Tendencies of Termites of the Genera Anacanthotermes Jacobson to

Damage the Wooden Parts of Buildings

RASUL RUZMETOV1,2, IKRAM ABDULLAEV1,2, MUZAFFAR BEKCHANOV2,

SHIRIN ATAJANOVA2, ZAFAR MATYAKUBOV1,2, MANZURA DOSCHANOVA1,2,

JALOL DOSCHANOV1,2, SHODLIK IBRAGIMOV1, ABDULLA ISKANDAROV2

1Khorezm Academy of Mamun,

Khiva, Markaz str.1,

UZBEKISTAN

2Urgench State University,

Urgench, Khamid Alimjan str.14,

UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: - We have focused our research on determining whether the timbers used as a building material by the

population today are resistant or nonresistant to termite damage. The main purpose of this was to learn which

types of trees cannot be used as building materials for houses or other structures. In this, we used Salix,

Populus, Aleagnus, Ulmus, Pinus, and Betula wood species. We carried out research both in the laboratory and

in the field (termite nests and residential buildings). In this case, damage by termites of these pieces of wood

placed around termite nests accounts for one year. Salix and Populus wood materials were 86.6±6/50.0±4

percent in laboratory conditions, 93.3±5/90±5 in home, and Pinus and Betula wood materials were 6.6±0.7/0 in

laboratory conditions and 13, 3±2/3.3±0.8 percent in home were damage noted. The causes of serious damage

to wooden materials by termites are mainly due to the increase of humidity and the growth of fungi. When

fungal cultures were isolated from damaged wood and their morphological characteristics were studied, it was

found that wood decay fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium were present. When

studying the content of substances difficult to decompose by enzymes and microorganisms in the wood

materials, it was found lignin that 20.1±0.3% was present in Salix and 41.2±0.3% in Betula wood. It has been

found that in areas with high humidity, wood materials are decomposed by fungi and other microorganisms and

the microorganisms multiply faster, As a result, wood more damage by termites. Lignin and some of its

compounds prevent the growth of microorganisms. Wood materials made from trees belonging to the genera

Pinus and Betula are resistant to termite damage due to their high lignin content.

Key-Words: - termite, feed, wood, house, lignin, microorganism, decomposition, susceptibility, durability.

Uzbekistan, Khorezm

Received: May 2, 2023. Revised: July 19, 2023. Accepted: September 14, 2023. Published: October 10, 2023.

1 Introduction

Termites destroy all wooden elements in various

constructions, such as architectural and cultural

monuments, strategically important constructions,

hydraulic structures and residential and

administrative buildings. One termite family

consisting of 25 thousand individuals and occupying

a space of 100 cm3 consumes an average of 50,000

cm3 of different types of cellulose. Termites are

common in all tropical and warm countries, [1].

They live in a nest built on the ground, forming a

large community consisting of many thousands of

individuals. In structure, the population of the

termite species under consists of three groups,

imagos, larvae and nymphs, each of which has

specific characteristics (size, birth rate, death rate,

gender ratio, spatial distribution and others).

Termites Anacanthotermes (A.turkestanicus and

A.аhngerianus) extend their habitat in urban and

natural ecosystems under the influence of ecological

and human factors. The life of a termite family

begins with nuptial flight, which takes place in the

nests of termites, in spring. The winged male and

female meet in the air; they settle and pair, and then

they prepare a nest, a termitarium, thereby

establishing the foundation of a new colony, [1], [2],

[3], [4]. After landing on the ground, they break

their wings and pair (male, female) termites start

building their chamber at a depth of 3-5 cm and start

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a new family. In termite families found in desert and

forest landscapes of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm

region, their number is from 9,754 to 5,9267, and

67-90% of them are working individuals, [5], [6].

The females are extremely prolific. The ‘queen’ of

A. аhngerianus lays from 800 to 3150 eggs during

one day, and that of A. turkestanicus from 710 to

2175 eggs. The female can live up to several years,

which results in millions of eggs. Anaconthotermes

ahngerianus one-year nest contains 1800-2700

termites, and 15300-18142 termite individuals are

found in families with two or more years of

development. In the course of their development all

termites go through several phases separated by

ecdysis to reach a certain age(castes consisting of

the larva, worker, nymph and pro soldier). The

number of larvae in such families increased from

37.1% (in July) to 54% (in December). The number

of workers was 37% in March, 62.1% at the

beginning of the autumn season, and 40% in

December, [2], [4], [5], [6]. The damage caused by

termites around the world is growing year after year.

Termites cause huge economic losses by infesting

buildings. The countries of Western Africa spend

about 10% of the finance assigned for the repair of

constructions on buildings damaged by termites.

Global economic damage from termites is estimated

at 40 billion US dollars, 80% of the total damage is

caused by underground termites, [7].

Their migration into buildings also depends on

the type of wooden materials of the building.

Experiments conducted in dry forest regions of

Colombia revealed that termite species composition

and numbers were higher in wet regions than in dry

regions. In conclusion, it has been shown that

vegetation cover in wetlands is favorable for termite

development due to its high species composition

and biomass, [8], [9]. Termites do not feed on all

plants, for example: plants can be used to control

them. Such plants include Z.officinale; examples

include A.indica, S.indica, and J.adhatoda, [10],

[11]. They can quickly and easily find and damage

certain plants and wooden parts of the building.

Less damaging to other types of wood materials.

It has been determined that the development of

termites spread in Uzbekistan has a high

temperature and relative humidity of 100% when

the temperature is 250C, [6], [12], [13], so it can be

assumed that termites are more attracted to places

with high humidity of the atmosphere, walls and

ceilings. It has been observed that these factors are

also important in the use of chemical pesticides.

Reculitermes flaxipes and Saptotermes formasanus

The effects of different temperatures on the

effectiveness of indoxacarb and filponil pereparats

against termites were studied. These termite species

are soil dwellers. Experiments were conducted at

temperatures of 16, 22 and 280C. According to the

results of the experiment, termites at a temperature

of 16-220C were observed to die more, [12], [13],

[14], [15].

The effectiveness of chlorfeproin and

chlorantrapyrrol substances from chemical

preparations against termites living underground

was studied and found to be highly effective [8].

Boric acid and sulfur-containing wastes in chemical

control were studied, as well as methods of use in

the control of termites, [16], [17], [18]. The

effectiveness of the microbiological method in the

fight against termites has also been studied. Fungus,

bacteria, and viruses can attack termites and kill

them, [1], [19], [20].

2 Material and Methods

Study area.

The area is lowland located in the Northwestern part

of Uzbekistan, along the lower reaches of the

Amudarya River, between 60’-61’ longitude and

41’-42’ latitude, at 113-138 m above sea level. The

vegetation period of plants is 200–210 days. The

climate is extremely continental, with an average

annual precipitation of 80-90 mm. Average

temperature in January is -50C, in July + 300C, [21],

[22], [23]. The climate of the oasis is greatly

influenced by the deserts of Kyzylkum and

Karakum. The region is in the steppe zone, in the

western part of the Khorezm oasis and in the

southern part of the Aral Sea, 100 m above sea

level. The relief consists of a low plain. It is the old

Amudarya delta and consists of river sediments. The

western and southwestern parts connecting with

Karakum are covered with sand. Of the minerals,

there are limestone, sand, clay and other building

materialsn, [24], [25], [26]. The study of the route

covered all districts of the Khorezm region (Figure

1).

Fig. 1: Location of Khorezm region

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Rasul Ruzmetov, Ikram Abdullaev,

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Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova,

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Methods. Route studies covered almost all

regions of Khorezm egion. Termites of the genus

Anacanthotermes were collected using common

entomological methods and the Exterra device. The

insects were collected every year in spring, summer,

autumn and winter. The termites’ distribution in the

natural and urban zones of Khorezm region. was

determined with the help of GPS.

Route studies covered almost all regions of the

Khorezm region. Termites of the genus

Anacanthotermes were collected using common

entomological methods and the Exterra device, [1],

[5]. The insects were collected every year in spring,

summer, autumn and winter. The termites’

distribution in the natural and urban zones of

Khorezm region. was determined with the help of

GPS.

When collecting the samples the inspected the

galleries in termitaria, mud structures and the soil

surface. Captured at least 50-100 specimens of

termites (larvae, nymphs, soldiers, workers and

imagos) in every gallery. The gathered a total of

10,525 individuals of two termite species,

Anacanthotermes ahngerianus.

Wood materials were taken as an indicator of

termite infestation as their clay plaster formation.

When the mud plastered materials were unplastered,

termite marks were seen inside them. The type of

wooden parts of damaged houses was analyzed. The

type of wood the logs were made from was

determined by asking the owner of the house and

comparing them to logs from a known species in the

laboratory. To determine which types of wood are

most affected, 10 boards of 20x30cm of each type of

tree were prepared in the laboratory from Populus,

Ulmus, Salix, Aleagnus, Pinus, and Betula trees and

installed in 3 replicates in buildings where termites

are common. Samples were examined after 1 year.

Found to be infested with termites.

We selected 586 specimens for microbiological

analysis with the purpose of determination of the

termites' microflora using the common mycological

methods, [8]. Samples for microbiological analysis

were taken from damaged specimens and wooden

parts of the building and analyzed in the laboratory.

Nutrient media for microorganisms were prepared in

the following order:

The media was prepared by mixing 10 ml of

Chapek concentrate with 1 gm of K2HPO4, 30.00

gm of Sucrose, 17.5 gm of Agar and the volume as

completed to 000 ml by Distilled water. The

medium was autoclaved at 121ºC and 15 bar for

15min Microbiological analyzes and sampling

procedure, [27], [28]. It was carried out based on the

methods presented in the literature. The discovered

cultures were identified on the basis of

micromorphological characteristics and using the

automated microorganism identification system

Vitek-60 (manufactured by BioMereux) [1]. We

obtained the biomass and propagated

entomopathogenic fungus using bioreactor

Bioengineering AGat the laboratory of the

Khorezm academy of Mamun.

Morphological characteristics of fungi were

compared with the species present in the laboratory

collection and compared, [27], [29], [30], based on

photographs. Wood’s chemical composition was

determined according to the methods described in,

[31], [32].

3 Results and Discussion

We conducted research in 2022-2023 to determine

which types of trees cannot be used as building

materials. For this purpose, tree pieces placed in

termite nests were counted after 1 year. It was

observed that the inner part of the wooden samples

was damaged more at first. It was observed that the

part of them covered with mud was carried away by

termites. When their outer parts are smeared with

mud, it means that they are infested with termites.

Since termites are secretive organisms, they live a

more active life under watered clay. It was observed

that the wooden samples were also plastered with

clay plaster (Figure 2).

Fig. 2: Specimens of Ropulus tree infested by

termites (with mud plasters removed)

You can see a picture (Figure 3) of a board made

of Poplus wood plastered with mud by termites. It

was found that termites were carrying boards to

their nests under mud plaster. In other parts of this

log house, materials made from different types of

trees were used. Termites damaged only boards

made of poplar wood (Figure 3 a,c). It was found

that when the material made from the Salix tree was

used to cover the building, only that wood was

damaged (Figure 3c).

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Fig. 3: Damage by termites to flooring materials

made from Populus (a,c) Salix (b) trees

You can see a picture of a board made of Poplus

wood plastered with mud by termites. It was found

that termites were carrying boards to their nests

under mud plaster. In other parts of this log house,

materials made from different types of trees were

used. Termites damaged only boards made of poplar

wood (Figure 3a,c). It was found that when the

material made from the Salix tree was used to cover

the building, only that wood was damaged. (Figure

3c)

The degree of damage was studied on the

example of the wood parts of the trees and on the

pieces of trees prepared in the laboratory of different

species (Table 1).

Table 1. Damage rate of wood chips in termite nests

(%)

№

Studied

tree

species

Degree of

damage to

samples

Degree of

damage to the

wooden part of

the house

Salix

86,6±6

93,3±5

Populus

50,0±4

90±5

Aleаgnus

10,0±2

33,3±3

Ulmus

6,6±0.8

16,6±2

Pinus

6,6±0.7

13,3±2

Betula

3,3±0.8

The vast majority of damaged trees have

previously undergone some degree of moisture

damage. It was found that 93.3% of the materials

made from Salix trees, and 86.6% of the

experimental samples were infected. The wooden

parts of the building, made of Populus trees, were

90.0%, and the pieces placed as samples for the

experiment were damaged by 50.0%. Materials from

Aleagnus trees were 33.3% infected, while

experimental samples were 10.0% infected. Ulmus

trees prepared from locally grown trees were

observed to be less infected than others. It was

observed that 16.6% of the materials made from

Ulmus trees used in the construction of the building

were damaged by 6.6% of the samples placed for

the experiment. Materials made from pine trees are

widely used locally. 13.3% of the wooden materials

in the building made of this tree, 6.6% of the

experimental samples were damaged. Among the

studied wood materials, the materials made from

Betula tree were the least affected, accounting for

3.3%. The samples put for the experiment were not

damaged at all. Pure cultures of fungi that appeared

under the influence of moisture in termite-infested

trees were isolated and their morphological

characteristics were studied (Figure 4).

Fig. 4: Morphology of a common fungus in

termite-infested wood

One of the fungi isolated from the wood

material 3 colonies of Figure 4 A-B, gray

conidiabands short, simple, olivaceous. Conidia are

3-6 cross-barred, olive or dark brown, collected in a

chain, easily separated. Their size is 30-50x14-19

µm, 17-22x10-20 µm. Because of this, we found

them to be immature fungi belonging to the genus

Alternaria. The second fungus 4 pictures S-D

Conidia bands are simple, some of them are bud-

like, straight, slightly bent base thickened towards

the top, shiny light brown, up to 200 μm conidia are

one-celled 12-47x4-10 μm elliptical shape, it is a

fungus belonging to the genus Cladosporium we

found.

Discussion

It has been studied that termites cannot digest plants

independently, the digestion process takes place

with the participation of symbiotic microorganisms

living in their intestines, [33], [34]. When feeding

young larvae, worker termites use plants with

special fungi. Some of these fungi enrich food with

various proteins and vitamins, while others

participate in their digestion, [9]. In the colon of

termites, several systematic groups of hermitian

animals were found, [35]. The high importance of

the bacteria in their intestines in termite feeding can

be assumed from the fact that they are found in the

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substrates where termites feed, [36]. When their

nests were dug up and studied, it was found that

many mold fungi were found in the chambers.

These fungi are mostly found in plant fragments

collected as food reserves for termites (Figure 4c).

In different termites’ nests we discovered that the

most common were microorganisms from the

genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. In some cases,

we found micromycetes from the Alternaria

alternate and Cladosporium brevicompactum

(Figure 5).

Fig. 5: A-Colony of white fungal colonies in

termite nest feed stock. B-Fungus-free termite

nest feed stock.

These fungi enter the termites' intestines with

food and participate in the digestion process. Food

is excreted alive in their excrement without being

destroyed in the digestive system. These fungi are

involved in the decomposition of substances

resistant to the action of enzymes that are difficult to

digest in the intestines of termites.

The content of lignin substances, which are difficult

to decompose by enzymes and microorganisms, and

the amount of cellulose, which termites happily feed

on, in the composition of wood materials was

studied. It is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. The content of cellulose and lignin in wood

materials (% of the dry mass of the plant)

№

The name of the

wood material

Cellulose

Lignin

Salix

57,3 ±0.5

20.1±0.3

Populus

53.1±0.3

22.3±0.2

Aleagnus

50.1±0.2

23.7±0.6

Ulmus

44.3±0.2

25.2±0.5

Pinus

40.2±0.4

36.2±0.2

Betula

36.4±0.3

41.2±0.3

The amount of cellulose and lignin in the wood

material is also considered as one of the factors that

determine the susceptibility to damage by termites,

because termites like wood decayed by

microorganisms, especially fungi. It has been

studied that termites cause more damage in places

with high humidity, [13]. High humidity accelerates

the process of decomposition of wood materials by

fungi and other microorganisms and the process of

reproduction of microorganisms, which increases

the susceptibility of materials to damage by

termites. The rate of decomposition of wood

materials by microorganisms depends on the

substances contained in them. For example: some

compounds of lignin can inhibit the growth of

microorganisms, [8], [37], therefore, wood with a

high lignin content is less susceptible to termite

damage. The lignin in the building is gradually

decomposed by the microorganisms that keep the

wooden parts of the building constantly moist, [38],

lignin-degrading fungi have been identified, [39],

[40], [41], [42], [43]. Lignin decomposition

processes are very slow, therefore, even trees with a

high content of lignin, which have been in moisture

and sufficient temperature for a long time, can begin

to be actively decomposed by cellulose-

decomposing fungi and damaged by termites. Lesser

amounts of lignin can be broken down by

microorganisms in termite guts, [34], [44], [45],

[46]. In addition to lignin, the presence of

substances that reduce the activity of

microorganisms in the wood made from trees

belonging to the genus Betula has been determined,

[46], [47], [48]. Building materials made from this

wood are less likely to be damaged by termites due

to the presence of substances that inhibit the activity

of microorganisms. In our experiments, it was found

that these wooden materials are damaged in very old

houses that are not protected from rain.

4 Conclusion

Termites, when choosing food, first found wood

parts that had been exposed to moisture and fungi

and fed on them. For this purpose, when wood

materials are decomposed by fungi, termites first

damage that wood material. In the conditions of

Uzbekistan, wood materials made from Poplus and

Salix trees are prone to damage by termites. It was

found that wooden materials made from imported

Pinus, Betula, and Ulmus trees growing in

Uzbekistan are less damaged. In the conditions of

Uzbekistan, we recommend not to use building

materials made from Salix, Populus trees in areas

where termites are common.

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.92

Rasul Ruzmetov, Ikram Abdullaev,

Muzaffar Bekchanov, Shirin Atajanova,

Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova,

Jalol Doschanov, Shodlik Ibragimov, Abdulla Iskandarov

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

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Muzaffar Bekchanov, Shirin Atajanova,

Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova,

Jalol Doschanov, Shodlik Ibragimov, Abdulla Iskandarov

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.92

Rasul Ruzmetov, Ikram Abdullaev,

Muzaffar Bekchanov, Shirin Atajanova,

Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova,

Jalol Doschanov, Shodlik Ibragimov, Abdulla Iskandarov

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

985

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Contribution of Individual Authors to the

Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting

Policy)

Rasul Ruzmetov and other authors conceived of the

presented idea. Zafar Matyakubov developed the

theory and performed the computations. Other

authors verified the analytical methods. All authors

discussed the results and contributed to the final

manuscript. All authors contributed to the article

and approved the submitted version.

Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a

Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself

No funding was received for conducting this study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)

This article is published under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.92

Rasul Ruzmetov, Ikram Abdullaev,

Muzaffar Bekchanov, Shirin Atajanova,

Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova,

Jalol Doschanov, Shodlik Ibragimov, Abdulla Iskandarov

E-ISSN: 2224-3496

986

Volume 19, 2023