The Effect of the Investigative Report Learning Model on Student’s
Perception of Anti-Corruption Behavior Development
NURLAELAH
Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Department, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Km. 5, Makassar
INDONESIA
M. THAHIR MALOKO
Sharia Economic Law Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Jl. H.M. Yasin Limpo No. 36, Gowa
INDONESIA
MUHAMMAD IKRAM NUR FUADY
Law Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Jl. H.M. Yasin Limpo No. 36, Gowa
INDONESIA
ANDI MULIYONO
Criminal Law Department, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum (STIH) Manokwari
Jl. Karya ABRI No. 2 Sanggeng, Manokwari, Papua Barat
INDONESIA
MUHAMMAD YAASIIN RAYA
Sharia Economic Law Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Jl. H.M. Yasin Limpo No. 36, Gowa
INDONESIA
Abstract: This study investigates changes in students' perceptions of anti-corruption behavior in the religious
education. This qualitative research analyzes the application of investigative report as a learning model through
field observation and in-depth group interviews focusing on religious education subject in high schools. The
results of this study showed differences in students’ perceptions before and after the investigation; the
investigative report learning model made the high school students have a wider understanding of anti-
corruption actions and behavior. By filling out the investigation sheet, students could identify such actions
directly in the field, such as at home and the markets. Some of the actions they identified were manipulation of
scales, stockpiling of staples, and provision of inappropriate materials. In addition to the investigative report
learning model, the religious teachers also made a huge contribution by providing explanations about the
relation between the Qur'an and the story of the Prophet Muhammad to stuff findings that are considered acts of
corruption.
Key-words: Anti-corruption behavior, Corruption, Investigative report, Religion education, High school student.
Received: April 26, 2021. Revised: March 20, 2022. Accepted: April 22, 2022. Published: May 23, 2022.
1 Introduction
The best way to prevent corruption is through
religious education [1]. In general, education is a
reflection of certain nation that determines the
quality of its citizens [2]. Meanwhile, religion is
the foundation of human life and can be
considered as one of the most potent forces, and
our religious faith may strongly influence our
actions, including our anti-corruption behavior [3].
In this regard, religious education is therefore
extremely needed to help prevent corruption from an
early age [4]. In Indonesia, several phenomena of
high school students taking to the streets to
participate in rallies or demonstrations showed
involvement of students who did not know the
essence of the events, such as the demonstrations
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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against the revision of the Law on the Criminal
Code (KUHPidana) and the Corruption
Eradication Commission (KPK) in 2019 [5] and
against the ratification of the Law number 11 of
2020 on Job Creation using the concept of
Omnibus Law in the midst of the Covid-19
pandemic [6]. This proves that students' low
understanding of the ongoing situations in this
country, thereby needing prevention efforts at the
school level.
The effectiveness of corruption prevention can
be seen from one's anti-corruption behavior,
which is a form of personal understanding and
view about corruption. Thus, individuals who
understand the dangers of corruption will
undoubtedly be well-behaved and show anti-
corruption behavior [7].
On that account, an innovation in education
that has a definite correlation in the realization of
anti-corruption behavior is absolutely necessary
[8]. One of the learning methods that can be
applied in anti-corruption education is the
investigation report [9]. This model can provide
more understanding and experience to students by
requiring them to be able to identify acts of
corruption that occur in the surrounding
environment and carry out field investigate and
data collection by viewing and analyzing the
process of corruption, ranging from photos,
videos, and events [10]. Furthermore, the results
of their observation are compiled in an
investigation sheet to be processed into a final
report [11].
Through the application of the investigative
report learning model, students can get hands-on
experience as they are required to directly observe
and identify acts of corruption in their surrounding
environment, meaning that the obtained results are
primary and memorable data for them [12].
Therefore, the implications will be enormous as
the experience of making investigative report will
even be stored the students' subconscious mind
[13].
A previous study has examined students'
perceptions of corruption in workplaces and their
impacts on students’ motivation to study [12]. The
results showed that most of the students thought
that work environment had an effect on the
motivation of workers to commit corruption in the
future. The study encouraged the authors to
conduct a qualitative research on high school
students. The results of this present study are
expected to help prevent corruption from an early
age by providing anti-corruption education that is
integrated with religious education subject. In
addition, the motivation of high school students to
learn must be maintained and even increased, but
not in a negative direction, such as committing acts
of corruption. The investigative report learning
model is a solution that will provide positive
motivation to students as the future leaders of the
nation.
The other prior study was conducted by Ridwan
(2014) on the efforts to prevent corruption crimes
through the participation of the community [14].
The study observed the influences of public
participation on corruption. According to Sadjipto
Rahardjo (as cited in Ridwan, 2014) [14], social
control theory sees social control as a process to
influence someone to behave as expected by the
society. The results of the study indicate that the
greater the participation of the community, the less
likely the occurrence of corruption. This motivates
the authors to study how the anti-corruption
behavior of high school students can be formed and
improved so that they will not commit acts of
corruption in the future. One of them is by
integrating anti-corruption education into religious
education subject with the investigative report
learning model that requires students to conduct field
investigations in the community.
This study, as well as the relevant prior studies,
is in line with a theory that has existed since the end
of World War I, the Deterrence Theory [15]. This
theory has been used in various aspects, i.e., military
strategy, politics, law, and many others. Various
studies applying this theory have been carried out
previously, including those on criminal acts, such as
corruption. This present study adopts prevention
theory as the basis of the parable prevention is
better than cure, which can be interpreted as “it is
better to prevent a crime before there are victims”. In
this study, students were asked to conduct field
investigations to identify acts of corruption that
occur in their surrounding community [16].
By conducting field investigation, the students
were also given an understanding that corruption
occurs due to a lack of individual control over the
urge to commit acts of corruption and the failure of
the community to prevent its members from
committing acts of corruption. Furthermore, the
perceptions of these students were expressed in the
classroom and discussed with their religious
education teacher. Any differences in existing
perceptions were then aligned through a religious
approach to obtain the same understanding of the
importance of anti-corruption behavior. Meanwhile
the application of the anti-corruption behavior by the
students in their daily lives becomes the output of
this study.
Furthermore, the implications of the
investigative report learning model were
strengthened by the synergy between various aspects
within religious education to form and build the
Spiritual Quotient (SQ) or spiritual intelligence of
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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Volume 18, 2022
students to achieve more significant long-term
impacts [17, 18]. In the process, students will be
able to excel in the cognitive (knowledge),
affective (values), and psychomotor (skills)
aspects, especially related to corruption and acts
corruption, thereby indirectly implementing anti-
corruption behavior in the community.
2 Problem Formulation
The research questions that become the focus of
this study are as follows:
1. How are students' perceptions of anti-
corruption behavior before the application of
the investigative report learning model?
2. How are students' perceptions of anti-
corruption behavior after the application of
the investigative report learning model?
3 Methods
This study is a qualitative research analyzing
students' perceptions of anti-corruption behavior in
relation to the application of the investigative report
learning model in religious education subject [19].
The data were collected through field observation
[20] and in-depth interviews with respondents [17,
21, 22]. The in-depth interviews focused on data
obtained by the students through their field
investigation and then any changes in students’
perceptions on corruption after the application of
investigative report learning model were observed
[23]. The data analysis techniques used in this
study were document analysis (text analysis) and
audio analysis [22]. In the document analysis, the
data from the police about crime trends were
processed, reviewed, and compared, and then
presented in tables and graphs for easy reading
[24]. Meanwhile, the audio analysis of the in-depth
interview recordings was carried out repeatedly in
order to get accurate results [25].
The population of a study is a collection of
objects to be studied as a whole [20]. Meanwhile,
sample is a small part of a certain population
selected by the researcher as a reference for data
sources [22]. In this study, the population was high
school students in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
Province, Indonesia, whereas the samples were
students in religious education class at 3 randomly-
chosen schools consisting of 1 public school, 1
vocational school, and 1 private Islamic school [26].
4 Results and Discussion
This study involved 150 respondents from 3: high
schools in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province.
The details of the research respondents are presented
in Table 1.
Table 1. Distribution of Research Respondents
School name
Types of
school
Number of
respondents
School 1
Public
50
School 2
Vocational
50
School 3
Private
Islamic
50
Total
150
Source: Primary data obtained by the authors
The data was obtained based on the investigation
sheets in Indonesian sent by the respondents via
Google Form with the link
https://forms.gle/JzCvp6JKzRWmJ4XR9 from
August 31 to December 31, 2021. The obtained data
were then processed into two main topics as follows.
4.1 Students’ Perceptions before the
Application of the Investigative Report
Learning Model in Religious Education
Subject
This study found that all respondents had no idea of
what the investigative report learning model is. In
addition, students’ perceptions of corruption and acts
of corruption are still very lacking. 85% of
respondents did not understand the acts of corruption,
whereas the remaining 15% had understood the acts
of corruption. Furthermore, the investigation sheets
indicated students' lack of interest of students in
understanding the importance of anti- corruption
behavior. Based on the observation of students’
presentations in religious education class, there were
several factors that led to students' limited knowledge
of anti- corruption behavior, namely:
a. The Term Anti-Corruption Behavior was Still
Partially Understood by Students
Most of the respondents in this study were unfamiliar
to the term anti-corruption but knew the term
corruption. This is proved by the great enthusiasm
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
527
Volume 18, 2022
of students in discussing about corruption and acts
of corruption. The students stated that their religious
education teacher mentioned about how the rampant
corruption crimes in Indonesia have made the news
in printed and online media filled with reports of
corruption cases. As a result, students became
familiar with corruption cases that occurred in this
country. In addition, topics related to corruption are
sometimes discussed in civic education or other
subjects. In the end, students' knowledge of
corruption is only at the government level, meaning
that they believed acts of corruption are only
committed by government officials.
The notion of anti- corruption behavior is also
poorly understood by students. 85% of the total
respondents were unfamiliar with the term anti-
corruption behavior, while the remaining 15% have
known the term, but not completely understand it.
Therefore, the respondents were introduced to anti-
corruption behavior through the application of the
investigative report learning model for
approximately five months.
b. Students' Lack of Concern on Anti-Corruption
Behavior
Based on the results of the in-depth interviews, it
was found that most of the students were less
concerned about acts of corruption and anti-
corruption behavior. This can be seen from the lack
of enthusiasm of some of the respondents when
discussing anti-corruption behavior and their
ignorance of this term.
One of the causes of this lack of concern was
students' pessimism towards the conditions in their
surrounding environment where various crimes, such
drug dealings among students, theft, burglary, and
many others often occurred, but the perpetrators did
not get the punishment they deserved. For some
students living in market neighborhoods and
densely populated settlements, these crimes even
happened nearby. This resulted in students being
skeptical about the need of having anti-corruption
from an early age.
c. Students’ Environment
As mentioned previously, the surrounding
environment is also an essential factor in fostering
anti-corruption behavior among students.
Respondents of this study came from various
backgrounds, different areas of residence, and
different parental occupations. Students who live in
the city center and have well-established family
backgrounds with parents having regular jobs, such
as being civil servants or company employees, tend
to have a broad knowledge compared to those living
in suburban areas. The data on this fact is presented
in the following graph.
Fig. 1: Percentage of Respondents Who Know and
Dont Know about Anti-Corruption Behavior
Source: Results of interviews processed by the
authors
Figure 1 above reveals that residential area and
parental occupation have a significant effect on the
degree of students' knowledge of anti-corruption
behavior.
4.2 Students’ Perceptions after the
Application of the Investigative Report
Learning Model in Religious Education
Subject
After the application of the investigative report
learning model, there were significant changes in
several aspects, namely:
a. Increased Understanding of Corruption and
Anti-corruption Behavior
The investigative report learning model requires the
students to conduct field investigations. A total of 150
respondents who filled out the investigation sheet
tried to identify anti- corruption actions and behaviors
around them, for example in markets, schools,
printed and online media, and their neighborhoods.
Respondents were asked to carry out their
investigation while maintaining the 3M protocol
(wearing masks, washing hands with soap and
running water, and maintaining safe distance) as well
as collecting data safely. Compared to before the
investigative report learning model was implemented,
there was a significant increase in students’
understanding about acts of corruption and when they
occur. The following is the data obtained from the
investigative sheets and group presentations by the
respondents.
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DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
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95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
90%
80%
76%
School 1 School 2 School 3
Students' Understanding of Anti-Corruption Actions
and Behaviors
Fig. 2: Data on Students' Increasing Understanding
of Anti-Corruption Actions and Behaviors
Source: Investigation sheets data processed by the
authors
The data above shows an increase in students’
understanding of corruption and anti-corruption
behavior based on the investigation sheets they
filled. In School 1, which is a public high school in
the center of the capital city of Gowa Regency, at
least 40 out of 50 respondents had an increased
understanding. Meanwhile, in School 2, which is
a vocational high school in the center of the capital
city of Gowa Regency, 38 of the total 50
respondents experienced an increase in their
understanding of corruption, whereas in School 3,
which is a private Islamic school on the outskirts of
the capital of Gowa Regency, 45 of 50 respondents
had an increased understanding. This further
confirms that location has an effect on increasing
students' understanding, as displayed in Figure 2. In
addition, the increase in s t ud ent s understanding
can be seen more clearly in their identification of
anti-corruption actions and behaviors, which will be
explained in the next point.
Most of the students had perception as follows:
"It turns out that acts of corruption are not
just stealing, but rather broader than that,
such as not being on time and intentionally
being late for class. Meanwhile, in
workplaces, corruption can also be done by
everyone, not just the government officials.
Therefore, an anti- corruption behavior is
critical to fight corruption."
The statement above is the idea of most students
after conducting an investigation. On that account, it
is clear that there is an increased understanding of
students after the application of the investigative
report learning model.
b. Ability to Identify Corruption and Anti-Corruption
Behavior in the Surrounding Environment
The increase in students' understanding is in line with
their ability to identify anti-corruption actions and
behaviors. At first, the respondents were still
unfamiliar with anti-corruption actions and behavior;
all of them thought that acts of corruption could only
be committed by government officials, such as those
working in the House of Representatives of the
Republic of Indonesia, the ministries, and state-owned
enterprises. After conducting field investigation, they
understand that corruption can also occur at the lowest
level, such as the neighborhood, the markets, and
many others.
Based on the investigation sheets and in-depth
interviews, it was found that respondents’
identification of acts of corruption can be seen in the
following table.
Table 2. Anti-Corruption Actions and Behaviors
Result of Respondents’ Identification
Activities
Corruption
Anti-Corruption
Behavior
Transactions
used modified
scales in
markets.
Yes, it is
an act of
corruption.
Merchants
must use fair
and honest
Scales.
Some people
stockpiled
specific
vitamins during
the Covid-19
pandemic.
Yes, it is an act
of corruption
for stockpiling
goods for their
own benefits
so that others
can’t have
them.
Everyone
has to share.
Food vendors
used too much
sugar and lots
of ice cubes in
the juices and
other
beverages to
make them
taste good and
the portion
bigger.
No, it is a
strategy and
choice of each
food or
beverage
vendor.
Food or
beverage
vendors are
recommended to
provide the best
service with
proper
ingredients so
that many
people like the
food/beverage.
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Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
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Activities
Corruption
Anti-
Corruption
Behavior
Some people
sold unfit or
damaged goods,
such as rotten
vegetables and
fish.
Yes, they
deliberately
hid or
disguised the
fact that their
goods were
rotten and
sold them.
Merchants
should not
sell rotten
goods.
Social
assistance in the
form of basic
necessities from
the government
was sold
together with
other staples to
get more
benefits.
Yes, it is an act
of corruption.
Social assistance
should be
distributed
correctly and
adequately
without
interfering with
personal
interests.
Source: Students’ investigation sheets data
processed by the authors
The data in Table 2 are most frequently
mentioned in the 150 investigation sheets filled out
by the respondents. Most of the respondents
conducted field investigations to places closest to
their homes, such as street vendors, online vendors,
food stalls, markets, even television and the
internet.
Fig. 3: Investigative activities carried out by
respondents
Source: Investigation sheets data processed by the
authors
Respondents’ ability to identify anti-corruption
actions and behaviors needs to be appreciated. In
addition, their enthusiasm remained high so that the
presentation could be given smoothly.
c. Religious Intervention as a Booster and Control
Tool for Anti-Corruption Actions and Behaviors
The followings are the identification of anti- corruption
actions and behaviors divided into several categories as
follows:
1) Reducing the Scale
Acts of corruption found by the respondents include
manipulating the weighting scales so that consumers
paid more for less. Such corruption is mainly found in
markets, especially by sellers who use weighing scales,
such as fruit sellers, fishmongers, vegetable sellers, and
many others.
In this regard, the respondents said that their
religious education teacher provided input or
intervention by quoting the Qur'an surah Al Mutaffifin,
especially verses 1 - 3:



It means:
a) Woe to those who give less [than due];
b) Who, when they take a measure from people, take
in full;
c) But if they give by measure or by weigh to them,
they cause loss.
After listening to the explanation of their religious
teacher, the students were extremely enthusiastic about
this matter; they asked several questions about the
effects of reducing the scales, especially in
transactions. In some cases, students even found that
sellers not only did such manipulation but also sold
rotten or damaged goods that are no longer fit for
consumption.
Such religious explanation like this also acts as a
motivating and controlling tool for students; they will
understand the risks of committing sin in terms of
reducing the scales more quickly, i.e., going to hell.
Psychologically, this has an impact on the students
subconscious mind as they will have a high anti-
corruption attitude, starting from not committing acts of
corruption and avoiding any sources of corruption.
2) Stockpiling Staples
This means storing basic and essential necessities,
such as food, drinks, medicines, and other things that
are needed by the community so that only some people
can have them. During the Covid-19 pandemic, some
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Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
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Volume 18, 2022
people
hoarded medicines and vitamins, such as cold
medicine and certain brands of milk that are
believed to help maintain stamina. At that time, the
demand for these basic commodities was high, while
the scarcity of the goods made the price rose even
higher.
From the results of the interviews, it is known
that the stockpiling of staples occurred in all areas of
investigation by the students. According to them,
there were places where basic necessities were
available, but they were extremely expensive.
Meanwhile, these staples could not be found
anywhere else. Respondents perceived this as an act
of corruption as some people took advantage of
unfavorable conditions for personal gain when
everyone should help ease the burden of fellow
human beings.
Religious explanation is also present in this
case. In Islam, hoarding goods and then selling
them at higher prices to earn huge profit is called
ihtikar. The Law on this misconduct has been agreed
upon by the illegitimate scholars as there is an
element of injustice or evil, with an exception of
hoarding goods for the needs of themselves and their
families as well as for the benefit of the people,
which is permissible.
The students were very enthusiastic to hear that
in Islam, it is also not allowed to hoard basic
necessities. They were incredibly supportive and
willing to avoid acts of corruption, as well as to
foster anti-corruption behavior, after having
firsthand experience in identifying acts of corruption
in their neighborhood and learning about the
religious consequences based on the Qur'an and
hadith.
3) Giving Inappropriate Items
The respondents mentioned that their religious
education teacher provided a religious explanation
about giving inappropriate goods as an act of
corruption by telling a story of the Prophet
Muhammad as follows:
The Prophet SAW was once walking past a
market, he found a food seller who piled up
the groceries he was selling. There was a pile
of grains. On top of the pile were good,
flawless grains. However, when the
Messenger of Allah put his fingers into that
pile of grains, he could feel that some grains
were wet from the rain (which means they
were defective). The seller put the bad grains
at the bottom of the pile so that the buyers
could only see the good ones.
The Prophet reprimanded and warned the
seller as this meant deceiving buyers, who
thought that all the grains are good.
A believer should explain the condition of
the goods to be sold, especially if the goods
are defective. As the Prophet said,
"Whoever cheats then he is not from our
group."
Source: Interview with respondents
Based on the story, it is clear that Islam does not
teach its believers to deceive others, including giving
inappropriate items. For example, a vegetable seller
who sells wilted vegetables and deceived the buyers by
watering them continuously to make them look fresh.
This can have an impact on the health of the consumers.
The students listened to the story wholeheartedly and
agreed that it is an act of corruption. The religious
education teacher then advised the students to avoid
corruption and increase their anti-corruption behavior
by not deceiving other people and giving or selling
inappropriate items.
5 Conclusion
The results of this study proved that the investigative
report learning model was successful in improving the
understanding of high school students about anti-
corruption actions and behavior. Students' perceptions
that acts of corruption were only committed by the
government officials have increased to a broader level.
Students could identify acts of corruption directly by
conducting field investigation and filling out the
investigation sheets. The acts of corruptions identified
by the students include reducing the scales, stockpiling
basic necessities, and giving inappropriate items.
The religious education teachers also play a crucial
role in increasing students’ understanding of corruption
by providing interventions in the form of explanation
for the relation between the Qur'an and the story of the
Prophet Muhammad to students' findings on acts of
corruption. By having hands-on experience in
identifying corruption in the lowest level, the students'
perceptions of anti-corruption actions and behavior will
increase, thereby psychologically helping them avoid
acts of corruption and spread the importance of anti-
corruption behavior.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
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Volume 18, 2022
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
532
Volume 18, 2022
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Contribution of Individual Authors to the Creation of a
Scientific Article (Ghostwriting Policy)
Nurlaelah carried out data processing and drafting of
manuscript as the corresponding author. Muhammad Ikram
Nur Fuady handled the permit with the schools and the
respondents.
Muhammad Yaasiin Raya organized and managed the
interview instruments.
Andi Muliyono and M. Thahir Maloko were responsible for
conducting the interviews.
Sources of Funding for Research Presented in a
Scientific Article or Scientific Article Itself
The authors received no financial support for the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (Attribution
4.0 International, CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
533
Volume 18, 2022
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
DOI: 10.37394/232015.2022.18.51
Nurlaelah, M. Thahir Maloko,
Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady,
Andi Muliyono, Muhammad Yaasiin Raya
E-ISSN: 2224-3496
534
Volume 18, 2022