The Preservation of Memory and the Management of Information as a
Step towards Sustainable Development
SUSANA MARTINS1, MILENA CARVALHO1, CLÁUDIA PINTO2
1CEOS.PP / ISCAP / P. PORTO,
Rua Jaime Lopes Amorim s/n, 4465-004, Matosinhos,
PORTUGAL
2School of Engineering, University of Minho,
CEOS.PP / ISCAP / P. PORTO,
Rua Jaime Lopes Amorim s/n, 4465-004, Matosinhos,
PORTUGAL
Abstract: - Sustainable development comprehends the balance between human activities and the environment.
Today, more than ever, the need to act with respect for the environment and the urgency in recognizing that we
belong to the planet, and not the other way around, have accelerated and generalized the demand for
information about environmental sustainability, economic and social concerns, and the discussion about which
Humanity should adopt paths to save the species.
The United Nations 2030 Agenda recognizes access to information as a critical goal in the Sustainable
Development Goal of promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice for all, and building
effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. In a global and inclusive society, people's access
to information and the need to protect fundamental freedoms is necessarily the founding principle of the path to
achieving global sustainability.
The understanding of the world and society has always been founded on the study of the past, the knowledge of
history, traditions, and memory. Only knowledge of memory allows us to know where we come from and to
determine where we are going. Memory, which is nothing more than informational heritage, a generator agent
of value and distinctive identity, is essential to create, distinguishing, and enriching socioeconomic activities
based on the realities of the environment and local cultures towards socioeconomic and environmental
sustainability and inclusion.
In this paper, we intend to highlight the crucial role of information professionals in sustainable development, as
they play unique and privileged roles in the preservation of people's identity and culture, as well as in the
collection, research, processing, protection, promotion, enhancement, and transmission of information, which
guarantee the viability of Humanity's cultural heritage and access to information as one of the goals of
sustainable development.
Key-Words: - sustainable development, information management, informational heritage, inclusion.
Received: October 17, 2022. Revised: February 22, 2023. Accepted: March 19, 2023. Published: April 20, 2023.
1 Introduction
Sustainable development is a very prominent theme
today. Closely linked to factors of an environmental
nature, when we refer to sustainable development,
the focus is not always only on the environment. In
fact, since the late twentieth century, sustainability
entered our vocabulary, more precisely in the
eighties, a decade until which the progress of
Humanity was measured by material goods and
economic progress, [1].
Since then, we have understood development as
economic progress, yes, but inseparable from the
quality of life, access to technology, culture, respect
for the environment, and the certainty that if we do
not strive for sustainability at all these levels, the
development we have been witnessing for the last
40 years will rapidly decline and, with it, the high
risk of compromising the next generation's future.
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) defined the
2030 Agenda during the 70th General Assembly,
signed by the heads of State and governments of the
193 UN member states during the UN Summit on
Sustainable Development. This Agenda includes the
seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
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with the primary objective of addressing our planet's
economic, social, and environmental challenges.
These goals are:
1. eradicate poverty; 2. eradicate hunger; 3. access
to quality health care; 4. access to quality, inclusive
and equitable education; 5. gender equality; 6. clean
water and sanitation; 7. renewable and affordable
energy; 8. decent work and economic growth; 9.
inclusive industry and innovation; 10. reduce
inequalities within and among countries; 11.
inclusive, safe, and sustainable cities; 12.
sustainable consumption and production patterns;
13. combating climate change; 14. protecting marine
life; 15. protecting terrestrial life; 16. promoting
peaceful, just, and inclusive societies; 17.
establishing and strengthening means of
implementation and global partnerships for
sustainable development, [2].
With less than a decade to go to achieve the
SDGs, it is essential to know what sustainability
indicators need to be fulfilled and where we stand in
the taking of concerted action at local and global
levels to fulfill the 2030 agenda.
In this article, we focus on SDG 16:
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all, and build effective, accountable, and
inclusive institutions at all levels.
In this rather wide goal, there is one topic that
highlights the importance of information, its
management, and access to information in fulfilling
the SDGs, namely the topic that refers to ensuring
public access to information and protecting
fundamental freedoms in accordance with national
legislation and international agreements.
Information professionals have a vital role in the
management, preservation, enhancement, and
transmission of information. They can play a crucial
role in achieving this goal since access to
information, the informational heritage, and the
need for the protection of fundamental freedoms and
inclusion is the foundation of the path toward the
achievement of global sustainability.
2 Sustainable Development
In the second half of the 20th century, a concern for
the environment began to emerge as a result of an
awareness of the alarming growth in pollution, the
discovery of a hole in the ozone layer, and access to
more information about human-induced
environmental disasters.
The need to act globally to minimize the damage
caused to the planet and to stop some harmful
behaviours to the environment was noticed. The use
of renewable energy started to be frequently
discussed, and the concept of sustainability became
part of our everyday vocabulary.
Many initiatives, resolutions, and international
conferences were held between the early 1970s and
the late 1990s to face the challenge of minimizing
pollution and adopting more sustainable behaviours,
most notably the UN Conference on Environment
and Development, which took place in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992 (ECO-92), [3].
It was becoming impossible to ignore the reality
that our development as a species, for future
generations, and as a global society could only
happen with respect for the planet and its limits, [4].
In fact, since the 1987 Brundtland Report, or Our
Common Future, published by the United Nations
World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), the notion of Sustainable
Development (SD) covers three fundamental pillars:
economy, society, and environment, [5].
Development, which not only takes into account the
needs of the world population but also considers the
future of the next generations through the adoption
of measures under these three pillars to avoid
excesses, waste, injustice, pollution, inequalities,
and misinformation, among many others, [6], [7].
2.1 Indicators
To be able to implement and measure the results of
sustainable development strategies, both locally and
globally, it is essential to determine sustainability
indicators and their continuous verification,
measurement, and readjustment of convergence
measures, whenever necessary, in order to
understand where Humanity stands in contributing
to the fulfillment of the United Nations 2030
agenda.
The use of indicators is essential to achieve a
simplified model of the real situation for the
formulation of strategies, adoption of measures, and
decision-making, to accomplish the SDGs by 2030.
These indicators are interdisciplinary (economic,
social, cultural, and environmental, among others)
and of a qualitative and quantitative nature since the
concept of SD embraces many dimensions. The
majority of the indicator systems (environmental,
social, and economic) centred on metrics to be
achieved.
Regarding the environmental indicator systems,
targets were set for soil, air, water, and resources,
using legal parameters as objectives to be achieved
by the countries.
At the economic level, it was intended to
associate the environmental sustainability
component with the economic sustainability factors,
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such as production, wealth per capita, and
investment in critical sectors of the countries, such
as education, health, and transportation, among
others, always with attention to the generation of
wealth (mix of income, production, and expenses)
sustainable for Humanity, the so-called green
accounting.
The indicator systems for the social dimension
are based on three main aspects: longevity,
knowledge, and a decent standard of living for the
population, [8], [9].
It is the element of the social dimension –
knowledge – that we have focused on for this article
in the analysis of SDG no. 16, as already mentioned.
Sustainability indicators cannot, therefore, be the
exclusive responsibility of governments on a global
scale. They must be concerted between
Governments effectively; however, companies and
various institutions, in addition to all of us, at a
personal and private level, must actively participate,
be properly informed, take measures, and carry out
actions aimed at fulfilling the SDGs, [10].
2.1.1 The Importance of SDG No. 16
SDG 16 has the primary goal:
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all, and build effective, accountable, and
inclusive institutions at all levels. And then no.
16.10 further specifies:
Ensure public access to information and protect
fundamental freedoms in accordance with national
legislation and international agreements.
Access to information is the stepping stone to
responsible and inclusive societies and institutions.
Only based on accurate, current, complete, and in-
depth information can decisions be made, and the
need for the inclusion of all in the process of global
sustainability be realized.
Silva defines Information as:
A structured set of encoded mental and
emotional representations (signs and symbols)
shaped with/by social interaction, capable of being
recorded in any material support (paper, film,
magnetic tape, compact disc, etc.) and, therefore,
communicated asynchronously and multi-
directionally, [11].
Here it is important to highlight the definition of
information as a social phenomenon inherent to the
human being and not just a set of data in the merely
technological sense. In this way, information is
presented as structured by humankind, which
produces and shapes it, quantifies and interprets it,
reproduces, preserves, and transmits it. Thus,
information is inseparable from knowledge and
communication; it is not limited to data or facts; on
the contrary, Information comprises emotions,
feelings, and impressions, [12].
The fact that information can be recorded,
memorized, and preserved is what has made
possible, throughout our history, the transmission of
knowledge and memories, the birth and
accentuation of diverse cultures. The culture of each
people, region, or country comprehends a technical
capital that can be transmitted through teachings,
practices, and rules and a mythological capital of
beliefs, rituals, values, and prohibitions, that is, tacit
knowledge, which cannot be taught, but which is
implicit, and which an entire community knows and
incorporates.
The information and knowledge society
presupposes the creation of an efficient,
standardized telecommunications infrastructure for
the communication of individuals and organizations
and assumes that the promotion of economic
competitiveness and industrial and commercial
productivity is achieved through the use of
information as a resource. Thus, there is an
increasing need for all individuals to have info,
communication, and technological skills.
The information and knowledge society tends to
favour harmony and social cohesion in both
developed and disadvantaged countries. In
developed countries, politicians present the
Information Society as a means to solve problems
such as unemployment or social inequalities. In less
developed countries, social cohesion is also
presented as one of the potential benefits of the
Information Society, insofar as it will promote
economic development, favour a more equitable
distribution of wealth, reduce disparities between
rural and urban areas, or between rich and poor, and
will help racial and religious harmony and inclusion.
All this will be achieved through increasingly
powerful communication infrastructures, which will
allow: a greater level of access to information and a
higher level of democratic participation as well as a
strengthening of the national culture of each
country. Therefore, the information skills of
individuals, not only basic literacy but also
information literacy, are essential, and this is also an
area of activity for information professionals.
The definition of Information Policies includes
the creation of information systems based on
libraries and archives, but not only. With the
progressive application of computer technologies
applied to the entire information life cycle, they also
began to cover aspects related to information and
communication technologies. Information Policies
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present porous borders as they present
characteristics of several areas of political
intervention such as Education and Defense.
Furthermore, they involve many groups in society
and have impacts in several different areas, such as
scientific and social research, health, education, and
even issues of democratic participation, citizenship,
and law. Information policies are naturally
influenced by political decisions in other fields and
by options of a non-political nature: informational
behaviour of individuals, marketing strategies of
publishers, and choices of communication
technologies are some examples.
In fact, according to UNESCO, Information
Policies have several intervention instruments: legal
instruments (constitutions, laws, regulations,
international treaties, and others); professional
instruments (codes of conduct, codes of ethics,
reflections, etc.); cultural instruments (customs,
traditions or social values); micro policies (relating
to an organism) and macro policies (applied at
national, international level), [13]. UNESCO had
and still has great importance in this area, basing its
activities on Article 19 of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (1948), which advocates the right
to information "Article 19 Everyone has the right to
freedom of opinion and expression; this right
includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and
regardless of frontiers”, [14].
3 Information Management
Correct information management, based on current
and fair information policies, requires the
coordination of information-related components: the
development of information resources and services,
data production and collection, personnel
specialized in information, technology, and
facilities; the means of accessing and disseminating
information, marketing and managing documentary
resources; the promotion of efficient use of
information, by training users in research and the
exploitation of information and also a better
perception of the value of information; the
development and coordination of national research
activities; participation in international information
activities, in the fields of networks,
collaborative/common, info documental resources,
transfer of information technologies, etc.
[15], proposed that information systems should
be transformed into cooperation networks - the
National Information Service System - with the
direct action of the State (which plans, coordinates,
and advises). The author uses a systemic approach
and emphasizes the creation of an information
network using informatics applied to all the services
and resource tasks of the information units. This
was also the approach suggested by [16], for the
creation of information systems in developing
countries and which, after almost 30 years, is still
relevant.
The concept of Information Policies involves, as
already mentioned, supra-governmental and
governmental laws, sectoral legislation,
implementation and use of technologies, and
creation, access, and use of information. In its
human and social aspects, citizens have obligations
and rights and must be informed and therefore have
access to reliable information and have the skills to
interpret that information and apply it consciously.
In the European Union, the premise is that access to
information is necessary for the citizen to have
effective participation in social, economic, and
political life.
Effectively, information policies embody the
general framework in which information
management takes place; however, it differs from
information policies because it focuses on the search
for practical solutions to speed up information flows
in concrete organizational contexts.
3.1 Informational Heritage and Sustainable
Development
[17], claims that Information Professionals assume
the central role in the management of information
resources through the identification and
safeguarding of heritage, regardless of its nature,
since the disciplinary integration between
Information Science and Heritage occurs around the
same object: information. Information professionals
use their area of expertise to their advantage,
promoting the safeguarding and sharing of social
and cultural, [18], natural and environmental
heritage, both imbued with information,
communication, science as well as “situated
knowledge” (in a given context, time and space),
[19].
The strategic approach to safeguarding cultural
heritage is in line with the work of [20], [21], [22],
and the whole cultural heritage includes living
traditions inherited from our ancestors and
transmitted to our descendants. However, in life in
society, there is a cultural choice underlying the
desire to bequeath this heritage, which, according to
[23], promotes a sense of belonging to future
generations. The central element of the concept of
heritage is its ability to symbolically represent a
sociocultural identity, [24], in the sense of
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belonging to a collective of “imagined
communities”, [25]. The UNESCO Convention for
the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage
(2003) presents the necessary measures to ensure
the viability of intangible cultural heritage,
providing the revitalization of the various aspects of
this heritage and considering that different types of
assets require different and appropriate measures.
The identification, collection, and safeguarding of
community info cultural heritage, promoting its
development and sustainability is an area of activity
of the information professional and is strategically
aligned with the UNESCO definition of cultural
heritage (2003), which includes, among others, oral
traditions, social practices, festive events,
knowledge, and practices about nature.
The implementation of innovative
multidisciplinary approaches focused on cultural
tradition, nature, and human activity leads to the
creation of initiatives that impact local development,
many of them directly linked to sustainable tourism,
distinctive and valuing the local heritage reality,
[26] [27], [28], [29]. In addition, understanding
residents' attitudes towards tourism development
and its determinants is a crucial pillar for the design
of tourism development strategies to promote
sustainably, [30], and inclusive development
capable of incorporating the community and
everyone outside. Effectively, tourism accessible to
all citizens is another important research question,
[31], [32].
One of the challenges that arise is the unequal
capacity to identify and duly activate this same
community informational heritage for the benefit of
these communities. Local government bodies,
researchers, heritage holders, local communities,
and their associations should act in partnership to
enhance the heritage, in order to preserve it,
emphasizing the mediation of information between
these actors and also between them and the public
on the part of information professionals, [33].
4 Information Heritage, Memory, and
Information Professionals
[34], assume that citizens are increasingly aware of
the historical value and ethnographic richness of
their collective heritage, the mirror, and vector of
their cultural identity, mobilizing themselves with
determination in the urgent and incessant task of
defending them. The various manifestations of
cultural dynamism aim to preserve for future
generations the precariousness of the material
vestiges of millennia of human history and cultural
identity. Therefore, from an increasingly
prospective awareness of heritage, a heritage
science was born whose emergence and
epistemological importance are obvious. For the
authors, heritage, as a set of values, a mediation
structure between the past and the present, a matrix
for explaining the structuring languages of
territories and landscapes, today assumes a
privileged framework for conceptual reflection
within the scope of the theme of development.
Indeed, heritage, especially through its cultural
component, is a recurring theme in the development
paths. However, the capacities to identify and
activate these values are uneven across places and
societies.
The notion of heritage arises “when an individual
or a group of individuals identifies an object or a set
of objects as their own, [35],”. The determining
element that defines the concept of heritage is its
ability to symbolically represent an identity, [36].
And since symbols are privileged vehicles of
cultural transmission, human beings maintain close
ties with the past. It is through this past-present
identity that we collectively recognize ourselves as
equals, that we identify with the other elements of
our group, and that we differentiate ourselves from
the others. The past gives us a sense of identity, of
belonging and makes us aware of our continuity as
people through time.
UNESCO, [37], presents a definition of cultural
heritage "Cultural heritage does not end at
monuments and collections of objects. It also
includes traditions or living expressions inherited
from our ancestors and passed on to our
descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts,
social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge
and practices concerning nature and the universe, or
the knowledge and skills to produce traditional
crafts". The adoption of the Convention for the
Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage was
decisive because it was the first legal and binding
instrument expressly directed to this type of heritage
(not based only on physical objects, but also on
contemplating memory). According to this
Convention, [38], the term safeguard encompasses
the measures implemented to guarantee the viability
of the intangible cultural heritage, such as the
identification, documentation, research,
preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement,
and transmission (through formal and non-formal
education and training of individuals), promoting
the revitalization of the various aspects of such
heritage. The Convention also recognizes the need
for different and appropriate measures to promote
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the protection of different types of assets
(UNESCO, 2003).
Concerning the connection between Information
Science and Museology, [39], considers it important
to understand the binomial mind fact-artifact:
Mindfact is the mental and emotional
idea/representation, information ready to be
materialized; Artifact is the material and functional
product idealized or derived from mental and
emotional representation.
[40], places Museology within Information
Science and designates the information-bearing
object as INDOC (INformation-DOCument object)
because the knowledge that can be obtained from it
comes from the information gathered about the
object and also from the information raised by the
object. For the author, museology focuses on
cultural and heritage information, and musealization
is one of the basic functions of the museum.
Memory is an omnipresent concept. For, [41], the
Museum of the Future is a living structure and a
mechanism of constant challenges between Man and
Heritage. The integrative nature of today's society
promotes openness and interdisciplinarity.
Heritology is a conception of Sola, presented as the
study of the future of collective experience, i.e., a
science focused on the concept of total heritage,
assuming an integrative vision of the museum’s
collection – a “total museum” (total memory).
But, to fully value information as a human and
social phenomenon, it is also necessary to intervene
in education, collaboration, and forms of interaction
with users, thus providing the promotion of
literacies and means for accessing information.
Whether regional or global, knowledge of the
specific needs of users and information
professionals resides in the legacy of the
informational heritage.
In the Age of Information, Knowledge, and
Networks, of the democratization of access to
information, integration and survival of institutions
in a more globalized world, the pertinence of the
mediating role of the information professional is
reflected in their (new) roles, functions and needs,
where the forms and concept of mediation play a
central role in defining objectives, strategies, and
directions.
Reaching knowledge, more than physical access
to technologies is required. It is necessary to
stimulate the multiple cognitive processes,
mediation, and contextualization that constitute
prerequisites for apprehending and understanding
formative and informative content. Thus, the
Information Professional will also dedicate himself
to the development of instruments and mechanisms
of mediation since access to information in
conditions of equity is one of the main factors for
overcoming social inequalities.
5 Conclusion
The construction of a free, democratic, and
egalitarian society must understand the info-
communication phenomenon in all its complexity.
These new logics of mediation demand that the
information professional, as a mediating actor,
holder of a profile of experts in evaluating, select,
and provide only useful and relevant information to
the user who seeks it, acting as the guarantor of the
past and the vehicle of the future, because we have
emerged in a new era and the challenges demand
integrated, systematic, meta-empirical responses,
which probe new limits, corresponding to trans and
interdisciplinary Information Science.
Sustainable development is achieved through the
exploration of the heritage of a diverse nature,
considering the reasonable use of resources and
preserving the memory, species, and local natural
habitats.
One of the impacts of tourism is the potential
contribution to regional development. According to
[42], tourism is an important element of the social
and economic life of the regional community, as it
reflects the real aspirations of people to enjoy new
places, assimilate different cultures, rest, and benefit
from leisure activities. But tourism also has an
important economic value as it helps economic
development and the environment of peripheral
regions. Thus, cultural tourism is an important
element in the development of a region and has
contributed to promoting the involvement of
communities with its history, its cultural attractions,
and its social memory, [43].
The promotion of heritage is intended to enable
local development, with the integration of the
community and creating sustainability through
tourism, as said by [44], [45]. With this usage of
heritage, the need arose to research all informational
heritage that already exists and is not written but is
often intrinsic in communities, such as intangible
heritage.
The information professional has always existed
but was only subdivided into archivists, librarians,
and documentalists, [46]. Increasingly, in the 21st
century, we need to know how to monetize,
responsibly and profitably, information, including
informational heritage. The professional that, [47],
identifies will be the mediator between producers
and holders of information and their users and
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consumers. Information, if used well, can become
an essential resource for transforming society, [48].
The information professional must be able to value
information related to society and allow it to evolve
sustainably and sustainably, through tourist
activities, for example. These professionals have the
skills to collaborate in the development of cultural
and heritage tourism, using information registered in
libraries and archives or unregistered, that may
allow the reconstruction of old activities that can
become tourist activities. The information
professional has the role of guaranteeing the
safeguarding of the informational heritage of the
communities. Yet, the professional must identify the
traditions transmitted orally in the community to
avoid getting lost and to preserve themselves. It will
also mediate the relationship between the
community and traditions by promoting, through its
collection, characterization, and registration, the
creation of activities, such as tourism, that can
positively impact the community and its sustainable
economic development.
The close connection between Information
Science, Heritage, Museology, and Memory seems
clear. The object of study is informational, and the
form it takes is now secondary.
The needs of users, individuals, or communities
are another central element that must be considered.
The current training of information professionals
enables them to work in partnership, promoting
actions for the recovery and enhancement of
heritage and memory and sustainable economic
development.
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