. The long-term average monthly
temperature in January is 3.2°C in Tashkent, 3.3°C
in Samarkand, 2.5°C in Bukhara, and -0.8°C in
Khiva. In July, this figure is 28.7°C, 27.8°C, 30.0°C
and 29.7°C, respectively. The bulk of precipitation
falls in the cold half of the year. In Tashkent, from
October to May more than 30.0 mm falls, from
November to April more than 50.0 mm, and in
February and March more than 70.0 mm of
precipitation per month. In July, August, and
September, Tashkent receives no more than 4.0 mm
of precipitation per month. In Samarkand, more than
20.0 mm falls in the period from October to May,
more than 30.0 mm in January, more than 40.0
mm in November, more than 50.0 mm in February
and April, and about 80.0 mm in March. As in
Tashkent, July-September is very dry here, during
this period no more than 2.0 mm of precipitation
falls per month. In Bukhara, the highest monthly
precipitation, more than 30.0 mm, is observed in
February and March. January, April, November, and
December are characterized by monthly
precipitation of 10-20 mm. In May and October,
5.0-6.0 mm of precipitation falls here, and from
June to September there is less than 1.0 mm of
precipitation. In Khiva, the wettest month is March,
with about 15.0 mm of precipitation. In other
months, except February and April, less than
10.0 mm of precipitation falls here, and in July and
August, less than 1.0 mm of precipitation falls.
The intra-annual distribution of long-term
average days with precipitation shows that in the
winter, spring, and autumn seasons such days in
Tashkent and Samarkand are within 2-3 days
(Figure 3). However, in February the number of
days with precipitation exceeds 3 days. In May and
June, days with precipitation in these cities occur
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1260
Volume 19, 2023
within about 1 day per decade. From July to
September, the number of days with precipitation is
less than 1 day per decade. In Tashkent, the period
from the second ten days of October to the first ten
days of May receives more than 10 mm per decade,
and in Samarkand, such precipitation is observed
from the second ten days of January to the second
ten days of May, in the second ten days of
November and the first two ten days of December.
In Bukhara, during the year, the ten-day number of
days with precipitation does not exceed 2 days, and
in Khiva, precipitation falls even less often – the
number of days with precipitation is no more than 1
day per decade. In Bukhara, precipitation of 10 mm
per decade occurs only in February, in the third ten
days of March, and in the second ten days of April.
Khiva is characterized by the absence of
precipitation of more than 10 mm in all decades of
the year.
Long-term average values of VP and RH are
shown in Figure 4. In all cities, high long-term
monthly average values of VP are observed in the
warm half of the year, and low values in the cold
half of the year. In Tashkent, the lowest VP values
are observed in December and January (5.3 hPa),
and the highest in June – 12.7 hPa. In Samarkand,
VP values in December and January are 5.6 hPa,
and in July 13.6 hPa. In Bukhara in winter, the
lowest VP value is observed in December – 5.4 hPa.
The highest VP values here are lower than in
Tashkent and Samarkand, and amount to 10.4 hPa in
May, July, and August. The greatest fluctuation in
VP is observed in Khiva. The lowest VP value is
observed here in February – 4.7 hPa, and the highest
in July – 17.1 hPa. Unlike VP, in the intra-annual
variation RH has the greatest values in the winter
months, and the smallest values in the summer
season. From October to May in Tashkent, RH
values fluctuate between 50-70%, and in the period
June-September its values are 30-40%. In
Samarkand, the period November-February is
characterized by an RH of more than 70%, and
March with a value of about 70%. In May and
October, the RH values here are less than 60%, and
in June-September about 40%. In the winter months
in Bukhara, RH does not fall below 70%, and in
March and November below 60%. April and
October are characterized here with an RH of
around 50%. In other months, the RH value does not
exceed 40%, and in July it is 26%. During the
period from November to February in Khiva, RH
values vary between 70-80%. March, April,
September, and October are characterized by RH in
the range of 50-60%, and in the remaining months,
RH is below 50% but does not fall below 40%.
Fig. 3: Intra-annual change in long-term average days with precipitation and precipitation amount (R, mm)
in the period 2011-2020
(i) Tashkent, (ii) Samarkand, (iii) Bukhara, (iv) Khiva
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1261
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. 4: Intra-annual change in average long-term values of vapor pressure (VP, hPa) and
relative air humidity (RH, %) in the period 2011-2020
(i) Tashkent, (ii) Samarkand, (iii) Bukhara, (iv) Khiva
The intra-annual long-term average number of
cloudy and clear days has an ambiguous distribution
(Figure 5). In Tashkent and Samarkand, the number
of days with cloudiness of more than 5 points is
almost the same. From December to March, such
days in a decade amount to 6 or more days. During
this period, the number of clear days does not exceed
2-3 days. From April to the third ten days of May
and from the first ten days of October to the end of
November, cloudy days are 5-6 days per ten days.
Starting from the third ten days of May, cloudy days
decrease significantly. In the period July-September,
the number of cloudy days per decade does not
exceed 2 days, and in Samarkand, they are about 1
day. During this period, clear days in Tashkent are 5-
6 days per decade, and in Samarkand – 7-6 days.
Bukhara is characterized by cloudy days of no more
than 3 days per decade throughout the year. During
the periods March-April and October-November,
such days do not exceed 1 day, and in June-
September cloudy days are pragmatically not
observed. The smallest number of clear days, about a
day, are observed in the winter months, and in the
summer season, the number of clear days does not
fall below 9 days. In Khiva, from December to April,
the number of cloudy and clear days has almost the
same distribution. Their number is approximately 4-5
days per decade. Starting from April, the number of
cloudy days decreases from 3-4 days per decade to 1
or fewer days in the period July-September, in which
the number of clear days increases to 8-9 days per
decade. Starting in October, the number of cloudy
days begins to increase, and clear days decrease.
During the period October-November, the number of
clear days does not fall below 5 days per decade.
(a)
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1262
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. 5: Intra-annual change in cloudy and clear days in the period 2011-2020
(i) Tashkent, (ii) Samarkand, (iii) Bukhara, (iv) Khiva
4.2 Time Distribution of Thermal Sensation
Conditions on the Base of THC and ET
The results of the analysis of intra-annual changes in
thermal sensation zones in the city of Tashkent for
8 times daily meteorological observations in local
time, the distribution of which was identified based
on THC, showed that they have a pronounced daily
and annual cycle (Figure 6). In the second half of
November, winter months and the first half of
March in Tashkent, the conditions of zone 1 of
thermal sensation prevail during the day, i.e. "very
cold". However, during the daytime hours from
11.00 to 17.00 in March and November, zone 2
conditions are established. At night, morning, and
evening hours in the first half of April, at the end of
September and October, zone 2 conditions (cold)
prevail. The conditions of this zone during daytime
observations are also observed in the first half of
April and the second half of October, and in the
remaining half of these months, in the first half of
May and the end of September, conditions of zone 3
(comfort) are established. At 02.00 and 05.00 from
the second half of April to the second half of
September, thermal comfort conditions are observed
in Tashkent. At 08.00, 20.00, and 23.00 in the
summer season, the conditions of zone 4 of thermal
sensation (relative comfort) prevail. During the
daytime (11.00, 14.00, and 17.00), the conditions of
this zone are observed from the second half of May
to the first half of September. 5th zone (hot)
conditions are noted in Tashkent in July and August
at 14.00 and 17.00. Although zone 6 (very hot)
conditions were observed in some years, such as
2013 and 2017 (Figure 7), it was not seen when
averaging the 10-year (2011-2020) data.
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 6: Long-term average annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions
during the day in Tashkent in the period 2011-2020 on the basis of THC
very cold
cold
comfort
relative comfort
hot
very hot
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1263
Volume 19, 2023
i
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 7: Annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Tashkent in 2013 (i) and 2017 (ii)
on the basis of THC
very cold
cold
comfort
relative comfort
hot
very hot
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 8: Long-term average annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions
during the day in Tashkent in the period 2011-2020 on the basis of ET
risk of frostbite
very cold
cold
moderately cold
very cool
moderately cool
cool
comfort - moderately warm
comfort - warmth
moderate heat load
heavy thermal load
i
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. 9: Annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Tashkent in 2013 (i) and 2017 (ii)
on the basis of ET
risk of frostbite
very cold
cold
moderately cold
very cool
moderately cool
cool
comfort - moderately warm
comfort - warmth
moderate heat load
heavy thermal load
The time distribution of ET determined for the
THC calculated period also has a pronounced daily
and annual cycle (Figure 8). During the winter
months, the first half of March and November in
Tashkent, moderately cool (in the daytime periods
from 11.00 to 17.00) and extremely cool (in the rest
of the time) thermal sensation zones prevail. The
second half of March, the first ten days of April and
October will have moderately cool nights and
mornings, and cool and moderately warm conditions
during the day and evenings. In May, the first ten
days of June, and the third ten days of August and
September, warm thermal sensations during the day,
and moderately warm thermal sensation during the
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1264
Volume 19, 2023
morning and night periods prevailed. During the
summer months, it is moderately hot between 11.00
and 20.00, and moderately warm and warm thermal
sensation zones occur during the rest of the time. In
Tashkent, in some years, extremely hot thermal
sensation conditions also occurred in terms of ET
(Figure 9), and due to averaging, they were not
reflected in the multi-year distribution.
In the cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva,
which are the main tourist centers of Uzbekistan,
changes in the conditions of thermal sensation over
time have similar trends (Figure A1, Figure A2,
Appendix A).
4.3 Repeatability of Different Zones of
Thermal Sensation the Base of THC
The long-term average ten-day repeatability of
various zones of thermal sensation, calculated based
on statistical processing of all cases for the city of
Tashkent, is shown in Figure 10. In the winter
months in Tashkent, the thermal sensation conditions
of “very cold” (zone 1) and “cold” (zone 2) prevail at
all times, the frequency of which is 80-95% and 5-
20%, respectively. Starting in March, their frequency
gradually decreases to 60-70% (zone 1) and 20-30%
(zone 2). Comfortable conditions of thermal
sensation (zone 3) appear starting from the third ten
days of February in the daytime and evening
(recurrence within 5-15%), and at night from the
second ten days of March (recurrence no more than
10%). April is characterized by the predominance of
zone 2 conditions in the evening, night, and morning
hours and zone 3 conditions in the daytime, the
frequency of which is within 50-70% and 50-60%,
respectively.
During the period May-September in Tashkent at
night and morning hours (02.00 and 05.00) the
frequency of zone 3 is more than 70%.In May and
September, at 08.00, 20.00, and 23.00, the frequency
of zone 3 is about 70%, and the frequency of the
zone 4 (relative comfort) is within 20-30%. During
these months, instances of zone 5 (hot) begin to
occur with low frequency. The summer season in
Tashkent morning, afternoon, and evening periods
(from 08.00 to 20.00) are characterized by the
predominance of zone 4 conditions, their frequency
is within 70-90%. During this period, at 14.00 and
17.00, the frequency of zone 5 increases noticeably
and reaches 30-35%. In the intervals from 14.00 to
23.00 with very low frequency (several percent),
zone 6 conditions (very hot) are observed in
Tashkent. The period September-November is
characterized by opposite changes in the conditions
of thermal sensation characteristic of the spring
season.
The intra-annual change in the frequency of
different heat sensation zones in Samarkand,
Bukhara, and Khiva has a similar trend, but is
different from a quantitative point of view (Figure
B1, Figure B2, Figure B3, Appendix B).
4.4 CTIS
Figure 11 shows the CTIS for the city of Tashkent.
In the diagram, the thermal sensation component is
presented in the categories “cold stress,” “thermal
comfort,” and “hot stress.” In the period from the
second ten days of November to the third ten days of
March, unfavorable conditions of “cold stress” are
established in Tashkent. The rest of the year in this
category has degrees of favorability from
“acceptable” to “ideal.” However, this does not mean
that favorable conditions will be observed in the
“thermal comfort” category during this period.
Conditions of thermal comfort from “acceptable” to
“ideal” degrees in Tashkent are observed only in the
periods of April-May and September-the first ten
days of November. In the time interval between these
periods, unfavorable thermal sensation conditions are
established, associated with high air temperatures,
and in the period from the second ten days of
November to the third ten days of March they are
associated with low temperatures. In the “hot stress”
category, unfavorable conditions of the degree “very
unfavorable” and “extremely unfavorable” are noted
in Tashkent in the first and second ten days of June,
the first and third ten days of July and August.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1265
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. 10: Repeatability of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Tashkent (2011-2020)
1 – very cold, 2 – cold, 3 - comfort, 4 – relative comfort, 5 – hot, 6 – very hot
According to the aesthetic component, the
category of cloudiness is less than 5 points, and the
period from November to April has conditions of the
degree “unfavorable” and “very unfavorable”. For all
other categories of aesthetic and physical
components, Tashkent has conditions ranging from
“good” to “ideal”.
CTIS compiled for the cities of Samarkand,
Bukhara, and Khiva are shown in Figure C1, Figure
C2, Figure C3 in Appendix C.
5 Conclusion and Discussion
As traditional tourist centers, Tashkent, Samarkand,
Bukhara, and Khiva cities each have their tourist
attractions. In particular, the development of MICE,
shopping, medical, educational, and gastronomic
directions of tourism in Tashkent is promising.
Recreational, historical-cultural, and archeological
directions of tourism in the Samarkand region have
high potential. In the case of the Bukhara city,
supporting the development of pilgrimage,
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1266
Volume 19, 2023
ecological, hunting, and safari tourism will have a
positive effect.
Cold stress
Thermal comfort
Hot stress
С <5
RH> 93%
VP> 18 hPa
R < 1 mm
R > 5 mm
V > 8 m/s
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
very poor
poor
unfavorable
acceptable
good
excellent
ideal
Fig. 11: CTIS for Tashkent by degree of favorability (2011-2020)
In Khiva city, there is an opportunity to
combine the ethnographic and historical-cultural
directions of tourism. There are opportunities for the
development of tourist industries in Uzbekistan. The
optimum use of internal opportunities in the tourism
sector and reserves of sustainable economic growth
in these cities will serve to increase the tourist flow
to Uzbekistan. In particular, it is appropriate to take
measures to promote promising tourism
destinations, including objects included in the
UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. For this, it
is necessary to develop competitive products in the
global market, taking into account the bioclimatic
conditions of these regions, and to reduce the impact
of seasonal change factors on the attraction of
tourist flow based on their bioclimatic
characteristics.
Although climatological distributions of thermal
sensation conditions by THC and ET show daily and
inter-annual variations, when averaged over a multi-
year period, they do not reflect extreme hot
conditions that occur in some years. In the cold
period of the year (November-March), the
distribution of zones of thermal sensation according
to THC and ET coincides with each other. However,
there are certain differences in the warm period
(April-October) reflecting hot and very hot
conditions. It was found that these zones identified
by ET were recorded for a longer time than the
zones identified by THC. Taking into account that
the THC proposed in [29] was developed for the
conditions of Central Asia, the repeatability analysis
of thermal sensation conditions and the creation of
CTIS were performed only based on THC.
According to our calculations, comfortable
conditions can arise both at an air temperature of
12-15°C and high humidity, and at an air
temperature of 30-35°C, but with low humidity.
According to the analysis of the bioclimatic
conditions of the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand,
Bukhara, and Khiva, favorable periods for tourism
are determined primarily by thermal conditions and
occur only during certain periods of the year and
day. In Tashkent, these are the periods of April,
May, September, and the first ten days of
November. In Samarkand, favorable periods are
March, June, September, and October. In Bukhara,
it is April, May, September, and October. In Khiva,
these periods start from the second ten days of April
to June and from the third ten days of August to the
second ten days of October. Because CTIS is
compiled based on averaged data over a fairly large
period, in our case 10 years, abnormal events (heat
waves in the warm half of the year, heavy
precipitation and winds, etc.) affecting tourism
activities are poorly reflected in CTIS.
Since THC and ET do not take into account the
influence of radiation flux on the conditions of
thermal sensation, it is proposed to protect the
human body from the effects of solar radiation
individually with the help of appropriate clothing
(usually cotton clothing with long sleeves),
umbrellas, hats, etc. or choosing the time of stay in
the open air (morning and evening hours).
Within the frame of this study, time
distributions of bioclimatic conditions were
obtained only for certain tourist destinations based
on taking into account the influence of temperature
and air humidity. Further development of this
research involves considering the impact of wind on
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1267
Volume 19, 2023
thermal sensation, identifying the spatial
distribution, and mapping bioclimatic conditions
throughout the territory of Uzbekistan.
Acknowledgement:
The authors acknowledge the Agency of
Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of
Uzbekistan for providing the collection of research
data. We also thank Prof. Yuriy Petrov, Dr.
Mukhtorali Nishonov, Darkhon Yarashev, and
Anvar Mirzo Mukhammadjonov for their help in
carrying out this study.
References:
[1] de Freitas, C. R., & Grigorieva, E. A.
A comprehensive catalog and classification of
human thermal climate indices, International
Journal of Biometeorology, 59(1), 2015. pp.
109-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-
0819-3.
[2] de Freitas, C. R., & Grigorieva, E. A.
A comparison and appraisal of a
comprehensive range of human thermal
climate indices, International Journal of
Biometeorology, 61(3), 2017, pp. 487-512.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1228-6.
[3] Houghton, F. C., & Yaglo, C. P. Determining
equal comfort lines, Journal of the American
Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers,
29, 1923, pp. 165-176.
[4] Thom, E. C. A New Concept for Cooling
Degree Days, Weather Bureau, Silver Spring,
MA, USA, 1957.
[5] Terjung, W. H. Physiologic climates of the
conterminous United States: a bioclimatic
classification based on man, Annals of the
Association of American Geographers, 56(1),
1966, pp. 141-179.
[6] Mieczkowski, Z. The tourism climatic index:
a method of evaluating world climates for
tourism, The Canadian Geographer (Le
Géographe Canadien), 29(3), 1985, pp. 220-
233.
[7] Höppe, P. The physiological equivalent
temperature – a universal index for the
biometeorological assessment of the thermal
environment, International Journal of
Biometeorology, 43(2), 1999, pp. 71-75.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050118
[8] de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D., & McBoyle, G.
A second generation climate index for tourism
(CIT): specification and verification,
International Journal of Biometeorology, 52,
2008, pp. 399-407.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0134-3.
[9] Jendritzky, G., Maarouf, A., Fiala, D., Staiger,
H. An Update on the Development of a
Universal Thermal Climate Index, 15th Conf.
Biomet. Aerobiol and 16th ICB02, 27 Oct –1
Nov 2002, Kansas City, AMS, 2002, pp. 129-
133.
[10] Brake, R., & Bates, G. A Valid Method for
Comparing Rational and Empirical Heat
Stress Indices, The Annals of Occupational
Hygiene, 46(2), 2002, pp. 165-174.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mef030.
[11] Blazejczyk, K., Epstein, Y., Jendritzky, G.,
Staiger, H., & Tinz, B. Comparison of UTCI
to selected thermal indices, International
Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3), 2012, pp.
515-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-
0453-2.
[12] Yan, Y. C., Yue, S. P., Liu, X. H., Wang, D.
D., & Chen, H. Advances in the assessment of
bioclimatic comfort conditions at home and
abroad, Advances in Earth Science, 28(10),
2013, pp. 1119-1125.
https://doi.org/10.11867/j.issn.1001-
8166.2013.10.1119.
[13] Sun, M. S., & Li, S. Empirical indices
evaluating climate comfortableness: review
and prospect, Tourism Tribune, 30(12), 2015,
pp. 19-34.
[14] Farajzadeh, H., Saligheh, M., Alijani, B., &
Matzarakis, A. Comparison of selected
thermal indices in the northwest of Iran,
Natural Environment Change. Summer &
Autumn, 1(1), 2015, pp. 61-80.
[15] Basarin, B., Kržič, A., Lazić, L., Lukić, T.,
Đorđević, J., Janićijević Petrović, B., Ćopić,
S., Matić, D., Hrnjak, I., & Matzarakis, A.
Evaluation of bioclimate conditions in two
special nature reserves in Vojvodina (northern
Serbia), Carpathian Journal Earth
Environmental Science, 9(4), 2014, рр. 93-
108.
[16] Błażejczyk, K., Kuchcik, M., Błażejczyk, A.,
Milewski, P., & Szmyd, J. Assessment of
urban thermal stress by UTCI – experimental
and modeling studies: an example from
Poland, Journal of the Geographical Society
of Berlin, 145(1-2), 2014, pp. 16-33.
[17] Brosy, C., Zaninović, K., & Matzarakis, A.
Quantification of climate tourism potential of
Croatia based on measured data and regional
modeling, International Journal of
Biometeorology, 58, 2014, pp. 1369-1381.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1268
Volume 19, 2023
[18] Katerusha, O., & Matzarakis, A. Thermal
bioclimate and climate tourism analysis for
Odesa, Black Sea, Geografiska Annaler:
Series A, Physical Geography, 97(4), 2015.
рр. 671-679.
[19] Nastos, P. T., Bleta, A. G., & Matsangouras, I.
T. Human thermal perception related to Föhn
winds due to Saharan dust outbreaks in Crete
Island, Greece, Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, 128, 2016, pp. 635-647.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1724-3.
[20] Vitt, R., Gulyás, Á., & Matzarakis, A.
Temporal Differences of Urban-Rural Human
Biometeorological Factors for Planning and
Tourism in Szeged, Hungary, Advances in
Meteorology, 2015, pp. 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1155/2015/987576.
[21] Çalişkan, O., Çiçek, I., & Matzarakis, A. The
climate and bioclimate of Bursa (Turkey)
from the perspective of tourism, Theoretical
and Applied Climatology, 107, 2012. pp. 417-
425.
[22] Santos Nouri, A., Afacan, Y., Çalışkan, O.,
Zu-Ping Lin, & Matzarakis, A. Approaching
environmental human thermophysiological
thresholds for the case of Ankara, Turkey,
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 143,
2021, pp. 533-555.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03436-5.
[23] Baaghideh, M., Mayvaneh, F., Shekari, A., &
Shojaee, T. Evaluation of human thermal
comfort using UTCI index: case study
Khorasan Razavi, Iran Natural Environment
Change, Natural Environment Change.
Summer & Autumn, 2(2), 2016, pp. 165-175.
[24] Farajzadeh, H., & Matzarakis, A.
Quantification of climate for tourism in the
northwest of Iran, Meteorological
Applications, 16, 2009. pp. 545-555.
[25] Lin, T. P., & Matzarakis, A. Tourism climate
and thermal comfort in sun moon Lake,
Taiwan, International Journal of
Biometeorology, 51, 2008, pp. 281-290.
[26] Yang, J., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Xi, J., & Feng, Z.
Spatial differentiation of China’s summer
tourist destinations based on climatic
suitability using the Universal Thermal
Climate Index, Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, 134, 2017, рр. 859-874.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2312-5.
[27] Shiue, I., & Matzarakis, A. Climate and
tourism in the hunter region, Australia in the
early 21st century, International Journal of
Biometeorology, 55, 2011, рр. 565-574.
[28] Akinbobola, A., Njoku, C. A., & Balogun, I.
A. Basic Evaluation of Bioclimatic Conditions
over Southwest Nigeria, Journal of
Environment and Earth Science, Vol.7,
No.12, 2017, рр. 53-62.
[29] Petrov, Yu. V., &Abdullaev, A. K. On the
Problem of Air Dryness Estimation, Russian
Meteorology and Hydrology, Vol.35, No.10,
2010, pp. 715-719.
[30] Missenard, F. A. Température effective d’une
atmosphere Généralisation température
résultante d’un milieu. In: Encyclopédie
Industrielle et Commerciale, Etude
physiologique et technique de la ventilation.
Librerie de l’Enseignement Technique, Paris,
1933. pp. 131-185.
[31] Kholmatjanov, B. M., Petrov, Y. V.,
Abdikulov, F. I., Abdikulova, M. R.,
Saypiddinov, Z. F., Makhmudov, M. M.,
Khalmatjanov, F. M., & Safarov, F. B.
Bioclimatic Resources and Their
Consideration for Tourism Development in
Selected Destinations of Uzbekistan,
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics
Review, 9, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijler.2020.V7.481.
[32] Nigmatov, A., Rasulov, A., & Tobirov, O.
Methodology for Assessing the Tourist
Potential of the Nature of the Fergana Valley
Using GIS Technologies and Experimental
Methods, Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative
Results, 13(8), 2022, pp. 2268-2286.
[33] Khasanov, I. A., Gulomov, P. N., &Kayumov,
A. A. Natural geography of Uzbekistan. Part
2. Universitet Press, Tashkent, 2010. 161 p.
(Ҳасанов, И. А., Ғуломов, П. Н., Қаюмов А.
А. Ўзбекистон табиий географияси. 2-
қисм. Университет, Тошкент, 2010. 161 б.).
[34] Mamatkulov, Kh. M., Abdukhamidov, S. A.,
& Khamitov, M. Kh. Tourism infrastructure,
Samarkand (Turizm infratuzilmasi,
Samarqand), 2020, P.282.
[35] Average multi-year meteorological elements
values for the stations of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (for the period 1961-1990),
Tashkent, Uzgidromet, 2003, 17 p.
(Ўзбекистон Республикаси станциялари
бўйича ўртача кўп йиллик
метеоэлементлар қийматлари (1961-1990
йй. даври учун), Tошкент, Ўзгидромет,
2003, 17 б.).
[36] Average multi-year meteorological elements
values for the stations of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (for the period 1971-2000),
Tashkent, Uzgidromet, 2009. 110 b.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1269
Volume 19, 2023
(Ўзбекистон Республикаси станциялари
бўйича ўртача кўп йиллик
метеоэлементлар қийматлари (1971-2000
йй. даври учун), Tошкент, Ўзгидромет,
2009. 110 б.).
[37] Average multi-year meteorological elements
values for stations of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (for the period 1981-2010),
Tashkent, Uzgidromet, 2017, 30 p.
(Ўзбекистон Республикаси станциялари
бўйича ўртача кўп йиллик
метеоэлементлар қийматлари (1981-2010
йй. даври учун), Tошкент, Ўзгидромет,
2017, 30 б.).
[38] Average multi-year meteorological elements
values for the stations of the Republic of
Uzbekistan (for the period 1991-2020),
Tashkent, Uzgidromet, 2022, 70 p.
(Ўзбекистон Республикаси станциялари
бўйича ўртача кўп йиллик
метеоэлементлар қийматлари (1991-2020
йй. даври учун), Tошкент, Ўзгидромет,
2022, 70 б.).
[39] WMO (World Meteorological Organization),
Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate
Normals (WMO/TD-No. 1203), Geneva, 2017.
[40] Grissolet, H., Guilmet, B., & Arlery, R.
Climatologie-Méthodes et Pratiques,
Gauthiers-Villars & Cie Editeur, Paris, 1962.
[41] Zaninović, K., & Matzarakis, A. The
bioclimatological leaflet as a means
conveying climatological information to
tourists and the tourism industry,
International Journal of Biometeorology,
53(4), 2009, pp. 369-374.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0219-2.
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
- Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov – Conceptualization
Methodology, Supervision, Project administration
and Formal analysis.
- Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov and Firuz B.
Safarov – Data curation, Investigation and
Visualization.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest in this paper.
Sources of Funding for Research
This research was supported by the Innovative
Development Agency under the Ministry of Higher
Education, Science and Innovation of the Republic
of Uzbekistan (project AL 47-tur 21071175).
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1270
Volume 19, 2023
Appendix A
i
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
iii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. A1: Long-term average annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions
during the day in Samarkand (i), Bukhara (ii), and Khiva (iii) in the period 2011-2020 on the basis of THC
very cold
cold
comfort
relative comfort
hot
very hot
i
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
iii
02.00
05.00
08.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Fig. A2: Long-term average annual distribution of thermal sensation conditions
during the day in Samarkand (i), Bukhara (ii), and Khiva (iii) in the period 2011-2020 on the basis of ET
risk of frostbite
very cold
cold
moderately cold
very cool
moderately cool
cool
comfort - moderately warm
comfort - warm
moderate heat load
heavy thermal load
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1271
Volume 19, 2023
Appendix B
Fig. B1: Repeatability of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Samarkand (2011-2020)
1 – very cold, 2 – cold, 3 – comfort, 4 – relative comfort, 5 – hot, 6 – very hot
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1272
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. B2: Repeatability of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Bukhara (2011-2020)
1 – very cold, 2 – cold, 3 – comfort, 4 – relative comfort, 5 – hot, 6 – very hot
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1273
Volume 19, 2023
Fig. B3: Repeatability of thermal sensation conditions during the day in Khiva (2011-2020)
1 – very cold, 2 – cold, 3 – comfort, 4 – relative comfort, 5 – hot, 6 – very hot
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1274
Volume 19, 2023
Appendix C
Cold stress
Thermal comfort
Hot stress
С <5
RH> 93%
VP> 18 hPa
R < 1 mm
R > 5 mm
V > 8 m/s
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
very poor
poor
unfavorable
acceptable
good
excellent
ideal
Fig. C1: CTIS for Samarkand by degree of favorability (2011-2020)
Cold stress
Thermal comfort
Hot stress
С <5
RH> 93%
VP> 18 hPa
R < 1 mm
R > 5 mm
V > 8 m/s
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
very poor
poor
unfavorable
acceptable
good
excellent
ideal
Fig. C2: CTIS for Bukhara by degree of favorability (2011-2020)
Cold stress
Thermal comfort
Hot stress
С <5
RH> 93%
VP> 18 hPa
R < 1 mm
R > 5 mm
V > 8 m/s
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
very poor
poor
unfavorable
acceptable
good
excellent
ideal
Fig. C3: CTIS for Khiva by degree of favorability (2011-2020)
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.114
Bakhtiyar M. Kholmatjanov,
Erkin I. Abdulakhatov, Sardor U. Begmatov,
Farrukh I. Abdikulov, Farkhod M. Khalmatjanov,
Mukhammadismoil M. Makhmudov, Firuz B. Safarov
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
1275
Volume 19, 2023
