Security of Energy Interests of Ukrainian Enterprises: Role of
Personnel Innovative Competencies, Public Administration and
Exchange Trade
MISHCHUK IEVGENIIA
Department of Accounting, Taxation, Public
Management and Administration
Kryvyi Rih National University
11 Vitaliy Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4145-3711
UKRAINE
BONDARCHUK OLGA
Department of Enterprise Economics,
Organization and Management of enterprises
Kryvyi Rih National University
11 Vitaliy Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-2019
UKRAINE
RIABYKINA NATALIIA
Department of Enterprise Economics,
Organization and Management of enterprises
Kryvyi Rih National University
11 Vitaliy Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027
UKRAINE
RIABYKINA YEKATERYNA
Department of Enterprise Economics,
Organization and Management of enterprises
Kryvyi Rih National University
11 Vitaliy Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-558Х
UKRAINE
MATKOVSKYI PETRO
Department of Accounting and Taxation
Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National
University
57 Shevchenka Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018
UKRAINE
TKACHENKO SERGII
Department of Mechanics
Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic National University
64 Zhukovsky Str., Zaporizhzhia, 69063
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3798-5902
UKRAINE
ROZHENKO OLEKSANDRA
Department of Civil and Commercial Law
Donetsk State University of Internal Affairs
21 S. Tilgyi Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50065
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9358-5436
UKRAINE
KORNUKH OKSANA
Department of Finance of Business Entities and
Innovative Development
Kryvyi Rih National University
11 Vitaliy Matusevych Str., Kryvyi Rih, 50027
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-2852
UKRAINE
Abstract: - The article proposes a methodology for assessing the state of security of energy interests of
enterprises. In order to apply this methodology, security of energy interests is split into two components:
security of energy efficiency and that of energy supply. Indicators and their corresponding liminal values are
set for each of the components. A feature of the proposed assessment methodology is that it takes into account
the speed at which actual security indicators can reach their liminal value. Application of the methodology
allows us to conclude about the need for managerial intervention, decision-making and taking appropriate
measures to improve security of energy interests as a whole and its individual components. The calculations
conducted reveal that the actual indicators of energy supply security in 2018-2019 were equal to 1 at all mining
enterprises of Ukraine. According to the value interpretation scale developed in the study, this value means that
the state of security of energy supply was excellent (very high). In contrast, the state of energy efficiency
security was not so stable and tended to deteriorate. The catastrophic state of energy efficiency security was
detected at one of the mining enterprises under study, namely the PrJSC InGZK, in 2019, as the corresponding
security indicator equaled zero. The obtained values of the state of security of energy efficiency are determinant
for the general state of security of energy interests of the enterprises under study. In the article there are
presented four directions to ensure security of energy interests of mining and metallurgical enterprises. The first
direction provides for improvement of government regulation of the energy market. The second direction deals
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.55
Mishchuk Ievgeniia, Bondarchuk Olga,
Riabykina Nataliia, Riabykina Yekateryna,
Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii,
Rozhenko Oleksandra, Kornukh Oksana
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with reorientation of the production apparatus and introduction of resource-saving technologies that are to
dramatically reduce energy and fuel intensity. The third direction involves more active participation in energy
exchange trading. The fourth direction consists in attracting and training employees in new competencies and
professions necessary for development, introduction and implementation of innovative energy-saving
technologies at the enterprises and transition to an energy business model.
Keywords: security, exchange, decarbonization, government regulation, energy interests, energy markets.
Received: May 12, 2021. Revised: March 27, 2022. Accepted: April 29, 2022. Published: May 25, 2022.
1 Introduction
The issue of energy security is interdisciplinary,
quite debatable and relevant both for the country as
a whole and for the individual enterprise. It is
systematically raised by both scientists and
practitioners in many fields: directly in energy,
public administration, economics, ecology, politics,
etc. [1; 2]. In the narrow sense, energy security is
considered in the OSCE: as having stable access to
energy sources on a timely, sustainable and
affordable basis [3]. However, this definition is
suitable for both energy security at the country level
and the level of an individual enterprise. In a
broader interpretation, energy security is viewed
from two sides: the diversification of primary
energy supplies and the reliability of the energy
system [4]. However, at the enterprise level, in our
opinion, both characteristics are one. In addition, it
is necessary to add such a security feature as the
efficiency of energy consumption consumed in the
production of products. In this context, work is
proposed to maximize economic efficiency,
accelerate research into the development and
implementation of advanced energy technologies,
and develop science-based policies based on the
realistic needs of the economy, national security and
the environment to make timely decisions.
coordinated with energy security goals and
economic and environmental goals [5]. The
problems of energy security and mitigation of
climate change are inextricably linked and form
complex and unstructured problems, which are
described in [6]. Environmental goals are key
elements in the European Union's plans: to
introduce a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
(SWAM) shortly. It provides for the introduction of
an additional tax on imports, which will take into
account the "carbon footprint" in its production,
reduced to a sectoral benchmark in the European
Union. It is planned to take into account both direct
emissions, ie those that occur directly in production,
and indirect - from consumed electricity and heat.
The introduction of SWAM poses significant risks
for Ukraine, as the European Union is the largest
importer of Ukrainian goods.
Therefore, it is important to accelerate the
processes of decarbonization in Ukraine, attracting
private investment, using various forms of
government regulation [7].
Therefore, Ukrainian industrial enterprises need
to more actively develop energy efficiency
programs, pricing according to time and volume of
energy consumption, as well as energy-saving
programs, because these initiatives are more cost-
effective than huge investments in expanding energy
production capacity [8].
While this study was being carried out, the
Russian Federation invaded Ukraine, which
exacerbated the problem of energy security not only
in Ukraine but also in many countries of the
European Union. It has become clear how
economically dependent and vulnerable EU
countries are to imports of coal, oil, and gas from
Russia. Such dependence undermines both the
economic security of individual enterprises in these
countries and the security of countries as a whole.
Therefore, indicators of economic security of both
enterprises and countries should take into account
the indicators of security of energy interests, which
previously did not pay attention to by researchers
(for example, in [9]).
On February 24, 2022, four hours before the start
of the war, Ukraine disconnected from the power
systems of the Russian Federation and Belarus by
the technical protocol. Synchronization with
ENTSO-E allows for an increase in the capacity of
networks between Ukraine and Europe to 2 GW.
Therefore, the next logical step is economic
synchronization and the creation of appropriate
conditions for trade in Ukrainian electricity with the
European Union.
From a technical point of view, Ukraine is ready
to synchronize with the European electricity
transmission network ENTSO-E in 2023. According
to World Bank experts, synchronization will
demonopolize energy markets, and ensure
modernization, decarbonization, and energy
independence. At the same time, the security of
energy interests of Ukrainian enterprises remains
significantly influenced by external and internal
factors. The most significant factors of external
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influence are state regulation of the energy sector
and exchange trade in the energy market. Among
the internal factors that should be noted is the level
of innovative competencies of the enterprise staff
described in [10].
Regarding external influence, we must agree
with the thesis that at the present stage of public
administration in Ukraine it is necessary to move
from the position of libertarianism to reasonable
protectionism, in particular, in the field of stock
trading. This will help to highlight the economic
interests of Ukrainian enterprises, among which
energy interests play an important role [11].
Regarding internal factors, it should be noted that
the fourth industrial revolution is causing a process
of change for staff, which is involved in many areas,
including those related to energy. Therefore, the
staff of enterprises must be able to adapt to new
technologies and related innovative and
organizational changes [12].
The combination of these factors requires more
careful study.
2 Problem Formulation
In 2021–2022, the Ukrainian energy complex faced
one of the greatest challenges ever in the 30 years of
a sovereign Ukrainian state. These challenges pose a
threat to the security of the energy interests of
industrial enterprises. The list of major threats
includes historically low coal reserves in thermal
power plant warehouses, insufficient storage of
natural gas in underground gas storage facilities,
high level of infrastructure deterioration, and an
unprecedented financial crisis in the electricity
market that affected almost all basic enterprises in
the industry [13]. In the electricity generation sector,
where state-owned enterprises are completely
dominant, crises are most prevalent. Thus, the share
of state-owned companies of the National Atomic
Energy Generating Company Energoatom, PJSC
Ukrhydroenergo, and PJSC Centrenergo in the
production of electricity is about 70%, and with the
optimal performance of the latter company,it could
exceed 80%. If we take into account the fact that the
state still owns the Transmission System Operator -
National Energy Company "Ukrenergo", and the
rules of the market are set by the national regulator
National Commission for State Regulation of
Energy and Utilities together with the Government
of Ukraine, then the main responsible for the current
crisis, analysts call the leadership of relevant
government agencies and companies [13].
According to analysts from the Razumkov
Research Center, the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine and the National Commission for State
Regulation of Energy and Communal Services
(abbreviated – NKREKP) show their intention not
so much to introduce market mechanisms as to
manually manage through regulatory price
restrictions and permanent modifications trade,
which has changed more than 60 times since the
current model’s introduction.
In addition, the imperfect system of special
responsibilities distorts market principles even more
[13].
All these factors threaten the security of
industrial enterprises' energy interests, especially
mining and metallurgical complexes, as their
products are one of the most energy-intensive.
Important ways to strengthen the security of
energy interests of industrial enterprises are the
introduction of the latest energy-saving
technologies, accelerated transition from fossil fuels
to green energy. However, the insufficient level of
staff qualification makes it impossible to intensify
this process.
The purpose of the article is to assess the current
state of security of energy interests of industrial
enterprises, identify the role of public administration
and stock trading and the formation of measures to
improve it using innovative competencies of staff.
3 Problem Solution
3.1 Analysis of the Energy Sector of Ukraine
and Problems with State Regulation
Consider the conditions of the energy market in
Ukraine. It should be noted that recently there have
been significant changes in the organization of the
energy market, which significantly affects the
security of energy interests of enterprises. The
electricity market has been operating in the country
only since 2019. Its structure consists of 5 segments:
- market of bilateral agreements;
- the market "for the day ahead";
- intraday market (intraday);
- balancing market;
- market of ancillary services [7].
Prices and sales volumes in each of the segments
differ significantly:
1. Market of bilateral agreements. It is
characterized by more stable prices than at the
market "for the day ahead" with lower price
volatility. Electricity is sold with delivery in a week,
month, quarter, or year. It is often the largest
segment of the wholesale market, reaching 70% -
80%.
2. Market "for the day ahead". It is characterized
by the highest price volatility among other market
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segments. It sells volumes with delivery the next
day, due to which, operational news on accidents,
sudden changes in demand, and the expected
generation has a significant impact on market prices.
However, in terms of volume, this segment occupies
a much smaller share than the segment of Bilateral
Agreements and is used to quickly balance expected
demand and generation within 20% of daily
consumption.
3. Intraday market. It is characterized by higher
than the market "for the day ahead", which sell
volumes with delivery within an hour, to finally
close the expected imbalances of market
participants. The share of the segment does not
exceed 5% -10% of consumption.
4. Balancing market. It is characterized by the
highest prices, as it is the final balance of generation
and consumption of Ukrenergo in real-time. It
should be noted that in Ukraine the distribution of
prices and sales in the electricity market is
significantly distorted, and differs significantly from
other countries [7] (Table 1).
Table 1. Structure of electricity markets: Ukrainian
and world experience
Electricity market segment
Ukraine
World
experience
Market of bilateral
agreements, %
60
80
The market "for the day
ahead",%
36
15
Intraday market, %
1
3
Balancing market, %
3
2
Source: [7]
In Ukraine, more than 36% of electricity is sold
on the organized market under state price regulation.
This regulation is carried out by the National
Commission for State Regulation of Energy and
Utilities (abbreviated as NERC KP) (until 2023). In
the conditions of functioning of the open electricity
market, NERC KP has the right to set marginal
prices (temporary minimum and/or maximum price
limits) on the market "for the day ahead", an
intraday market and balancing market for each
trading area [7].
In general, provided that the pricing of products
of the mining and metallurgical complex on a
market basis, industrial enterprises significantly use
resources (gas, electricity, fuel and energy
resources), the prices of which are regulated by the
state. In the medium term, this determines the
degree of security of energy interests of enterprises
in this market segment, and also allows the state by
indirect methods (through regulation of tariffs for
coal, metal by rail and natural gas) to influence the
relative security of industrial enterprises using
different fuels. and resources. However, the
"uniqueness" of state influence on the security of
energy interests of industrial enterprises is that the
cost of production due to the rising cost of the above
components of the cost of production increases in
clearly unfavorable market conditions, which,
consequently, leads to the multiplicative
deterioration [14].
At the same time, Ukraine has developed a
National Energy Efficiency Program, which pays
considerable attention to ensuring the development
of national standards for determining the energy
intensity of technological processes of production of
relevant products, works and services. The
implementation of these national standards should
result in the establishment of industry-specific
energy intensity limits of technological units of
production based on calculations of technical
characteristics of energy-efficient equipment, and,
consequently, reduce the energy intensity of
Ukraine's gross domestic product, which is now 2.6
times higher than average the level of energy
intensity of gross domestic product of the world
[15].
3.2 Methodology for Assessing the Security
of Energy Interests of Enterprises
In our opinion, the security of energy interests of
enterprises should consist of security of energy
efficiency and security of energy supply (fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Components of security of energy interests
of enterprise (proposed by Mishchuk I.)
Shown in Fig. 1 security components are
characterized by relevant indicators. It is most
expedient to assess energy efficiency security based
on the coefficient of energy intensity of products,
and security of energy supply - the coefficient of
conformity of actual volumes of energy supplies in
monetary terms to the volumes declared in the
concluded agreements.
The state of security of energy interests in the
current period characterizes the time by which the
company lags behind its competitor in the country.
The state of security in the medium term
characterizes the time it takes for an enterprise to
Security of energy
efficiency
Security of energy
supply
Security of energy
interests of enterprise
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catch up with best foreign practices. Therefore, the
limiting value for the energy efficiency security
indicator can have different values:
- the best (lowest) value among competing
companies in the country;
- values according to target programs, projects,
etc. For example, as part of its international
obligations, Ukraine needs to introduce greenhouse
gas emission allowance trading and reduce CO2
emissions by 65% by 2030 from 1990 levels. This
value can also be used as a liminal value;
- the best (lowest) value among the companies -
world leaders in a particular industry (for example,
from the TOP-40 leading mining companies in the
world) or in general, the best-known value that the
industrial enterprise has managed to achieve.
For the indicator of energy supply security, the
best value is obvious and it is equal to 1 - a value
that corresponds to the equality of actual supply to
supplies specified in the concluded contracts
(including compliance with current and strategic
plans of the enterprise) [16].
At the same time, the values of indicators can
change at different speeds, which need to be taken
into account. To this end, it is advisable to
determine the average time-weighted by the rate of
change of the relevant security indicators.
Therefore, we propose to estimate the time required
to achieve the limiting time for the security of
energy interests (Теі) according to the formula [17]:
Теі = 𝑣(Ке)×∆Т(Ке)+𝑣(Кс)×∆Т(Кс)
𝑣(Ке)+𝑣(Кс),
(1)
where v(Ке), v(Кс) – the speed at which the
values of energy intensity coefficients and
compliance of deliveries with the concluded
contracts change;
∆Т(Ке), ∆Т(Кс) – periods required to achieve
values according to the coefficient of energy
intensity and the coefficient of conformity of
supplies to the concluded contracts of their limiting
values, quarters.
The period found must be compared with a
certain period that characterizes the economic cycle.
In today's conditions, we consider the most
appropriate for this business cycle Kitchin, the
average duration of which is, as is well known, 12
quarters. To assess the state of security of energy
interests (Sі) you need to use the formula [17]:
𝑆і = 1 − Теі
Тс , (2)
where Тс – duration of the economic cycle,
quarters.
The scale of interpretation of possible states of
security of energy interests is presented in the table
2.
Table 2. Scale of interpretation of possible security
states of energy interests
Range of quantitative
values of security
state
Qualitative interpretation
Sі=0
the catastrophic state of
security
0<Sі<0.25
minimum state of security
0.25≤Sі<0.5
the low state of security
0.5≤Sі<0.75
medium state of security
0.75≤Sі<1.0
the high state of security
Sі=1.0
the very high state of
security
Source: compiled by Mishchuk I. based on the
application of Delphi method, in which experts were
employees of security services of mining and
processing plants of Kryvbas (Ukraine)
Thus, the stages of assessing the security of
energy interests of the enterprise are enlarged as
follows:
1. Construction of trend equation using actual
data separately for each indicator of corresponding
security subspecies. In this case, the quarterly data
of the actual values of the coefficients of energy
intensity of products and compliance of the actual
supply of energy resources to the concluded
contracts of mining enterprises from 01.01.2015 to
31.12.2019 were used.
2. Definition of the trend equation; selection of
the value of the rate of change of the indicator. In
this case, the equations of the trend are built
separately for each indicator of each enterprise - the
object of study, and separately - the industry
average trend of each indicator as a whole for
enterprises in the mining subsector.
3. Estimation of periods of achievement of
corresponding liminal values by indicators with the
use of constructed trends [17].
3.3 Evaluation of the Security of Energy
Interests of Ukrainian Enterprises of the
Gas-Fired and Metallurgical Complex
In table 3 the liminal value of the indicator of
energy efficiency security - the coefficient of energy
efficiency of products, as well as the indicators of
the state of energy efficiency security at mining
enterprises.
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Table 3. The results of the assessment of the state of
security of energy efficiency of mining and
metallurgical enterprises complex
Indicator
2018
2019
Liminal quarterly value of
energy efficiency security
indicator (coefficient of
product energy intensity)
0,093
0,078
PrJSC Northern GZK
Regression equation
coefficient (a)
0,2194
0,2088
Speed coefficient (b)
-0,0066
-0,005
Quarter in which liminal value
is reached
3 quarter
2019
2 quarter
2021
Period of reaching a liminal
value of Tei, quarts
3
6
Period of achievement of the
liminal value of Tei taking
into account cycle, quarts
3
6
Security state indicator
0,74
0,49
PrJSC Central GZK
Regression equation
coefficient (a)
0,2667
0,2524
Speed coefficient (b)
-0,0091
-0,0072
Quarter in which liminal value
is reached
3 quarter
2019
4 quarter
2020
Period of reaching a liminal
value of Tеі, quarts
3
4
Period of achievement of the
liminal value of Tei taking
into account cycle, quarts
3
4
Security state indicator
0,74
0,65
PrJSC InGZK
Regression equation
coefficient (a)
0,2674
0,2552
Speed coefficient (b)
-0,0075
-0,0054
Quarter in which liminal value
is reached
3 quarter
2020
over 12
quarters*
Period of reaching a liminal
value of Tei, quarts
7
13
Period of achievement of the
liminal value of Tei taking
into account cycle, quarts
7
12
Security state indicator
0,40
0
JSC Southern GZK
Regression equation
coefficient (a)
0,1237
0,1185
Speed coefficient (b)
-0,0036
-0,0027
Quarter in which liminal value
is reached
4 quarter
2018
4 quarter
2019
Period of reaching a liminal
value of Tei, quarts
0
0
Period of achievement of the
liminal value of Tei taking
into account cycle, quarts
0
0
Security state indicator
1,00
1,00
*more than three years (exceeding the Kitchin cycle)
Source: calculated by Mishchuk I., information is
processed on basis of data of financial statements
and management accounting of PrJSC Northern
GZK, PrJSC Central GZK, PrJSC InGZK, JSC
Southern GZK
It should be noted that the positive for the
company is the reduction of the coefficient of
product energy intensity, so the liminal value for
this indicator is set as the minimum value of this
indicator among all surveyed companies.
As can be seen from table 3, on 31.12.2018 and
31.12.2019 according to JSC Southern GZK, the
energy efficiency security indicator is equal to 1,
because this enterprise has already achieved a
limiting value. Thus, JSC Southern GZK has an
excellent state of energy efficiency security.
Energy efficiency security indicators have
decreased at PrJSC Northern GZK. If on 31.12.2018
security indicator was equal to 0.74 and there was a
good state of security, then on 31.12.2019 the value
of the indicator decreased to 0.49, which indicates a
satisfactory state of security. A similar negative
trend is observed at all mining enterprises in the
sample. Yes, at PrJSC InGZK on 31.12.2018 there
was a satisfactory state of security, then on
31.12.2019 already an unsatisfactory condition. As
an indicator of energy security, we have established
a coefficient of compliance of the actual volumes of
energy supplies with the volumes declared in the
concluded agreements. The supply of these
resources at the mining enterprises in the period
under study was carried out by the plans because
energy resources are critical for the production of
their products.
Thus, the factual and liminal value of this
indicator in all surveyed enterprises is equal to one,
and the period of its achievement is zero. The
security indicator of energy supply for all mining
companies in 2018-2019 is 1. To assess the
integrated state of security of energy interests, the
equation of the trend on the liminal values of the
indicator of energy efficiency security - the
coefficient of energy intensity of products (fig. 2).
It should be noted that in all enterprises included
in the sample, there is a single downward trend in
this indicator from 2015-to 2019.
The results of the assessment of the integrated
indicator of the state of security of energy interests
are given in table 4. In determining this indicator,
the value of the rate of change of the energy
efficiency security indicator according to the
regression equation obtained above (-0.0027) was
taken into account, but taken as a module as a
weighting factor. As for the security indicator of
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energy supply, its value did not change in the study
period. Therefore, the rate of its change is zero
(Table 4).
Fig. 2: The normative trend for the indicator of the security of energy efficiency - the coefficient of energy
intensity of products (Source: calculated by Mishchuk I. according to the data of enterprises - objects of
sampling)
As can be seen from Table 4, the integrated
indicators of security of energy interests coincide
with the indicators of security of energy efficiency
in all surveyed enterprises. This is because the rate
of change of the security indicator of energy supply
is zero. This speed is a factor of weight in the
calculation of the integrated indicator of the security
of energy interests.
Table 4. Integrated indicators of the state of security
of energy interests in mining enterprises in 2018-
2019
Indicator
2018
2019
PrJSC Northern GZK
Period of reaching the liminal value for:
energy efficiency security indicator,
quarters
3
6
energy security indicator, quarters
0
0
The numerator of integrated
indicator of energy interests
security
3
6
Integral indicator of energy
interests security state (Si)
0,74
0,49
PrJSC Central GZK
Period of reaching the liminal value for:
energy efficiency security indicator,
quarters
3
4
energy security indicator, quarters
0
0
The numerator of integrated
indicator of energy interests
security
3
4
Integral indicator of energy
interests security state (Si)
0,74
0,65
PrJSC InGZK
Period of reaching the liminal value for:
energy efficiency security indicator,
quarters
7
12
energy security indicator, quarters
0
0
The numerator of integrated
indicator of energy interests
security
7
12
Integral indicator of energy
interests security state (Si)
0,40
0,00
JSC Southern GZK
Period of reaching the liminal value for:
energy efficiency security indicator,
quarters
0
0
energy security indicator, quarters
0
0
The numerator of integrated
indicator of energy interests
security
0,0
0
Integral indicator of energy
interests security state (Si)
1,00
1,00
Source: calculated by Mishchuk I.
Consequently, the impact of energy supply on
the integrated security indicator is absent.
3.4 The Role of Exchange Trade in the
Energy Market in the Formation of Security
of Energy Interests of Enterprises
The Ukrainian Energy Exchange was established in
2010 view. This, in turn, encourages companies to
participate more actively in bidding. Thus, in 2020
the volume of energy sales reached UAH 105
billion, which is almost twice as much as in 2019. In
addition, in the electricity market from 2021, it is
impossible to sell electricity in too large lots. There
is a limit of 50 MW or 20% of the total volume for 1
lot. As a result, the price gap between the auction
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Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii,
Rozhenko Oleksandra, Kornukh Oksana
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results has narrowed. More potential buyers are
coming to the auction, who previously could not
afford to buy electricity directly. This promotes fair
competition between market participants and has a
positive effect on the security of energy interests of
enterprises [18].
The Energy Exchange has two Councils of
sections in the areas of "Electricity" and "Natural
Gas". These are advisory bodies that provide
feedback to exchange participants, as well as
develop a common position for dialogue with the
authorities, and regulators. Councils develop
proposals and prepare various analytical documents
and recommendations for the operation of the
exchange and the market as a whole [18]. From the
organizational point of view, the above also
contributes to strengthening the security of the
energy interests of enterprises.
Ukraine has created legislation by EU standards,
which regulates the activities of commodity
exchanges. In particular, important amendments to
the law on simplification of investment attraction
and the introduction of new financial instruments
were adopted. Due to this, the Law "On Capital
Markets and Organized Commodity Markets" and
the Law "On Commodity Exchanges" came into
force. These laws provide a unified approach to the
organization of asset trading to ensure transparency
in pricing and to prevent manipulation, which has a
positive impact on the security of energy interests of
enterprises. The market regulator is the National
Securities and Stock Market Commission. In
addition, other public authorities are involved in the
regulation of organized commodity markets and
commodity exchanges: the Antimonopoly
Committee, the Ministry of Energy, etc. [18].
Currently, the energy exchange is a highly
developed IT structure. And to remain on the market
in modern conditions, we need specialists who
would have the necessary digital and other
competencies both to work on the energy exchange
and to work at enterprises - participants in the
energy market.
3.5 Innovative Competencies of Personnel as
a Factor in Ensuring the Security of Energy
Interests of Enterprises
From the point of view of energy efficiency,
decommissioning / replacement of obsolete
equipment is an important stage in the development
of the Ukrainian industry in the medium term. The
practical dimension of these processes, expressed in
the implementation of plans and the volume of
production of specific products, will depend on
market conditions and the international competitive
environment. For example, limiting the production
of open-hearth steel and the introduction of
continuous casting systems today should be the
main ways to improve energy efficiency at the stage
of production and further processing of steel [15].
The practically achievable level of reduction of
total energy consumption at the enterprises of the
mining and metallurgical complex is 1522.6
thousand twh by 2020 (Table 5).
Table 5. Promising energy efficiency measures for
enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex
Name of the program /event
The actual
amount of
energy
savings,
2020
1. Technical re-equipment of energy
economy of enterprises based on new
generation equipment
274,07
2. Development of new technologies for
smelting and rolling of titanium sheets
and products
272,55
3. Reconstruction and modernization of
concentrators, pelletizers, and sinter
plants
260,36
4. Technical re-equipment and
commissioning of new smelting facilities
for titanium-magnesium production
245,14
5. Equipping technological units with
heat recovery units and evaporative
cooling systems
242,09
6. Modernization and reconstruction of
units for the production of hot-formed
welded and cold-formed pipes
228,39
Source: [15]
The implementation of these measures requires
from the staff of industrial enterprises (especially
that part of it that is engaged in energy supply) the
appropriate modern competencies. In addition, it
should be borne in mind that the mining and
metallurgical complex is actively working to
automate business processes and production, as well
as its greening. Therefore, to maintain stability in
the face of challenges and threats in the energy
market, it is necessary to move to a new energy
business model of doing business. This causes a gap
in the existing and necessary skills and competence
of staff.
Thus, companies are faced with the need not
only to train staff in new digital skills, which was
emphasized in [19; 20], but also the need to attract
staff with new professions (such as, for example,
shown in [10; 21]).
The new competencies of the personnel of the
energy sector, as well as the employees involved in
the energy supply of the enterprises of the mining
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Mishchuk Ievgeniia, Bondarchuk Olga,
Riabykina Nataliia, Riabykina Yekateryna,
Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii,
Rozhenko Oleksandra, Kornukh Oksana
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and metallurgical complex, should include the
following:
- digital and technological skills (for the
implementation of innovative technological
projects, working with equipment in remote wells
and quarries, programming and coding, developing
the Internet of Things, cybersecurity, etc.);
- analytical skills (for working with big data);
- management skills (to manage infrastructure
and automated processes, control sensors, and
equipment on remote wells, quarries, etc., as well as
manage teams of people working remotely);
- flexibility and adaptability (for lifelong learning
to improve acquired skills and retraining if
necessary) [10; 20].
It should be emphasized that all skills are closely
related.
The new, most popular professions of the energy
sector staff, as well as employees involved in the
energy supply of mining and metallurgical
enterprises shortly, will be the following:
- big data analysts and architects;
- specialists in cybersecurity, digital logistics,
and digital marketing;
- specialists in artificial intelligence and the
Internet of Things;
- engineers for automation of production and
business processes;
- drone and robotics operators;
- HP managers working with staff working
remotely [10; 21].
Therefore, to ensure the security of energy
interests, enterprises must create conditions for
training, retraining of existing staff and, if
necessary, attracting new ones. However, the
current situation in Ukraine is that higher education
institutions are not able to provide the full list of
necessary modern professions. Therefore, the
enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex
have two directions in this matter: to finance the
training of their staff abroad or the creation of
universities where they will teach new specialties. In
any case, this requires significant financial costs and
special investment programs in personnel
management systems.
4 Conclusion
Thus, the proposed methodology for assessing the
security of energy interests of the enterprise is based
on determining the periods of achievement of
indicators of their liminal values, taking into
account the speed of their change.
Such changes must be determined by trends in
the enterprise.
In particular, according to the results of
calculations, it is established that the energy security
indicator for all mining enterprises of Ukraine in
2018-2019. was 1, which corresponds to a very high
state of this security.
A similar state of energy efficiency security in
this period took place only at JSC Southern GZK, as
the indicator of this security is also equal to 1. At all
other surveyed enterprises, energy efficiency
security indicators deteriorated. The worst state of
this security was in 2019 at the PrJSC InGZK.
Based on the results obtained by the proposed
method, it is possible to draw conclusions about the
need for managerial intervention, decision-making,
and taking appropriate measures to improve the
security of energy interests in general and its
components in particular.
In particular, it was found that such measures are
needed by such Ukrainian enterprises of the mining
and metallurgical complex as PrJSC InGZK, as well
as PrJSC Northern GZK.
The transition from personal contracting at the
enterprise level to stock trading contributes to
market liberalization. This will ensure competition,
more transparent and fairer pricing, and create the
conditions for improving the security of energy
interests of enterprises. Industrial enterprises need to
be more active in bidding on the energy exchange.
This will not only have a positive impact on the
security of their energy interests but will also
provide the following benefits at the country level:
1) will promote the formation of national price
benchmarks for energy in a transparent competitive
way, because the more companies sell and buy
energy resources on the national exchange - the
more accurate and fair the prices will be;
2) increase the country's investment
attractiveness if the market operates according to
rules and standards clear to Europe;
3) the possibility of control without the need for
manual government regulation.
One of the main conditions for ensuring the
security of energy interests of the Ukrainian mining
and metallurgical complex is the reorientation of the
production apparatus and the introduction of
resource-saving technologies that will dramatically
reduce energy and fuel consumption, as well as
attracting and training employees in new
competencies and professions.
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Mishchuk Ievgeniia, Bondarchuk Olga,
Riabykina Nataliia, Riabykina Yekateryna,
Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii,
Rozhenko Oleksandra, Kornukh Oksana
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the
Creation of a Scientific Article (Ghostwriting
Policy)
-Mishchuk Ievgeniia developed ideas, including
developing a methodology for assessing the security
of energy interests of enterprises and conducted
calculations (paragraphs 3.2-3.3 written alone);
-Bondarchuk Olga systematized the problems of the
energy market of Ukraine;
-Riabykina Nataliia, Riabykina Yekateryna revealed
the issues of exchange trade in the energy market;
-Rozhenko Oleksandra reviewed the literature;
-Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii analyzed the
energy sector of Ukraine;
-Kornukh Oksana revealed the issue of modern
competencies of personnel employed in the energy
supply of the enterprise.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(Attribution 4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.55
Mishchuk Ievgeniia, Bondarchuk Olga,
Riabykina Nataliia, Riabykina Yekateryna,
Matkovskyi Petro, Tkachenko Sergii,
Rozhenko Oleksandra, Kornukh Oksana
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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Volume 18, 2022
