Sustainable Development of Beggars Handling Systems in Indonesia:
A Case Study in Medan City
HUSNI THAMRIN1*, HATTA RIDHO1, FAIZ ALBAR NASUTION1,
FAJAR UTAMA RITONGA1, IZZAH DIENILLAH SARAGIH2
1Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan,
INDONESIA
2Faculty of Public Health,
Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan,
INDONESIA
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - The phenomenon of poverty in Indonesia has implications for social problems, such as the problem
of homeless people and beggars. This study aims to examine the System for Handling Beggars in Indonesia:
Case Studies in Medan City and provide strategic planning as the primary measure of sustainable development
in handling beggars in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative research methodology with a descriptive
approach. Preliminary data were obtained from in-depth interviews and observations. The data and information
needed were obtained directly by informants from the Medan City Government and stakeholders. Secondary
data is received as processed data from authorized individuals and agencies through reports and scientific
publications. Sustainable Development of Beggars Handling Systems, The Medan City Government carries out
an integrated service program through monitoring, Handling, and Coaching. The beggar surveillance system is
carried out to inspect and monitor beggars' operating places. Monitoring activities are not aimed at securing
beggars and taking further action. Through an investigation into the handling of beggars to find out which
beggars deserve to be put in a rehabilitation center returned to their families, and beggars suspected of having
committed a crime. The beggar guidance system is still experiencing problems because the Medan City
Government organizes no rehabilitation center. The existence of rehabilitation centers is an important thing
used to accommodate beggars, and minimal infrastructure will hinder the process of empowering beggars.
Key-Words: Sustainable Development, Beggars Handling, Indonesia
Received: March 29, 2023. Revised: June 28, 2023. Accepted: August 28, 2023. Published: September 20, 2023.
1 Introduction
Poverty is still a significant problem in Indonesia. In
2021, 10.1% of the population live below the
national poverty line, [1]. In 2018, 73.9 million
people, or 30% of the population, were poor or
vulnerable to falling back into poverty, [2]. The
causes of poverty in Indonesia are very diverse. One
of the leading causes is the stability of food prices,
especially rice, a staple food in Indonesia, [3]. Other
factors include low income, low labor force
participation, high household burden, and low
enthusiasm to produce goods and services due to
low commodity prices, [4], [5]. The COVID-19
pandemic has also exacerbated poverty in Indonesia,
with many people out of work and struggling to
make ends meet.
The phenomenon of poverty in Indonesia has
implications for social problems, such as the
problem of homeless people and beggars, [6]. These
problems are often encountered in various big cities
in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya,
Palembang, and Batam. These problems are due to
the unavailability of jobs, the lack of a sense of
wanting to do business, the lack of community
skills, and the existence of urbanization and unequal
regional development. Homeless people and beggars
present new societal problems, such as theft and
other crimes. So, this problem must be adequately
resolved not to harm the community.
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Husni Thamrin, Hatta Ridho,
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Izzah Dienillah Saragih
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The phenomenon of poverty evident in society
is that we often encounter homeless people and
beggars roaming public places, residential areas, and
other strategic places that allow them to carry out
their activities. Homeless people and beggars are
common, particularly in big cities in Indonesia. Of
course, this needs to get the attention of various
parties for intensive handling because it is a social
problem. According to, [7], the causes of the
emergence of homeless people and beggars can
come from the individual (internal) or outside the
individual (external). Internally because of poverty,
age, low education, low skills, lack of parental
consent, and the mental attitude of everyone.
Meanwhile, externally, due to hydrological
conditions, agriculture, infrastructure, access to
information, business capital, and situations that are
still primitive in urban society, as well as the lack of
handling of homeless people and beggars in the city.
Medan City is a Metropolitan City in Indonesia;
until now, there have been many social problems,
especially the problem of homeless people and
beggars. It is a concern of the government and
society to be able to deal with homeless people and
beggars. The Regional Regulation of Medan City
prohibiting homeless people and beggars, which is
implemented in handling homeless people and
beggars, alleviates poverty problems that often
occur in Medan City. Poverty is when a person or
group does not have access to or basic needs for a
decent life, such as food, clean water, clothing,
housing, education, and health services. A lack of
income or assets, vulnerability to natural disasters or
conflict, and social or economic discrimination
usually cause poverty. Poverty can affect physical
and mental health, education, career prospects,
social, and decent life in general. Therefore, poverty
alleviation is one of the most significant challenges
for society and governments worldwide, [8].
Previous studies have examined the implications
for policy, rehabilitation, and social reintegration of
beggars and people with low incomes in Abakaliki,
Nigeria, [9]. A different study examined the feelings
and livelihoods of street beggars in urban areas in
Central Tanzania, particularly in Dodoma and
Singida Townships, [10]. Another study focused on
better understanding the experience of begging in
public spaces, exploring the psychological and
social factors associated with street begging, [11].
This field experiment examined the relationship
between self-awareness, violation of personal space,
and helping behavior in the context of a beggar
asking for alms, [12]. Finally, this literature review
comes from an exploratory study on begging with
disabilities in Ethiopia. The study addresses the
social and economic inclusion of people with
disabilities, poverty reduction, and social protection,
[13].
A previous study conducted in Indonesia on the
street begging handling system in Medan City found
that the current approach has yet to be practical,
[14]. Another study conducted in 2022 found that
there are still differences in social rehabilitation
services for homeless people and beggars in
Indonesia, [15]. A study conducted in Semarang
City aimed to analyze the welfare problems of
Indonesian society, especially in Semarang City.
The city faces many problems handling vagrants
and beggars, [16]. A study conducted in 2020 aimed
to identify variations in the characteristics and
spatial distribution of beggars in Sanglah, Denpasar
City, and found that beggars in this area were
divided into Muslims and Hindus, and the paths of
beggars differed in the places of worship visited,
[17].
Overall, the previous literature only shows
beggars with different feelings, experiences,
behaviors, and rehabilitation services. This study
differs from previous studies by aiming to examine
the Beggar Handling System in Medan City and
provide strategic planning as a critical step of
sustainable development in handling beggars.
Through the Social Service Office of Medan City,
the Medan City Government has made various
efforts to deal with vagrants and beggars based on
Medan City Regional Regulation No. 5/2015 on
Poverty Alleviation. However, there are still
challenges in providing sustainable access to
protection for people experiencing homelessness
and beggars in Medan City, [18]. This research is
expected to benefit the handling of beggars in
various parts of the world, especially in Indonesia.
This research explains the development of a
sustainable beggar handling system initiated by the
Medan City Government with an integrated service
program through monitoring, handling, and
coaching.
2 Literature Review
2.1 Poverty Phenomena
Poverty is a phenomenon that has existed
throughout human history and has changed in
significance over time, [19]. A lack of access to
basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and
healthcare characterizes it. Poverty can also lead to
poor health, low education or skills, and an inability
or unwillingness to work. In many industrialized
countries, particular demographic groups are
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vulnerable to long-term poverty, such as those living
in city ghettos or regions bypassed by industry.
Poverty erodes economic and social rights such as
the right to health, adequate housing, food, and safe
water, and the right to education, [20]. The cycle of
poverty is a phenomenon where low-income
families become impoverished for at least three
generations, [21].
There are several literature reviews on poverty
phenomena. One study systematically organizes
relative poverty research from three aspects:
connotation, identification method, and resolution
mechanism, [22]. Another review examines the
consequences of poverty on economic decision-
making and the psychological aspects of poverty,
[23]. A qualitative case study of people in poverty in
a rural district in Eastern Zambia explores poverty
as a social phenomenon, [24]. Another review essay
argues that poverty is a widespread global
phenomenon with pervasive effects, [25]. Finally, a
literature review on urban poverty from a
sociological perspective describes the phenomenon
of poverty in urban areas, [26].
2.2 Beggars and Homeless
Beggars and homeless people are essential to
society and often go unnoticed. Previous studies
have shown the situation of beggars, homeless
people, and refugees, [27]. Studies have shown that
begging is a hopeful occupation for people
experiencing homelessness and a means of survival.
However, the scope of analysis of begging among
people without housing is limited, and most of it is
shown as a minor aspect of homelessness, [28].
Money given to beggars is likely to be spent on
drugs or alcohol, and giving directly to shelters is a
better way to help people without homes, [29].
Hyderabad is the subject of research on beggars, and
the study shows that beggars denote a situation
where a person cannot support himself, [30]. A
literature review on disabled beggars in Ethiopia
shows that they face many challenges, including
discrimination, social exclusion, and poverty, [13].
Understanding the root causes of begging and
homelessness is vital to tackling this problem
effectively. The literature on beggars and the
homeless highlights the need for a comprehensive
approach that includes the provision of shelter,
education, and employment opportunities to help
them become self-sufficient. It is crucial to
recognize the dignity of beggars and homeless
people and provide them with the support they need
to lead better lives.
2.3 Sustainable Development in Poverty
Alleviation
Sustainable development is a fundamental approach
to poverty alleviation. The United Nations' 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development includes a key
goal of eradicating extreme poverty for everyone by
2030, [31]. Poverty alleviation has been a
cornerstone of development strategies for decades,
but a new paradigm rooted in sustainable
development may be the answer, [32]. The research
perspectives, methods, and subject integration of
studies on poverty reduction have significantly been
developed with the advance of practice in the 21st
century, [33]. Rural development and agricultural
productivity growth are crucial for poverty
reduction, [34]. Poverty alleviation through
environmental protection, strengthening livelihood
strategies, and community resilience are essential
approaches to sustainable development, [35].
3 Method
This research uses a qualitative research
methodology with a descriptive approach. This
method uses statements to describe events
experienced by research subjects, such as behavior,
perceptions, interests, motives, and behavior, to
understand them better. Qualitative descriptive
research is a problem formulation that guides
research to explore or discover social conditions that
will be carried out thoroughly, [36]. This research
focuses on the Sustainable Development of the
Beggar Handling System in Indonesia: A Case
Study in Medan City. This research aims to explore
the experiences and perspectives of beggars, explore
social and economic factors, gain insights into
countermeasures, and identify barriers and
challenges in handling beggars in Medan City.
Furthermore, this research will elaborate on how
the Medan City Government launched the
establishment of a sustainable handling system with
an integrated service program through monitoring,
handling, and development. In-depth interviews and
observations generated primary data. Important data
and information were obtained from informants, 20
beggars, the Medan City Government, and NGOs
concerned about and understanding the problem of
begging in Medan City. Secondary data was also
needed to complement the data collection results for
the empirical study. Secondary data was obtained
from authorized individuals and institutions through
scientific papers, reports, and publications. The
previously collected data and information were
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carefully controlled to produce the information
needed for the study results, [37].
4 Results
The city of Medan has quite complex problems
related to beggars. Medan City Beggars are easy to
find in city corners and crowded centers. The
Medan City Government, through the Civil Service
Police Unit, claims that most beggars who carry out
begging activities in Medan City are primarily
residents of Medan City. On several occasions, the
Civil Service Police Unit found beggars carrying out
begging by "cheating." Beggars’ activities in Medan
today do not only arise due to economic pressure
alone. Several findings in the field show that the
significant income from begging activities makes
many people choose to begin in Medan City rather
than pursue other business sectors.
Not infrequently, many beggars aim to attract
society's sympathy so that they want to give money
to themselves—findings of cash Rp. 37,00,000.00 is
one of the many begging phenomena found in
Medan. In field observation activities, researchers
found older women who carried out begging
activities with the knowledge of their relatives. His
begging activities were carried out at one of the
significant worship locations in Medan City. In a
day, the beggar earns Rp. 50,000. Up to Rp. 75,000.
per typical day, and this number will increase when
religious holidays arrive.
Research observations also found groups of
children who carried out begging activities at
shopping locations in the Simpang Limun area.
Astir (not his real name) is a child forced to live
with his two younger brothers after his parents
divorced. Astir lives by renting a house in the
Student Street area, Medan City. Astir does his
begging after coming home from school. He did this
begging activity to make a living and pay for school
for himself and his two younger siblings. Astir and
his two younger siblings could earn Rp in one
begging activity Rp. 40,000.00 to Rp. 100,000.00. If
the visitors to the shopping area are crowded
(usually when religious holidays arrive), Astir's and
his two younger siblings' income will increase.
Beggars who operate in Medan City are only
partially beggars domiciled in Medan City. Many
urbanites from various areas outside Medan City
choose to beg in Medan City because they consider
the income from begging in Medan City quite
promising. Asiani is one of the many beggars who
come to Medan to pray. Coming from Deli Serdang
Regency, Asiani's grandmother walked through the
residents' housing around Jalan Jamin Ginting,
Padang Bulan Village, Medan City. At her
vulnerable age, Asiani's grandmother had to beg to
help her children meet the family's needs. Asiani's
grandmother carried out her begging activities from
10.00 AM to 4.00 PM. According to Asiani's
grandmother, the income she gets from praying in
the city of Medan is quite good. He earned Rp.
20,000. Up to Rp. 50,000.
The Medan City Government, through the Civil
Service Police Unit, stated that the problems of
commuters who work as beggars in Medan City are
as disturbing as beggars who come from Medan
City itself. Their existence is alarming to the
community, especially the community as road users,
traders, and office owners. However, public
attention to the problem of beggars in Medan City
still needs to be more profound. This is evident
because many people still give money to beggars.
Every time they carry out raids, the Civil Service
Police Unit always finds various styles of begging
by beggars to attract the public's sympathy and give
them money when they pray. Even though the facts
on the ground also found that many beggars with
physical limitations carry out begging.
Table 1. Activities of raids on homeless people and
beggars in Medan City in 2016-2020
No
Year
Homeless
Total
Activities
1
2016
7
13
2
2017
7
14
3
2018
8
16
4
2019
8
16
5
2020
9
17
Source: [14], [38]
As a metropolitan city, the problem of begging
is a classic problem that is difficult to solve. The
various raids carried out do not make beggars
deterred by what they do. The data in Table 1 above
corresponds to a previous study that found that
routine raids on homeless individuals and beggars in
Medan City occur an average of 15 times yearly,
[14]. Previous research also found that most beggars
arrested by the Civil Service Police Unit returned to
begging activities after release, [39]. These beggars
engage in begging activities for various reasons,
such as limited abilities, limited education, no
capital to open a business, and no jobs in other
sectors that can provide higher income than
begging. This makes many beggars feel no deterrent
even though the Pamong Praja Police Unit has
arrested them.
In carrying out the control, the Medan City
Government must work with others. The city
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government needs to be able to handle the problem
of beggars in Medan City. This is due to the need
for regulations that can guide the city government in
independently solving the problem of beggars from
upstream to downstream. In addition, the limited
facilities and funds owned only support the
completion of the problem of beggars partially by
the city government, [40]. As we know before,
beggars in Medan occur due to various motives. Not
only compulsion, but beggars in Medan also carry
out begging activities. Begging is considered an
economic activity that can generate large profits,
even though many beggars are still in their
productive age. This makes many people vie to
become beggars with various styles and attributes
that attract public sympathy.
The Medan City Government is aware of the
various modus operandi being used by beggars in
Medan City today to attract people's attention, so
they want to give their money. However, regardless
of the mode and background that encourages
beggars to carry out begging activities, begging
activities are illegal in Medan. Through Regional
Regulation of the City of Medan, Number 6 of 2003
concerning the Prohibition of homelessness and
Begging and the Practice of Morality in the City of
Medan strictly prohibits any activity that seeks to
influence or cause compassion for other people
which is carried out by vagrancy or begging. Even
strictly in Article 1 of Medan City Regional
Regulation No. 6 of 2003, the Medan City
Government classifies busking activities as begging
activities.
4.1 Beggar Monitoring System
The concept of integrated services is used to address
the problem of beggars in Medan. Several
administrative issues drive the city government to
use this work system. One issue is the lack of a
rehabilitation site held by the City of Medan. The
Medan City Council continues to use the PMKS
rehabilitation center of the Regional Technical
Implementation Unit (UPTD) Balai Pungai
Sejahtera Binjai as a rehabilitation location for
Persons with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS). As
a result, before engaging in beggar-handling actions,
the Civil Service Police Unit and the Medan City
Social Service must first get data on the number of
PMKS that the UPTD Pungai Sejahtera can
accommodate.
The Civil Service Police Unit, the Medan City
Social Service, and the UPTD Pungai Sejahtera
collaborate with the local Police. By Article 504 of
the Criminal Code (KUHP), which makes begging a
crime, the Civil Service Police Unit and the Medan
City Social Service must immediately contact the
Police in dealing with beggars. Supervision will be
carried out to inspect and monitor the status of sites
frequented by beggars for begging operations.
Beggars spotted begging while under observation
will be detained and transported to the Social
Services office for guidance and data collecting.
Monitoring activities are not primarily intended
to secure beggars and take further action, such as
transferring them to UPTD Pungai Sejahtera for
rehabilitation. Monitoring efforts are mainly focused
on providing stimulation and a deterrent effect to
beggars who are apprehended so that they no longer
beg in Medan. The supervision activities are
outlined in Medan City Regional Regulation No. 6
of 2003 concerning Medan's Prohibition of
Homeless and Begging and Moral Practices.
Unfortunately, Medan City Regional Regulation No.
6 of 2003 does not specify how the relevant
agencies must carry out the procedures for
implementing oversight, [40].
Table 2. Number of street beggars caught in raids in
2016-2020
No
Year
Number of Beggars
1
2016
73
2
2017
65
3
2018
63
4
2019
60
5
2020
57
Source: [14], [38]
Previous research, as shown in Table 2, has
revealed that the number of vagrants and beggars
apprehended each year varies, with the extent of the
raids influencing this. Surveillance in the field is
carried out through raids led by social services. The
Civil Service Police Unit, the Police, and numerous
other law enforcement officers were invited to
participate in this action. The exercise will begin
with a meeting to select the raid's location, target,
and timing. Beggars who are spotted begging on the
streets will be arrested. Following the arrest, the
appropriate apparatus will gather beggars captured
at the social service office or other agreed-upon
sites.
Raids are frequently carried out more
aggressively when the public complains about
beggars in their neighborhood, when religious
holidays are approaching, or when events require
the location to be free of begging operations. The
size of Medan City, which spans 265.10 km2 and is
divided into 21 sub-districts, makes optimal
oversight challenging. The Medan City Social
Service often must wait for reports from the public
and other authorities before moving to allegedly
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begging areas so that surveillance actions can catch
beggars as efficiently as possible. Efforts to deal
with beggars through supervision will only be
effective and efficient if the community participates,
[41], [42].
4.2 Beggars Handling System
The city government of Medan cannot act against
beggars at an early age because of the Child
Protection Act. The Protection Act in question is
Law Number 23 of 2002, with the consideration that
the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia
guarantees welfare for each of its citizens, including
the protection of children's rights, which are human
rights. So, the mechanism used in dealing with
beggars at an early age will differ from handling
beggars at an adult age. In addition, many cases in
the field require special procedures for handling
underage beggars. They sometimes must be sent
directly to a rehabilitation center because they do
not have precise demographic data while waiting for
their family to pick them up.
Medan City Government, through Medan City
Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2003 concerning the
Prohibition of Homeless and Begging and Moral
Practices in Medan City, has created a mechanism
for investigating beggars caught red-handed during
raids. In this investigative activity, the Social
Service can find out which beggars deserve to be
admitted to a rehabilitation center, sent back to their
families, beggars who only collect data, and beggars
who are suspected of having committed crimes
handed over to the Civil Service Police. This is like
if, during a raid, officers in the field found underage
children begging either alone or in groups. The
prevalence of beggars at an early age and elderly
beggars is a social problem that the government
must pay attention to. The thing that the government
should pay attention to is child begging, the right of
children who should get an education and a decent
life, but they must make a living on the street in a
way that should not be appropriate for a child,
namely, to become a beggar.
4.3 Beggar Development System
Coaching is an effort made by the Medan City
government to handle the problem of beggars by
Medan City Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2003
concerning the Prohibition of Homeless and
Begging and Moral Practices in the City of Medan;
supervision and coaching activities cannot be
separated from one another. However, in practice
coaching activities, its implementation still has
obstacles. The Medan City Government currently
does not have a rehabilitation center that can be
used as a means of empowering beggars caught in
raids. In Medan City, Regional Regulation No. 6 of
2003 concerning the Prohibition of Homeless and
Begging and Moral Practices in the City of Medan
has mandated that the implementation of coaching
must be carried out in an integrated manner.
Therefore, until now, the Pungai Sejahtera UPTD is
still the only partner of the Medan City Government
to carry out rehabilitation efforts for PMKS who
were caught during raids.
Currently, the Pungai Sejahtera UPTD can only
accommodate 600 people, with working areas
covering Medan City, Langkat Regency, Binjai
City, Deli Serdang Regency, and Karo Regency.
This clearly cannot accommodate all the beggars
from raids carried out by the relevant agencies
belonging to the five regencies/cities. Therefore, the
Medan City government is very selective in sending
beggars from attacks to the Pungai Sejahtera UPTD
so that the services provided can be maximized and
on target. The existence of a rehabilitation center is
an important thing that is used to accommodate
beggars after the Raids. The presence of minimal
rehabilitation homes will hinder the process of
empowering beggars. In addition to the existence of
rehabilitation centers, the lack of facilities and
infrastructure is also an obstacle to empowering
beggars caught in raids.
5 Discussion
The concept of sustainable development strives to
combine economic, social, and environmental
sustainability. Its goal is to bring prosperity and
well-being to the residents of the city. Sustainable
development can impact social development,
poverty alleviation, and inequality. As a result, the
Sustainable Development System may have
ramifications for how the Medan City Government
interacts with beggars, but additional research is
required to investigate this topic further.
The deployment of a monitoring system for
beggars has numerous consequences. On the one
hand, it can aid in regulating and managing begging,
which is frequently linked to homelessness and
social isolation. However, this might harm society
because it can lead to the categorization and
stigmatization of beggars. Furthermore, the
effectiveness of such a system will be determined by
community involvement and project review. Before
instituting any monitoring system, evaluating the
underlying causes of begging, such as poverty and a
lack of social safety nets, is critical. Finally, any
system should strive to address the core reasons for
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Husni Thamrin, Hatta Ridho,
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Izzah Dienillah Saragih
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the appeal and aid those in need rather than simply
regulating behaviors.
The repercussions of the beggar development
system are numerous and diverse. While begging
can be a method of life for some people in
underdeveloped nations, it can also harm global
society. In poor countries, a lack of appropriate
planning may contribute to the predominance of
begging. Furthermore, children's involvement in
begging may be the outcome of poverty. Overall,
the beggar development system emphasizes the
importance of effective poverty reduction measures
and support networks to address the underlying
causes of begging and destitution.
6 Conclusion
Social problems, especially the problem of homeless
people and beggars, are enough to demand the
attention of the government and society to be able to
deal with homeless people and beggars. Handling of
homeless and beggars is a challenge for
policymakers because the problems are so complex;
one example is the presence of beggars operating in
Medan City who are only partially beggars
domiciled in Medan City. Many urbanites from
various areas outside Medan City choose to beg in
Medan City because they consider the income from
begging in Medan City quite promising. The Medan
City Government is aware of the various modus
operandi used by beggars in Medan City today to
attract people's attention, so they want to give their
money. Sustainable Development of Beggars
Handling Systems, The Medan City Government
carries out an integrated service program through
monitoring, Handling, and Coaching.
The beggar monitoring system is carried out to
check and monitor the status of places frequently
visited by beggars for begging operations.
Monitoring activities are not solely aimed at
securing beggars and taking further action. In
addition, the system for handling beggars carries out
thorough investigations to find out which beggars
are eligible to be put in a rehabilitation center,
returned to their families, beggars who are only
recorded, and beggars who are suspected of
committing criminal acts who are handed over to the
Civil Service Police. The beggar guidance system is
still experiencing problems because the Medan City
Government organizes no rehabilitation center. The
existence of a rehabilitation center is an important
thing that is used to accommodate beggars after the
raids. The presence of minimal rehabilitation homes
will hinder the process of empowering beggars.
The limitation of this research is that it only
explains how the Medan City Government carries
out the system of handling beggars through an
integrated service program of monitoring, handling,
and coaching. Future research should look at the
potential for rehabilitation by emphasizing mental
and skills development for beggars. Future
responses to begging aim to understand better the
complex social, economic, and psychological
factors that contribute to the practice of begging, as
well as identify practical and ethical approaches to
addressing this issue.
Acknowledgments:
Researchers would like to thank the Research
Institute of the University of North Sumatra for
providing the funds to conduct this research
properly. The Talenta Program year 2022 supports
this research through the Government Collaborative
Research Scheme.
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Faiz Albar Nasution, Fajar Utama Ritonga,
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Faiz Albar Nasution, Fajar Utama Ritonga,
Izzah Dienillah Saragih
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.84
Husni Thamrin, Hatta Ridho,
Faiz Albar Nasution, Fajar Utama Ritonga,
Izzah Dienillah Saragih
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
889
Volume 19, 2023
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
-Husni Thamrin and Hatta Ridho provided the idea,
conceptualization, and framework of the research.
-Faiz Albar Nasution has implemented the concept
and described the research phenomenon.
-Fajar Utama Ritonga has improved grammar in
social academia.
-Izzah Dienillah Saragih organized and laid out and
searched for secondary data.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
Researchers would like to thank the Research
Institute of the University of North Sumatra for
providing the funds to conduct this research
properly. The Talenta Program year 2022 supports
this research through the Government Collaborative
Research Scheme.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.84
Husni Thamrin, Hatta Ridho,
Faiz Albar Nasution, Fajar Utama Ritonga,
Izzah Dienillah Saragih
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
890
Volume 19, 2023