Women Empowerment during Covid-19:

A Systematic Literature Review

VINA SALVIANA DARVINA SOEDARWO1*, TUTIK SULISTYOWATI1,

WAHYUDI WINARJO1, MOHAMMAD REEVANY BUSTAMI2, SALAHUDIN SALAHUDIN3,

IRADHAD TAQWA SIHIDI3

1Department of Sociology,

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang,

Raya Tlogomas Street No. 246, Malang City 65114, East Java province,

INDONESIA

2Centre for Policy Research and International Studies,

Universiti Sains Malaysia,

MALAYSIA

3Department of Government Studies,

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang,

Raya Tlogomas Street No. 246, Malang City 65114, East Java province,

INDONESIA

Abstract: - Women are considered as one of the victims affected by Covid-19 who experience various

difficulties. This research aims to conduct a systematic literature review on the topic of Women Empowerment

and Covid-19. By using the main data from the Scopus database in the period 2020-2022, this research uses

descriptive analysis and then processed and visualized with Vos-Viewer. This study reveals that the results

show 3 dominant concepts that are most researched, namely women, pandemic, and covid-19. These findings

contribute to the study of women's empowerment to be developed on the topic of crisis, crisis management, and

strengthening the role of women as part of the recovery strategy during the COVID-19 crisis.

Key-Words: Empowerment, Women, Covid-19, Participation, Economics, Policy, Society.

Received: March 15, 2023. Revised: August 16, 2023. Accepted: October 9, 2023. Published: October 17, 2023.

1 Introduction

The promotion of women's empowerment has been

widely recognized as a crucial and indispensable

factor in driving economic and social progress. The

concept of women's empowerment is frequently

linked to the matter of gender equality, which

entails the equitable provision of rights and

opportunities for both women and men across all

domains of society, encompassing economic

participation, decision-making processes, as well as

the recognition and support of the aspirations and

needs of individuals of both genders. Gender

equality is a fundamental human right and is

recognized as a crucial factor in fostering a

flourishing modern economy that promotes

sustainable and inclusive growth. Within the realm

of international business literature, the concept of

gender equality is commonly characterized as the

equitable treatment of both women and men within

the professional environment. Gender disparity in

the workplace is attributed to various factors, such

as gender discrimination and stereotyping, the

devaluation of women's labor, the division of the

labor market based on gender, societal norms and

customs that perpetuate uneven treatment of men

and women, and challenges related to achieving

work-life balance, [1]. Regional discrimination is a

significant social problem that divides society, [2].

Gender violence has been characterized as a

social problem within the framework of the

relationship system of male domination over

women, which consequently causes physical,

sexual, or psychological harm, through actions that

cause suffering. Gender violence has historically

been linked to women, affecting them in various

fields, economic, political, social, and cultural.

National laws and strategies for their prevention and

eradication are based on international standards;

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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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however, despite efforts made, reports of alarming

figures have proven to show weaknesses in the

implementation or procedures adopted in the regions

to implement current regulations that guarantee and

protect women's rights to live free from violence,

[3]. Regarding the importance of empowering

women, both as a solution to the problem of gender

violence and so on. The study, [4], introduced the

concept of "women's voice quality", to challenge the

binary perception of women's voice and

participation. They argue that rather than being

viewed as a simple yes or no proposition, women's

voice and participation should be understood as

being on a continuum, with varying degrees of

engagement. The degree to which women's

perspectives are effectively represented directly

influences the level of gender inclusivity and

responsiveness exhibited in the provision of laws,

programs, and services for women entrepreneurs.

The vocal features of female entrepreneurs are

influenced by a range of interconnected political,

social, economic, and cultural issues. These

influences include societal structures and norms,

community dynamics, market characteristics, and

others.

During illness outbreaks, women experience an

increased burden related to both paid and unpaid

labor, frequently without enough consideration or

alleviation of their other life duties. The occurrence

of famine, war, natural disasters, and disease

epidemics has been well documented, revealing the

heightened vulnerability of women to worsening

gender burdens. In the context of the Covid-19

coronavirus pandemic, this assertion remains

unchanged. Female individuals employed in the

fields of health, welfare, and social care are

disproportionately experiencing the escalating

weight of the expanding responsibilities associated

with diverse gender identities. The female

population will have a progressively greater level of

responsibility until the epidemic is effectively

managed, and this load will persist for an extended

duration thereafter. Insufficient recognition has been

given by public policies and health initiatives to the

concerns pertaining to the correlation between

gender and illness outbreaks. Women possess

pressing practical and strategic requirements.

Insufficient attention has been given to the gendered

aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of

interpersonal, societal, and policy responses, [5].

The global outbreak of COVID-19 has

engendered widespread apprehension and a sense of

ambiguity, [6]. The global COVID-19 pandemic has

raised concerns about the impact of social

distancing measures and stay-at-home orders on

older individuals, namely in terms of loneliness and

isolation, [7]. Numerous nations across the globe are

currently grappling with the formidable challenge of

mitigating the transmission of the COVID-19 virus

and mitigating its multifaceted impact on public

health, societal dynamics, and economic well-being.

The comprehensive ramifications on society, labor,

familial dynamics, and their interconnections remain

uncertain at present. It is quite probable that

COVID-19 will amplify pre-existing disparities,

both in its immediate ramifications stemming from

the stringent efforts implemented to mitigate its

transmission, and in its prospective enduring

effects. There are a multitude of variations for

this imbalance. Considerable discourse has arisen

about the potential exacerbation of gender inequality

considering the ongoing pandemic, wherein women

are compelled to do an increased share of domestic

chores due to prevailing circumstances. Conversely,

there has been a notable increase in instances of

domestic violence associated with the COVID-19

pandemic within the United States, [8].

Developing countries have a significant

disparity in gender representation, which can be

attributed to a multitude of cultural, economic, and

political obstacles. This phenomenon is further

accentuated in post-conflict economies during

periods of crisis, [9]. The Covid-19 pandemic has

presented various obstacles for women, particularly

in relation to the lack of access to school services,

child care, and parental care. As a result, female

entrepreneurs and/or female workers are

disproportionately burdened with the responsibility

of family care. Furthermore, it is worth noting that

women assume a greater share of domestic chores,

as supported by empirical evidence, [10]. The global

health crisis has presented various obstacles to the

progress of women. A greater number of women

have experienced job loss compared to men.

Additionally, women are overrepresented in

positions of significance that expose them to both

diseases and psychological stress. Moreover,

women have more frequent disruptions in their

employment due to heightened childcare and other

related duties, [11].

Several studies have shown how women's

empowerment during Covid-19 with different

contexts. These studies look at economic aspects,

[12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], health, [18], [19],

[20], environment, [21], [22], social welfare, [23],

[24], [25], [26], political life, [27], social

entrepreneurship, [28], [29], and violence, [30].

Different from these studies that were conducted

specifically, this research provides a new

contribution because it uses the Systematic

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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Literature Review method to show the trend of

topics on women's empowerment studies during

Covid-19 along with its analysis so that it can be

more comprehensive and comparative.

2 Literature Review

2.1 Women's Empowerment Concepts

In these countries, women primarily engaged in the

informal sector often face food insecurity as a result

of significant illness outbreaks. This vulnerability

stems from their limited access to resources,

networks, and decision-making authority, [31]. The

researcher's investigation entails documenting the

distinct ramifications of COVID-19 with respect to

gender disparities and regional disparities between

urban and rural areas. The consequences have

augmented the onus placed upon African nations

with regards to ensuring food security,

encompassing its significance as a crucial

component of public health and economic stability,

as well as a fundamental aspect of fostering

solidarity and upholding human rights.

Disasters exhibit a disproportionate impact on

women and girls, as seen by indications that

instances of violence against them escalate inside

disaster-stricken environments. Post-disaster

violence against women and girls may be influenced

by several risk factors, as suggested by research.

These elements encompass heightened living

demands, inadequate law enforcement, exposure to

surroundings with elevated risk levels, the

exacerbation of pre-existing gender inequalities, and

the persistence of unequal social norms. The

occurrence of violence against women and girls

during disasters can be attributed to several factors.

Firstly, the heightened levels of stress experienced

during such events can serve as a catalyst for

violence against women and girls. Secondly, the

conditions created by the disaster can contribute to

an environment that enables violence against

women and girls. Lastly, there may be underlying

triggers that generate resentment, which in turn

leads to violence against women and girls, [32].

The COVID-19 pandemic has not yet

concluded. Although the issue of women's position

continues to present significant challenges, women

are now compelled to assume the responsibility of a

protective role. Women assume a crucial role in

safeguarding the adherence of family members to

COVID-19 preventative health guidelines, so

fulfilling a protective function. It is imperative that

all members of the family adhere dutifully to this

commendable practice, as the prevention of

COVID-19 transmission is contingent upon familial

efforts. The manifestation of women's protective

function is evident in this context. Moreover,

women also ensure the provision of sustenance and

beverages for their households. In poor nations,

women assume a pivotal role in fulfilling familial

requirements, encompassing the domains of food

hygiene and healthcare. In this capacity, women are

responsible for ensuring that all members of the

family maintain a hygienic and wholesome living

environment, while also safeguarding the well-being

of the family unit. The inclusion of this

supplementary responsibility amplifies the physical

and psychological load experienced by women,

hence increasing the likelihood of future health

complications. The study reached the conclusion

that women may have significant and extensive

repercussions, encompassing physical,

psychological, and emotional aspects, [33].

Gender-related vulnerability disparities are

shaped by various factors, including disparities in

asset and income ownership, variations in risk

preferences, and differences in cultural and social

norms between males and females. Hence, it is

imperative to comprehend the discrete yet

interdependent functions of males and females

within the grazing system, with the aim of

discerning the potential ramifications of the

pandemic on their respective roles. In addition, it is

important to note that the act of herding children

and women exposes them to a heightened

vulnerability to acute malnutrition. Inadequate

nutrition has been observed to result in a

compromised immunological response, hence

exerting a detrimental influence on malnutrition

associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the

presence of socio-cultural barriers contributes to a

disparity in access to health services between

females and males, hence exacerbating health

inequalities that are anticipated to be further

amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to

achieve this objective, it is imperative to consider

gender dynamics when implementing health and

livelihood support measures. For instance, offering

supplementary food and fodder assistance

specifically targeted towards women can effectively

address the nutritional requirements of both

households and animals, [34].

The study, [35], have categorized group digital

responses to pandemics into five distinct categories.

These categories encompass various technological

solutions that have emerged as dominant players in

the fight against COVID-19. The first category

involves the development of effective and efficient

contact tracing solutions. The second category

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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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focuses on enhancing testing capabilities and

disaster response capacity. The third category

pertains to the implementation of early warning and

surveillance systems, which aid in the

comprehension of pathogens and the monitoring of

outbreaks. The fourth category encompasses

strategies related to quarantine and control

measures. Lastly, the fifth category encompasses

technological advancements in vaccine research,

mitigation, and treatment. However, it is important

to note that their assumption of equal access to

digital infrastructure is flawed, as it fails to

acknowledge the gendered and uneven nature of

such access. Multiple research studies have

demonstrated that across low- and middle-income

nations, there exists a notable disparity wherein

women exhibit a 20 percent lower likelihood of

smartphone ownership and mobile internet usage in

comparison to their male counterparts. The gender

disparity is further magnified in socioeconomically

disadvantaged regions, indicating that women in

these areas exhibit around a 50 percent lower

likelihood of accessing the internet and a one-third

lower likelihood of utilizing smartphones for

connectivity, in comparison to men within the same

age cohort possessing equivalent educational

attainment and household income.

Historical evidence from previous pandemics,

such as the Ebola and Zika crises, has substantiated

the notion that women are more susceptible to

health vulnerabilities, with gender emerging as a

significant determinant of health outcomes. The

ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has reignited

discussions within feminist discourse around the

allocation of labor and societal expectations

surrounding gender roles. Notably, women have

predominantly assumed the role of primary

caregivers, thereby placing them at the forefront of

vulnerability to the pandemic. During the COVID-

19 pandemic, it was observed that women

constituted the majority of those affected, at 54.8%

of the overall infected population. Female

individuals who have persisted in their employment

amidst the ongoing pandemic have been subjected

to progressively hazardous working environments,

frequently lacking the essential personal protective

equipment (PPE). Moreover, a significant number of

these women face substantial peril as a result of

direct and close interactions with individuals

afflicted by COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic

has had a significant impact on female immigrant

domestic carers, both from a gender viewpoint and

due to their employment in the domestic care

industry. This sector has experienced substantial

disruptions as a result of the pandemic, [36].

The function of agro-tourism in promoting

women's self-reliance and empowerment in rural

communities is recognized by multiple authors, who

analyze its impact from various perspectives

including psychological, social, political, and

economic dimensions. Agro-tourism has a role in

restoring gender dynamics through the involvement

of women in agricultural contexts. Numerous

studies highlight the prevalence of women's

involvement in agro-tourism efforts. The inclusion

and engagement of women in agricultural tourism

necessitate the acquisition of novel skills and

competencies, while also potentially influencing the

dynamics of gender relations, power dynamics, and

identity construction. The provision of opportunities

for women to engage in business management and

occupy leadership positions facilitates their ability

to transcend the confines of solely operational

responsibilities within the agriculture sector. This

enables women to exercise agency and exert

influence in decision-making processes, albeit

within the confines of agro-tourism endeavors, [37],

[38], [39], [40], [41].

One discernible strategy that emerges from

comprehensive analyses of women's participation is

to enhance political representation of women and

prioritize their inclusion in diverse initiatives and

programs. Numerous studies indicate that gender

equality continues to be inadequately prioritized

within various ministries and/or governmental

bodies. Despite concerted efforts to address the

issue, a persistent gender imbalance continues to

prevail in leadership roles and decision-making

processes inside governmental institutions.

Empowerment is an essential and multifaceted

element of development, particularly in endeavors

that seek to address poverty and social exclusion

through a comprehensive approach. The objective is

to promote women's empowerment and enhance

their self-confidence by providing them with

training, technical assistance, and financial services

to foster the growth of businesses operating in the

fields of tourism, creative industries, and crafts. The

implementation of an integrated approach including

environmental sustainability, gender equality, and

economic development is crucial for enhancing the

involvement of women in the preservation of agro-

biodiversity goods. This approach also facilitates

sustainable consumption practices and the

intergenerational transmission of such products,

[42].

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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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2.2 Women's Empowerment during the

Covid-19 Period

Since the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic, there has

been a prevailing perception that nations governed

by female leaders have exhibited superior outcomes

compared to those led by their male counterparts.

This widely circulated myth has been included in

reputable publications such as the New York Times,

Forbes, Vox, Harvard Business Review, Stanford

Medicine, and NBC News. The effectiveness of

New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern in

effectively reducing the spread of COVID-19

attracted initial attention and prompted discussions

regarding the influence of gender in leadership roles

in managing the adverse impacts of the pandemic.

Iceland has received comparable accolades. The

aforementioned narratives demonstrate the

interconnectedness of political gender and highlight

the presence of specific leadership qualities in

women, including adept listening abilities, a

proclivity for soliciting opinion and guidance when

making significant decisions, the capacity to offer a

comprehensive understanding of the prevailing

circumstances, and proficiency in managing risks.

The use of political double bond theory offers

insights into the commendation received by female

leaders in nations like New Zealand, Iceland,

Germany, and Taiwan for their effective leadership

during the pandemic. These leaders demonstrated

proficiency in utilizing both masculine and feminine

leadership attributes, [43].

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented

significant obstacles for women entrepreneurs,

encompassing three primary challenges. Firstly, the

recession has disproportionately impacted industries

in which women predominantly operate. Secondly,

women are more likely to manage businesses that

are characterized by their youth, small size, and

vulnerability. Lastly, women face the added burden

of balancing primary caregiving responsibilities and

household chores due to school closures and the

increased vulnerability of elderly family members.

These challenges have created difficulties for

women entrepreneurs as they strive to safeguard

their businesses, [10]. The COVID-19 pandemic has

further compounded the difficulties that women

encounter when navigating the business landscape

and managing the interplay between different

limitations, leading to adverse consequences.

Hence, [44], employed a combination of

systems thinking and remote participatory research

methodologies to involve women entrepreneurs and

institutional stakeholders in the process of

determining the most significant impacts,

appropriate response activities, and recovery

requirements following the COVID-19 pandemic.

The findings of the discourse indicate that the

primary action plan for advancing women's

economic empowerment underscores the necessity

of a high-quality program for enhancing

entrepreneurial capacities, which should be

complemented by the cultivation of gender-

inclusive soft skills to bolster the efficacy of

women's entrepreneurial endeavors.

The global COVID-19 epidemic has

significantly impacted businesses on a global scale,

with particular emphasis on micro, small, and

medium enterprises (MSMEs). The circumstances

have presented notable obstacles for female

entrepreneurs. The potential outcomes are

formidable, and women have limited agency.

Nevertheless, the proliferation of smartphones in

developing nations and the declining expenses

associated with internet connectivity have

engendered unparalleled prospects for individuals to

leverage this technology for the initiation and

expansion of entrepreneurial endeavors.

Smartphones and mobile applications have the

potential to assist women entrepreneurs through

facilitating communication and networking,

addressing both economic and non-economic

obstacles related to limited mobility, enhancing

financial management, reducing expenses, enabling

women to allocate more time to their families,

facilitating the management of various business and

family operations, and aligning women's

entrepreneurship with societal and cultural norms.

The utilization, acceptance, and integration of

smartphones and mobile applications for business

objectives have demonstrated their efficacy in

enhancing operational efficiency in both business

and domestic contexts. Moreover, these

technologies have provided women entrepreneurs

with a platform to showcase their valuable

contributions to the advancement of both business

enterprises and society as a whole, [10].

Since the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic, there

has been a prevailing perception that nations

governed by female leaders have exhibited superior

performance compared to their male-led

counterparts. This popular narrative has appeared in

the New York Times, Forbes, Vox, Harvard

Business Review, Stanford Medicine, and NBC

News. The accomplishment of New Zealand Prime

Minister Jacinda Ardern in effectively reducing the

spread of the epidemic, sometimes referred to as

"flattening the curve," has garnered significant

attention and prompted discussions regarding the

potential influence of gender on leadership in

managing the adverse consequences of the crisis.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

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Iceland has received comparable accolades. The

narratives exemplify the interconnectedness of

political gender and highlight the manifestation of

women leader attributes, including adeptness in

active listening, proclivity towards soliciting

opinion and guidance for significant decisions,

proficiency in offering a comprehensive overview of

the prevailing circumstances, and competence in

managing risks. The application of political double

bond theory offers insight into the commendation

received by female leaders in nations like New

Zealand, Iceland, Germany, and Taiwan for their

adeptness in leadership, particularly in navigating

the challenges posed by the epidemic. These leaders

have demonstrated proficiency in incorporating both

masculine and feminine leadership attributes, [43].

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented

significant challenges for women entrepreneurs,

encompassing three key aspects. Firstly, the

recession has had a disproportionate impact on

industries in which women predominantly operate.

Secondly, women are more likely to manage

businesses that are relatively new, small in scale,

and more susceptible to vulnerability. Lastly, due to

the closure of schools and the increased

vulnerability of elderly family members, women are

faced with the additional responsibility of balancing

primary caregiving and household tasks, while

simultaneously striving to preserve their businesses,

[10]. The COVID-19 pandemic has further

compounded the existing difficulties that women

encounter in managing commercial endeavors and

negotiating the interplay of several limitations,

leading to adverse consequences.

Consequently, [44], employed a combination of

systems thinking and remote participatory research

methodologies to effectively involve women

entrepreneurs and institutional stakeholders in the

process of identifying and prioritizing the

consequences, response activities, and recovery

requirements in the aftermath of the COVID-19

pandemic. The findings of the discourse indicate

that the primary action plan for promoting women's

economic empowerment underscores the necessity

of a high-quality program for enhancing

entrepreneurial abilities, which should be

supplemented by the cultivation of gender-inclusive

soft skills to bolster the efficacy of women's

entrepreneurship.

The global COVID-19 epidemic has had a

profound impact on businesses worldwide,

particularly micro, small, and medium enterprises

(MSMEs). The circumstances have presented

notable difficulties for female entrepreneurs. The

potential outcomes are challenging, and women

have few options available to them. Nevertheless,

the proliferation of smartphones in developing

nations and the declining expenses associated with

internet connections have engendered unparalleled

prospects for individuals to leverage this technology

for the initiation and expansion of enterprises.

Smartphones and mobile applications have the

potential to assist women entrepreneurs by

facilitating communication and networking,

addressing both economic and non-economic

obstacles related to limited mobility, enhancing

financial management, reducing expenses, allowing

for greater time allocation to family responsibilities,

streamlining business operations, and aligning

women's entrepreneurship with societal and cultural

norms. The utilization, integration, and execution of

smartphones and mobile applications for business

objectives have demonstrated their efficacy in

enhancing operational efficiency across business

and household domains. Moreover, these

technologies have facilitated women entrepreneurs

in showcasing their valuable contributions to the

advancement of both business enterprises and

societal progress, [10].

3 Methods

This research uses descriptive analysis methods and

literature studies. Descriptive analysis methods were

carried out using software to analyze qualitative

data, QDAS (Qualitative Data Analysis Software).

Qualitative Data Analysis Software or QDAS used

in this study was VosViewer which was then

analyzed and described based on the generated data.

The data processed by VosViewer was taken from

Scopus which was the main data source in this

study. VosViewer then processed data sources from

Scopus to map the selected research discussion

namely about keywords or research topics, countries

with dominant contributions, authors, research

subject areas, and types of research documents

related to the theme of women's empowerment and

Covid-19.

The literature study method was carried out by

utilizing the Mendeley application as a tool or media

to review articles that are related to the theme of

women's empowerment and Covid-19. We also

obtained data from Mendeley from Scopus because

it was considered as a central source of journal data

that has been reviewed by experts from each

research field, and has been considered as the most

complete in the world and provides good scientific

academic information. This study was carried out

through searching the Scopus database with several

criteria, namely the keywords women empowerment

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

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and covid-19 which were published in 2020 to early

2022. The search results showed that there were 257

documents that passed the selection based on these

requirements.

This article aims to identify the progress of

research and the extent of research coverage on

women's empowerment and Covid-19 in 2020 and

2022. For this reason, this research was directed at

conceptualizing studies in the development of

research on women's empowerment and Covid-19.

This article was written based on several writing

focuses in order to have a quality description and

description of a well-systematic discussion, such as

keywords or research topics, countries with

dominant contributions, authors, research subject

areas, and types of research documents as well as

several other research findings that have been

published and indexed on Scopus. In addition, there

were several stages carried out in this research

including, as shown in Figure 1:

Fig. 1: Research Stages

Based on Figure 1, it will be easier to

understand through several supporting questions

such as (1) how many documents were published

based on the aspect of year of publication, author's

name, and country in research on women's

empowerment and Covid-19?; (2) what is the

percentage of documents based on the type or types

of documents, and the research subject area of each

document in research on women's empowerment

and Covid-19?; (3) how are the relationships,

clustering, and the density level of keywords

appearing in research on women's empowerment

and Covid-19?

4 Results

Research on women's empowerment and Covid-19

is one of the most interesting topics and has become

a topic of discussion for many scholars. The

condition is supported by several studies that show

the vulnerability of women in adapting to the

environment, career, and even family when the

Covid-19 pandemic comes and haunts people

around the world. With these considerations, it is

essential to know how the development of research

or scientific work with issues related to women's

empowerment during the Covid-19 pandemic. This

paper is important to be considered for future

scholars to be more innovative in developing the

repertoire of knowledge following the study.

Based on the Figure 2, writing about women's

empowerment during the Covid-19 pandemic has

increased since the beginning of its existence until

now. Based on the calculated number, articles or

documents published in 2020 reached 44

documents. Then the number of documents

published in 2021 reached 257 documents, while at

the beginning of 2022 the number of documents

published had reached 8 documents. The increase

number of papers on women's empowerment and

covid-19 shows that the writing of articles or

documents on women's empowerment has increased

in attractiveness and is sustainable.

Fig. 2: Number of documents by year of publication

The improvement in the number of articles

written on women's empowerment and COVID-19

shows that the enthusiasm of researchers in the

health, social, economic, and political fields, and

several other subjects has increased and shows the

development of research using this topic. The

increase in the number also indicates that research

on women's empowerment and COVID-19 has

developed and will expand in scope. This fact

certainly gives bright hope for future research to be

more creative, innovative, and solution-oriented

when carrying out research with this theme.

The next discussion is the number of document

ownership by author, as shown in Figure 3. This

data needs to be considered as information about

which authors have the most contributions in

writing articles about women's empowerment and

Covid-19. The author's discussion this time also

includes a topic or discussion that is the author’s

expertise in his study of women's empowerment and

Covid-19. The more dominant one topic discussed

Article

Keyword

Mapping

Country,

Author,

Subject

Field,

and

Docume

nt Type

Keyword

Study

Analysis,

Country,

Author,

Subject

Field,

and

Docume

nt Type

Result

Description

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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by the researcher illustrates that the researcher is

indeed focused on discussing that topic.

Fig. 3: Number of documents by author

Based on Figure 3, there are the top 10 authors

who have works of at least two documents. Authors

by the name of Nicola Jones and Stockl, H. have the

highest number of published documents related to

women's empowerment and COVID-19 among

others. One of Nicola Jones' writings is "Our World

Is Shaking Because of Corona: Intersecting Crises

and Disrupted Life Transitions among Young

People in Ethiopia and Jordan Pre-and Post-

COVID-19". Based on the search, most of the

documents which written by Nicola Jones focus on

gender studies, refugees, and adolescents affected

by the Covid-19 pandemic. On the other hand, one

of the research works of the author Heidi Stöckl is

"Natural hazards, disasters and violence against

women and girls: A global mixed-methods

systematic review". about Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2,

and women.

The next discussion is the countries or regions

that become contributors either as objects of

research or the location where each document is

published. This discussion is essential to be studied

as an effort to increase knowledge regarding which

countries or regions are active in carrying out

research related to the theme of women's

empowerment and Covid-19 as well as being a

reference for future studies so that they are more

varied in choosing their research objects.

Fig. 4: Number of Documents by Country or Region

Based on Figure 4 above, the countries or

regions listed are countries or regions with

involvement either by being the object of research

or the location of the highest publication among

other countries. The search results show that United

State (US) is the highest country with 73

documents, followed by United Kingdom (UK) with

62 documents, and Australia with 21 documents in

third place. The above results also show that the US

is the most active country in reviewing and

discussing various types of research on women's

empowerment and Covid-19. This fact should

certainly be a concern for other countries to be more

active in increasing the volume of research on

women's empowerment and Covid-19.

Fig. 5: Percentage of number of documents by type

Based on Figure 5, there are seven types of

documents that were included as a result of

searching through Scopus related to research or

essays with the theme of women's empowerment

and Covid-19. The article document type seems to

dominate the document type with the percentage

reaching more than 80%. Following at the second

rank is the review with 11.3%. The document type

of journal articles is the majority in the classification

of document types, indicating that most of the

research includes the object of research in the work

being prepared. Both are in the form of discussion

forums, projects, and so on. The higher the

percentage of the number of journal articles as the

type of document also indicates that the object of

research is directly involved with the researcher.

The next discussion is the subject area of all

research on women's empowerment and Covid-19

that have been identified. This is crucial to know as

a consideration for future research on subject areas

that have been widely studied and subject areas that

are still little researched. When most subject areas

are chosen, the consequence is that research is made

more innovative and broader in relation to other

topics.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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Fig. 6: Percentage of number of documents by

subject field

Based on Figure 6, the research subject areas

with the theme of women's empowerment and

Covid-19 are dominated by the social, medical, and

environmental sciences. This number of subject

areas shows that the discussion or topic of women's

empowerment and Covid-19 is a very complex

theme and can be linked to a variety of other subject

areas. The subject area of the social sciences seems

to be the subject area that researchers are most

interested in, considering the issue of women's

empowerment and Covid-19 is one of the social

issues that deserves to be developed both in

identifying the problem and solving the problem.

So, it is natural that the subject area of the social

sciences is a field that has many devotees.

The forthcoming discourse pertains to the topic

of keyword network mapping. This study aims to

investigate the durability and impact of research

pertaining to women's empowerment in the context

of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research findings

underwent a series of selection processes to ensure

the acquisition of precise and efficient mapping

outcomes, utilizing VosViewer for data processing.

Several phases have been chosen, including a

minimum attendance requirement and the necessity

of mentioning a specific term at least 20 times

within a single paper. Additionally, a calculation

system in the form of a full count or full counting is

selected to facilitate the interpretation and

description of the mapping findings.

Fig. 7: Network mapping by keyword

Based on the analysis presented in Figure 7, it

can be observed that the mapping conducted by

VosViewer reveals the existence of five distinct

clusters within the realm of research pertaining to

women's empowerment and its intersection with the

Covid-19 pandemic. Each cluster is populated by

terms that share similar attributes with one another.

The provided image depicts a collection of circles,

with certain circles exhibiting a greater prominence

in terms of their size compared to the remaining

circles. This phenomenon demonstrates that the

frequency of keywords related to the circle is higher

in the content compared to other keywords.

From Figure 7, it can also be seen that there are

3 dominant keywords determined from the size and

thickness of the color, namely Women, Pandemic

and Covid-19. This shows that these three keywords

are the most mentioned or discussed by the author.

These 3 keywords are very dominant considering

that the main topic written by the author is related to

women and Covid-19 (pandemic) so it is very

reasonable to be mentioned frequently.

Table 1. Network Mapping Clustering by Keyword

Cluster

Keywords

Number

of item

Cluster

Adolescent; child marriage;

education; girl; importance;

intervention; knowledge; life;

mental health; policy; quality;

sustainable development.

12 items

Cluster

Case; domestic violence;

exposure; family; lockdown;

man; role; violence; woman.

9 items

Cluster

Child; covid; government;

pandemic; response.

6 items

Cluster

Crisis; household; income;

person; strategy.

5 items

Cluster

Fear; student.

Total

34 items

Cluster 1 covers the keywords “adolescent;

child marriage; education; girls; importance;

intervention; knowledge; life; mental health;

policies; quality; sustainable development” which

illustrates that the importance of policy involvement

for adolescents and girls in having the right to

obtain knowledge and education on the culture of

child marriage which is increasingly rampant

everywhere as well as understanding related to

mental health issues that affect the quality of life

and sustainable development. Cluster 2, with the

words key "case; domestic violence; exposure;

family; lockdown; men; roles; woman” indicated

that the exposure of cases or problems related to

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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domestic violence that occurred in most families

was the impact of the lockdown. Victims or

vulnerable people who are the object of cases of

domestic violence or domestic violence are women

where men and women argue about their roles

during the lockdown period with various reasons

behind it.

Cluster 3 consists of the keyword “child; covid;

government; pandemics; response” describes how

the policy response set by the government towards

children who are one of the vulnerable victims

affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Then in cluster

4, with the keywords “crisis; household; income;

persons; strategy” describes how each household's

strategy is to continue to generate or even maintain

their income during a crisis that occurs in their

country and even in the world. Finally, Cluster 5,

with the keywords "fear and student" illustrates the

fear and concern felt by students around the world

about the learning process that they must carry out

and complete during the critical time of the Covid-

19 Pandemic.

The next discussion is the density level of each

keyword based on the number of documents that

contain these keywords as part of the contents of the

published text. Keyword density level map is based

on the total document that lists one keyword to

another. The overall document density provides

evidence of a robust network or connection among

these terms, indicating a correlation or relationship

between them. The keyword density map illustrates

that the terms are the predominant subjects of

discussion. In subsequent periods, the outcomes of

density analysis will possess the capacity to guide

researchers towards the exploration of a broader

range of subjects.

Fig. 8: Density mapping by keyword

Based on Figure 8, it appears that the keywords

Covid, Pandemic, and Woman are the keywords

with the most prominent density level among other

keywords. The results of VOSviewer's processing

also show that the keyword Covid has 389

occurrences, followed by the Woman keyword with

350 occurrences, and Pandemic with 206

occurrences. The results of the data above are

obtained from the mapping qualification which is

based on "text data" which is read from Scopus

bibliographic data. The next qualifying step is to

decide to extract the terms based on the title and

abstract with a full count.

5 Discussions

The primary thematic focus of cluster 1 is

"Intervention," exemplified by the article authored

by, [45], titled "Decolonising violence against

women research: a study design for co-developing

violence prevention interventions with communities

in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)."

This article highlights the authors' commitment to

fostering community engagement as a means of

promoting participants' comprehension of social

disparities, influencing their actions, and cultivating

their critical consciousness. This communal

endeavor involves engaging people in the process of

posing critical inquiries pertaining to their lives and

personal experiences. The community additionally

enhances participants' critical consciousness by

engaging them in the identification of underlying

causes of violence against women and girls within

their community, as well as in the development of

interventions aimed at addressing these causes

within the research/action framework. The PCID

approach, in practical application, employs a blend

of concept mapping, project management

methodologies, role acting, and participatory

evaluation exercises.

The predominant term observed in cluster 2 is

"Woman." One of the publications authored by,

[46], titled "Gender inequality during the COVID-

19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job

loss," elucidates that women have a 24 percent

higher probability of enduring permanent job loss in

comparison to males as a consequence of the

pandemic. In addition, it is observed that women

anticipate a decline in their labor income that is 50

percent more than that anticipated by men. Possibly

due to this apprehension, women exhibit a tendency

to decrease their present consumption and augment

their savings. Various factors, such as disparities in

male and female participation rates within the labor

market, might significantly contribute to elucidating

the existence of this gender disparity. The findings

also indicate that there is heterogeneity across

countries in these gender inequalities, which can be

attributed to variations in infection rates and the

proportion of women in the workforce.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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The predominant keyword observed in Cluster 3

is Covid-19. The study titled "COVID-19 risk

perception and coping mechanisms: Does gender

make a difference?" authored by, [47], provides an

analysis of the emergence of Covid-19 as a

significant hazard to the human population. The

efficacy of a pandemic risk reduction strategy

hinges upon the positive response of both

individuals and society. To achieve this, it is crucial

to comprehend the varying perceptions and

responses to such risks among different

demographic groups. The role of gender is crucial in

influencing risk perceptions and coping methods,

which in turn reflect the community's inclination to

embrace health initiatives and engage in

preventative measures. The findings of the study

indicate that there were notable differences in the

levels of felt fear and trust among Pakistani

individuals based on their gender. Research findings

indicate that women exhibit a greater perception of

risk, display higher levels of compliance with

government directives, and demonstrate more

effective coping strategies in their response to the

COVID-19 pandemic compared to men.

Cluster 4 exhibits a prominent term, specifically

Strategy. One of the scholarly publications that

examines the topics is "Household Coping

Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in

Chile" authored by, [48]. It has been noted by

researchers that Chile experienced a significant

impact from the COVID-19 epidemic. The Chilean

economy saw significant impacts due to the

adoption of the social restriction plan, leading to a

quick increase in the unemployment rate and a rise

in the share of the population temporarily excluded

from the labor force. According to the survey

findings, most families, specifically 60.3%, reported

a decrease in their family income. Additionally, a

significant proportion of households, namely 70.3%,

stated that they had to adopt at least one revenue-

generating approach. Furthermore, a substantial

percentage of households, specifically 76.6%,

employed at least one strategy to reduce their

expenses during the initial months of the pandemic.

Most households employ coping mechanisms that

involve incurring debt and reducing their capital as a

means of managing their financial situations.

Cluster 5 is comprised solely of two prominent

keywords, specifically Student and Knowledge. One

scholarly study that examines the impact of online

classes on student satisfaction and performance

during the COVID-19 pandemic is titled "Impact of

online classes on the satisfaction and performance

of students during the pandemic period of COVID

19" authored by, [49]. The individual provided an

explanation on the transition of schools and

universities to online mode by their separate

governments, citing the global pandemic as the

underlying factor. The duration of the epidemic

remains uncertain, prompting a shift in teaching

methodologies towards an online mode. The

findings of the study indicated that four distinct

criteria were employed, including teacher quality,

learning design, prompt feedback or reaction, and

student expectations. In the realm of education

management, the presence of these four criteria is of

utmost importance in order to attain a heightened

level of satisfaction and performance in the context

of online learning. In general, the consensus among

students is that online instruction holds significant

value for them, even though this method of learning

is a novel experience brought about by the Covid-19

pandemic.

6 Conclusion

Women's empowerment and Covid-19 have become

hot topics and have been discussed by various

parties, one of which is researchers. Departing from

the various problems that befell women during the

Covid-19 Pandemic, the hundreds of articles

contained in our processed data show the

enthusiasm of the researchers to identify problems,

solve problems, and provide solutions to problems

that occur. Scopus has collected 257 documents of

various types or types of documents that discuss

women's empowerment and Covid-19. From our

processed results that use QDAS as a tool for quick

identification, we found several results of the

number of documents by year of publication, the

number of documents by author, the number of

documents by country or region, the percentage of

the number of documents by type or type of

document, the percentage of the number of

documents by field. the research subject, mapping

the keyword network based on the number of

occurrences, and the keyword density level based on

the occurrence.

We summarize all these results as follows, (1)

the number of documents based on the year of

publication was noted that 2021 was the year with

the highest number of documents published

compared to 2020 and 2022; (2) the number of

documents based on their authors noted that Nicola

Jones and Heidi Stöckl had the most number of

documents, namely three documents each; (3) the

number of documents by country or region is led by

the United State (US) with 73 documents; (4) the

percentage of the number of documents by type or

type of document is dominated by the type of

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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journal article document; (5) the percentage of the

number of documents based on the research subject

area is dominated by the social sciences; (6) the

mapping of the keyword network based on the

number of occurrences produces five clusters, each

of which is grouped based on the similarity of items;

and (7) the keyword density level based on its

occurrence is dominated by the keyword covid with

389 occurrences.

This study aims to combine the development of

research on women's empowerment and Covid-19

that has been carried out from 2020 to early 2022.

The limitation of this research is that the articles

reviewed are only sourced from the Scopus

Database. Future research is expected to be more

innovative and complex, not only using articles

sourced from the Scopus database but also using

articles from other sources such as the Web of

Science.

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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

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Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

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Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

- Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo carried out the

data analyze and final drafting

- Tutik Sulistiowati, Wahyudi Winarjo carried out

the Introduction

- Mohammad Reevany Bustami, Salahudin

Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi carried out the

Metdhology and collecting data

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

that are relevant to the content of this article.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

_US

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.104

Vina Salviana Darvina Soedarwo,

Tutik Sulistyowati, Wahyudi Winarjo,

Mohammad Reevany Bustami,

Salahudin Salahudin, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

1131

Volume 19, 2023