The First Record of Nematodes in Ostriches
(Struthio Camelus Linnaeus, 1758) of Uzbekistan
SOHIBA IBRAGIMOVA1,2*, LOLA GANDJAEVA1,2, IKRAM ABDULLAEV1,2,
MOXIRAXON BEKCHANOVA2
1Khorezm Mamun Academy,
Markaz Str., 1. Khiva, 220900, Khorezm region,
UZBEKISTAN
2Urgench State University,
Hamid Olimjon Str.,14, Urgench, 220100, Khorezm region,
UZBEKISTAN
*Corresponding Author
Abstract: - Breeding of ostriches is a recently developed sector of venter production in the Khorezm region of
Uzbekistan and it is still a young poultry industry. Ostriches have acclimatized approximately since 2015 in
Uzbekistan. From this time and until recently, so little exploration has been performed on ostriches and any
parasitic species of ostriches have not been researched in Uzbekistan. The objective of the exploration is to
define the first findings of two species of nematodes in ostriches (Struthio Camelus) introduced in the
Kushkupir district, the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan. The main target of the exploration was to identify the
first findings of some nematodes found in ostriches on the farm called “Ibrat-Ruzmat” located in the Kushkupir
district, the Khorezm region, Uzbekistan. We recognized the incidence of nematodes in farmed ostriches during
the time of conserving and growing ostriches. A total of 15 ostriches from which 15 ostriches (7 were males
and 8 females) were over 3 years old with an average weight of 120 kg in the farm named “Ibrat -Ruzmat”
were selected for the research from September 2021 to February 2022. Fecal samples gathered from the farm
were sent to a laboratory named “Preventing the Spread of Termites and Fighting against them” in Khorezm
Mamun Academy, Khiva, Uzbekistan. The parasites determined for the first time in farmed ostriches were
nematodes including Libyostrongylus douglassii and Libyostrongylus dentatus. Our findings demonstrate a
high prevalence of Libyostrongylus spp. in ostriches on a farm located in the Kushkupir district, the Khorezm
region, Uzbekistan. Studying ostriches’ nematodes and further developing measures against them is important.
Key-Words: - Helminths, nematode, ostrich, imported, Libyostrongylus douglassii, Libyostrongylus dentatus
Received: November 8, 2022. Revised: March 6, 2023. Accepted: March 28, 2023. Published: April 27, 2023.
1 Introduction
The ostriches (Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758)
are the strongest birds pertaining to the ratites, [1],
[2]. Ostriches came from Africa and the profit-
oriented raising of ostriches has attained economic
significance, over the world because of the ability
of these birds to accommodate various climates and
their lucrative agricultural potential, [2], [3].
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) farming was
commenced as a money-oriented work for the
manufacture of feathers, [4], [5], in the 19th
century. At the beginning of the 20th century, there
have been more international concerns about
raising ostriches considered a multi-processing
business for the outputs of high-quality feathers,
leather, and meat, [1], [4]. Ostrich farms considered
one of the most preponderant agricultural
projections giving a steady income has become
widespread throughout the universe, [1], [5]. Over
time, domestic production of ostriches is rooted in
many countries including Argentina, Australia, the
USA, Egypt, [5], Brazil, [2], [6], Croatia, [7], the
United States, [3], Spain, [4].
Currently, the prospect of ostrich farming
outside Africa is inaccurate because of several
circumstances embodying a scant market and
erroneous revenue prophecy, [4], and atmospheric
conditions which are a limitation for commercially
successful farming, [1]. One of the usual issues in
the breeding of ostriches in captivity is the
management of parasitic ailments, notably
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Sohiba Ibragimova, Lola Gandjaeva,
Ikram Abdullaev, Moxiraxon Bekchanova
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engendered by parasites as an influence on
production, morbidity, and mortality, [2], [3].
Despite the increasing interest in ostrich farming,
little is known about ostrich parasites, [4]. Multiple
species can parasitize ostriches, including
nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, protozoa, and
others, [2], [6], [8]. Nematodes are considered the
main limitations of the growth of ostriches, [2].
Although veterinary controls are available in
importing countries, [4], poor management and a
lack of sanitation are the factors that contribute to
parasite infection, [8].
Libyostrongylus sp. was probably input into
Uzbekistan when farmed ostriches were brought
from abroad (chiefly Africa) in about 2015. Based
on the money-making callings of farmers and
businessmen in breeding ostriches, now Uzbek
farmers have farmed ostriches to gain more high-
quality products since about 2015 years. Basic and
the most essential step before performing
convenient surveillance measures is to be informed
what parasites can be detected in ostriches.
Commonly, parasites are investigated poorly in
these birds in countries that are sourcing them from
abroad, [4]. The best strategy for escaping
forthcoming economic prejudice and infection is to
foreclose the entry of the parasites into the swarm,
[16].
Nematodes of the genus Libyostrongylus Lane,
1923, encompasses Libyostrongylus douglassii
Lane, 1923, Libyostrongylus dentatus Hobert,
Lloyd & Omar, 1995, Libyostrongylus magnus
Gilbert 1937, [2], [12], [14], [16], [18], and each of
which can cause infection in the proventriculus of
ostriches, [16]. Libyostrongylus douglassii is
situated under the koilin layer, when it comes to
Libyostrongylus dentatus, it can be detected within
the koilin layer, [16]. Beforehand, these two
species had been informed to be situated under the
koilin layer, [16]. Libyostrongylus douglassii was
mentioned in Brazil, [12], [14], [16], [18],
Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, [4], Greece,
[19], South Africa, [20], and it was reported by
[16], that this species was not determined in Asian
and Antarctica until 2015. In 2020, [5], explored
ostriches brought by Baron Friedrich Edward Falz-
Fein as an experiment in Ukraine and rooted in the
Askania-Nova estate. Libyostrongylus dentatus was
recorded in North America, [3], Brazil, [12], [14],
[16], [18]. Based on the data given by Nicole Brand
Ederli, Libyostrongylus magnus has been identified
solely in South Africa, [2].
The basic goal of the research was to describe
the first findings of some nematodes detected in
ostriches imported on the farm called “Ibrat-
Ruzmat” located in the Kushkupir district,
Khorezm region, Uzbekistan during 2021–2022.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
The exploration was investigated from September
2021 to February 2022 on the “Ibrat-Ruzmat” farm
situated in the Kushkupir district, Khorezm region.
Khorezm region is one of the northern regions of
Uzbekistan, [21]. The Khorezm is one of the oases
of the great historic civilizations of Central Asia,
fed by the ancient river Oxus, today the Amu Darya
River, [22]. The earth’s field is 6.1 thousand square
km and acquires 1.4% of the space of Uzbekistan
(Fig.1.).
Fig.1: Geographic localization of the Kushkupir
district in the Khorezm region.
According to the geographical location of the
province, it is located between 40 0-310 and 42 0
north latitudes and 60 0-62 0 east longitudes. Its
territory is 280 km from northwest to southeast, and
80 km from west to east in the width of the city of
Urgench. The climate is sharply continental with
very cold winters (up to -410C), hot (+25 and +300
), and very hot summers (up to +450C). The
average annual temperature of the oasis is +13.90C,
and +150C in the southern part of the oasis. Due to
its location in the desert zone, the climate is dry,
[21].
2.2 Study Animals
This investigation was conducted on 15 farmed
ostriches inhabiting a small private ostrich farm
situated in the Khorezm region, the name of the
farm is “Ibrat -Ruzmat” in the Kushkupir district. 1
hectare of the sandy place in the Kushkupir district
has been allocated where conditions similar to
African savannas have been created on this farm.
The length of the field where ostriches walk and are
surrounded by a wooden fence is about 70-100
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meters and the width is about 20-25 meters. In
total, 15 ostriches were examined for the existence
of nematodes with the help of fresh fecal specimens
taken in the early hours of the day.
2.3 Collection of Fecal Samples of Ostriches
on the Farm
Fresh fecal specimens were agglomerated from
every ostrich in the forenoon making use of plastic
vials and docketed with farms, a date of
conglomeration, the time, etc. from each ostrich.
Several fecal specimens’ details of farmed ostriches
in the farm located in the Kushkupir district, in the
Khorezm region of Uzbekistan. All samples were
gathered from the ground after birds defecated, [6]
by utilizing a new sterile polystyrene spatula for
every bird species to stay away from fecal
contamination with soil, [4], [10], because fecal
samples can be made impure with larvae of free-
living nematodes when the feces fall to the ground,
[8], [11], or intestinal contents with other host
fluids, [4]. They were transported to the laboratory
within 2 hours, samples were stored at the
temperature of 3-40C, [11], or 10 0 C, [4], until
received at the laboratory of Khorezm Mamun
Academy. All collected samples were examined
within 48 hours and fecal cultivation was done as
described by [6], [4].
2.4 Methods of Identification of Helminths,
Their Ova, and Larvae in the Feces when
the Animal is Alive
Investigations were performed using
helminthocaprological examinations.
Helminthocaprological examinations are divided
into the following groups:
-helminthoscopic (finding helminths or their
fragments)
-helminthoovoscopic (in Latin, this means ovum-
egg- finding eggs of helminths)
-helmintholarvoscopic (in Latin, this means a larva,
finding larva of helminths) examinations.
-Method of helminthoscopic diagnosis.
Helminthoscopy is used to find sexually mature and
young helminths or their fragments. Helminths can
be found in fecal samples (some trematodes,
cestodes, and nematodes). Fresh fecal samples are
examined to see the knuckles of mature cestodes of
ruminants, carnivores and birds.
-Methods of helminthoovoscopic diagnosis.
Helminthoovoscopy unifies several inspection
methods that are used to find helminth eggs.
Fecal specimens are taken in the amounts of 4-10
grams from the rectum or ground. Rubber gloves
are worn when fecal samples are taken from the
rectum. Fecal samples are gathered from the
ground by avoiding fecal contamination with soil,
[4], [10], because fecal samples can be
contaminated with larvae of free-living nematodes
when the feces fall to the ground. Due to the not
hatching of larvae of fasciolosis, ascariasis, and
other parasites, it is allowed to take fecal samples
from the ground for an examination of these
diseases. If it is not possible to check samples taken
on time, in that case, specimens are preserved at a
temperature of 3-4 0 C in a refrigerator, [11]. The
direct smear, [11], floatation, [11], and
sedimentations methods, [23], were utilized.
-Helmintholarvoscopic methods of diagnosis.
Helmintholarvoscopy, a set of methods and
examinations of fecal samples, tissues, and organs,
is used to find larvae and pathogens. The essence of
this method is that because of thermotaxis,
nematodes get out of the tissue or fecal samples in
warm water (36-37 degrees Celsius) and sink to the
bottom of the dish, [11].
Fecal cultivation to find infective larvae of
nematodes were performed as described by [6].
2.5 Statistical Inspection
All outcomes were counted from the determined
information, and the overall percentage prevalence
of the figure of specimens that were infected, and
the parasites encountered in each farm were
determined.
2.6 Prevalence
Prevalence for a given parasite species is the
number of hosts infected with 1 or more individuals
of a particular parasite species (or taxonomic
group) divided by the number of hosts examined
for that parasite species, [5], [9], [13].
P = x/y * 100
where:
P- prevalence
x – the number of animals that have identified eggs
or larvae of helminths
y- total number of animals examined
100- percentage conversion factor.
3 Results and Discussion
Throughout the time of the investigation, 15
specimens of feces from ostriches were surveyed
from September 2021 to February 2022 to define
the existence of nematodes in ostriches in the farm
of “Ibrat-Ruzmat” and the overall infection degrees
with Libyostrongylus douglassii and
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Libyostrongylus dentatus were 80 % and 53,3 %
respectively. Through studies, eggs of
Libyostrongylus spp. were recorded on the farm.
The eggs showed the common characteristics of
Strongylida. According to the analysis, the fecal
cultures confirmed the presence of infective larvae
of Libyostrongylus douglassii and Libyostrongylus
dentatus which cause infection in ostrich groups in
Kushkupir district, Khorezm region, Uzbekistan.
Based on the findings, we observed that the
prevalence of Libyostrongylus douglassii (80%)
was greater than the Libyostrongylus dentatus (53,3
%) on the farm (Table 1).
Table 1. Findings of fecal samples collected from
the farm in the Kushkupir district, Khorezm region,
Uzbekistan
The trouble of parasitic ailments of indigenous and
agricultural animals stays relevant, [5], although
the entrance of new anthelminths, [15] and
cleansing agents, [5].
Ostriches have several parasites, the majority
of which can be found in the gastrointestinal tract,
[4]. According to the data of [4], more than one
parasite species (mostly, Protozoa) can be found in
all imported animals and born birds. Some parasites
are specific for ratites, while other parasitic species
can be found in ratites and other animals, [1], [4].
In scientific literature, endoparasites including
protozoa and helminths of ostriches were
researched in different countries, except
Uzbekistan.
Parasitological investigations are crucial for the
preservation of venters because they confer to get
measure the jeopardy of conveyance of pathogens
to ostriches raised in farms in captivity from
imported barbarous populations and inversely, [5].
Contagions with two types of nematodes in
ostriches are 80% for Libyostrongylus douglassii
and 53,3% for Libyostrongylus dentatus in “Ibrat-
Ruzmat” farm, in Kushkupir district, Khorezm
region, Uzbekistan. The results gained in the farm
in Kushkupir district are disparate from those of
extraneous investigators. According to the
preliminary explorations, for example, 38,1 % in
the Dnepr region, 40 % in the Donetsk region, and
71,4 % of ostriches in 2020 in the Kharkov region,
Ukraine, [5] were infected with Libyostrongylus
douglassii nematode. Based on our outcomes, the
invasiveness of Libyostrongylus douglassii
nematode in ostriches was 80%. It means that
further investigation is needed more exploration
when it comes to the fauna of parasites of ostriches
in the Khorezm region, Uzbekistan.
The Libyostrongylus (“wireworm”), an ostrich-
specific trichostrongylidae nematode, [6], was
described as a cause of persistent infection creating
a sickness named “vrootmag” or “rotten stomach”
causing 50% high mortality for ostriches, [6], [7]
and their nestling, [6] and typically also to adults,
[4].
Its parasitism can cause anemia, weight loss,
anorexia, and proventriculitis, [6], [7]. In ostriches,
three species of Libyostrongylus can be found:
Libyostrongylus douglassii, Libyostrongylus
magnus, and Libyostrongylus dentatus, [2], [4],
[16]. Based on the records of current literature,
Libyostrongylus douglassii from Ukraine, [5],
Brazil, [14], [16], Croatia, [17], and
Libyostrongylus dentatus Brazil, [14], [16], and
North America, [3], have been detected in
ostriches. Infestation is constant in several states
over the world, where ostriches are bred, [5].
The existence of nematodes we determined in
ostriches is vindicated by other scholars ([4], [5],
[16], [3], [7], [14]). Most overseas explorations are
conferred to the research of nematodes from the
genus Libyostrongylus sp., protozoa, and in our
situation, we need to investigate endoparasites that
can be found in ostriches and have not been
explored enough in Uzbekistan. The emergence of
infestation with nematodes amidst mature ostriches
accomplishes that the pathogen stayed in the
ostriches’ bodies, which have already been sourced
from abroad to Uzbekistan. This signifies that
quarantine measures need to be accomplished in
farms when ostriches are brought from out of the
country. More heed needs to be focused on the
sanitary and veterinary measures which are
compulsory in the raising of poultry, [5].
Found nematodes
Farm examined
Nematodes
“Ibrat-Ruzmat” farm
No.of
exami
ned
birds
Samples
%
1
Libyostrongyl
us douglassii
15
Faeca
80%
2
Libyostrongyl
us dentatus
15
Faeca
53,3%
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Poorly is known about ostriches that have been
imported recently to Uzbekistan. Helminths
infestation in ostriches farmed in Uzbekistan have
not been recorded until now and outcomes of the
forenamed exploration reported total infection
levels of investigated ostriches on the private farm
with Libyostrongylus douglassii and
Libyostrongylus dentatus were 80% and 53,3 %
respectively. To our science, this is the first record
of nematodes- Libyostrongylus douglassii and
Libyostrongylus dentatus found in imported
ostriches in the Kushkupir district, Khorezm region
of Uzbekistan. We have researched overall 15
ostriches, from which 15 ostriches (7 were males
and 8 females) were over 3 years old with an
average weight of 120 kg on the private farm
situated in Kushkupir district, were chosen for the
investigation. The study features infestations with
Libyostrongylus douglassii and Libyostrongylus
dentatus on the farm. But there were many
drawbacks of this research, firstly it took some time
to check the samples in the laboratory where all
reagents and types of equipment were not satis.
Right now, we only can find the species
composition of helminths of ostriches, and other
laboratory work at the molecular level cannot be
done by us due to the lack of laboratory equipment
and reagents. Besides, there are several farms in the
Kushkupir district, Khorezm region where we have
not finished investigating ostriches in all farms,
only we examined one private farm. We think that
further studies are needed again to determine the
full species composition of helminths of ostriches
on the farm we researched and on other farms too.
Acknowledgments:
The authors would like to thank the farmer who
helped with the sampling materials.
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.36
Sohiba Ibragimova, Lola Gandjaeva,
Ikram Abdullaev, Moxiraxon Bekchanova
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
398
Volume 19, 2023
Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
-Sohiba Ibragimova conducted a research and
investigation process, especially performing the
experiments, and provision of study materials,
reagents, materials, and laboratory samples taken
from ostriches.
-Lola Gandjaeva assisted to identify species and the
preparation of the article, specifically writing the
primary draft.
-Ikram Abdullaev took responsibility for the
planning and execution of the exploration activity
on the farm.
-Moxiraxon Bekchanova closely assisted in shaping
the format of the article.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
No funding was provided for investigating this
research.
Conflict of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.e
n_US
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2023.19.36
Sohiba Ibragimova, Lola Gandjaeva,
Ikram Abdullaev, Moxiraxon Bekchanova
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
399
Volume 19, 2023